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Ways of step-by-step assessments of transformation and dynamics of soils and vegetation functioning in Kazakhstan ecosystems

Ryspekov Tilepbergen, Balkozha Marzhan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 57

210--219

EN

On the basis of the obtained expeditionary data, the authors performed a comprehensive analysis of the ecosystems’ modern transformation in the studied area. In the course of the analysis, the authors found that at the present stage there have been quantitative changes (depletion of natural resources) in used landscapes, along with them, there are changes in qualitative characteristics (accumulation of resources). Now, against the background of vegetation and soil degradation, ways of their restoration are observed. New combinations of degraded and self-recovering ecosystems have emerged. Based on the analysis of the current state of different ecological systems and their relationships, the authors determined the possibilities of the dynamics of their combinations functioning by stages. This will make it possible to give a more reliable forecast of the ongoing processes in the ecosystems of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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Jurassic stage definitions: the value of global sequence stratigraphy

Simmons D., Sharland P., Casey D.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

215-215

EN

Five years ago we demonstrated the occurrence across the Arabian Plate of 11 synchronous Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFS) during Jurassic time (Sharland et al. 2001, 2004). Ongoing work, incorporating all the stratigraphy of North Africa and examination of other regions, can now demonstrate the occurrence of 15 Jurassic 3rd order surfaces, and intervening sequence boundaries. Each of our MFS is defined in a Reference Section. This is a location with good sedimentological and/or wireline log evidence for a MFS, supported by biostratigraphy. The biostratigraphy also provides constraint on the correlation of the MFS to its occurrence in other locations. Each of our MFS can be shown to be occurring within the same biozone, or correlative, in different basins across the Middle East and North Africa region. Data from differing fossil groups have been calibrated to the standard zonation for each period. Sequence boundaries are age-calibrated and correlated in a similar manner via their correlative conformities. The ability to recognize and correlate depositional sequences across Arabia and beyond, across basins with differing subsidence and sedimentation rates, indicates that these sequences are driven by synchronous eustatic sea-level change. This observation is of value in providing guidance for the definitions of the fundamental units of chronostratigraphy - stages. Each Phanerozoic stage requires a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), that is to say, a location and bedding plane where the base of each stage is defined. This definition is tied to an event in the rock record useful for correlation. Progress in defining Jurassic GSSPs has been delayed because of difficulties in choosing the most appropriate (bio)event to relate to definition. It is recommended that stage boundaries be related to bioevents associated with correlative conformities of sequence boundaries. This links chronostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy and honours the original concepts upon which many stages were first described in the 19th Century.

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GSSPs approved by ICS and IUGS since Mondello (2002)

Morton N.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

195-196

EN

The priority activity at present for the International Commission on Stratigraphy and its Systemrelated Subcommissions, including the Jurassic Subcommission, is completion of the programme of selection and ratification of Global Stratotype Sections and Points for all the Stages of the International Chronostratigraphic Scale. The deadline for completion set by IUGS is the next International Geological Congress in 2008. The current state of progress for the Subcommissions is highly variable – from having completed this process some years ago (and now having to consider revisions!) to being far away from completion. Hopefully there will be a “flood” of proposals over the next two years. The situation for the various Subcommissions will be summarised with illustration and comment on some examples of GSSP proposals that have been approved since I reviewed this subject in the last Jurassic Symposium in Mondello (2002). The situation for completion of the Stage GSSPs in the Jurassic is reasonably promising. Four of the eleven have been ratified, though only one since Mondello. Several others should be decided during the Kraków Congress, leading to postal/email votes within the Working Groups and submission of proposals to the Jurassic Subcommission. The 23 Voting Members of the Subcommission must study a proposal, make comments if appropriate and vote (usually by email) YES/NO/ABSTAIN. If a proposal is approved by a significant majority, the Working Groups have the opportunity to modify the proposal in the light of comments received before it is submitted to ICS. The same procedure follows before the proposal is submitted by ICS to IUGS for ratification. For the Jurassic the greatest problems concern the lower and upper boundaries of the Jurassic. Great progress has been made with the Triassic/Jurassic boundary and a GSSP proposal may be possible in the near future. However, there has been little progress with the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, technically the responsibility of the Cretaceous Subcommission.

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The Effects of the Level of Alertness During the Rest Period on Subsequent Performance

Hirose A., Nagasaka A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2003

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Vol. 9, No. 4

479--490

EN

The aim of this study was to examine how to take an effective rest to prevent a decline in alertness at work. The relationship between alertness during the rest period and subsequent task performance were investigated. The electroencephalogram (EEG) during the rest period was classified into 3 types, and these types had a significant effect on performance after the rest period. Type 1 (increasing in theta, alpha 2, and beta 1 power) was the best one for carrying out the task, whereas performance gradually declined in Type 3 (no change in EEG activity). In the case of Type 1, the method that would relieve sleep inertia bad a more positive impact on performance after the rest period.