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A new method for generating virtual models of nonlinear helical springs based on a rigorous mathematical model

Michalczyk Krzysztof, Warzecha Mariusz, Baran Robert

Applied Computer Science

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2023

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Vol. 19, no 2

96--111

EN

This paper presents a new method for generating nonlinear helical spring geometries based on a rigorous mathematical formulation. The model was developed for two scenarios for modifying a spring with a stepped helix angle: for a fixed helix angle of the active coils and for a fixed overall height of the spring. It allows the development of compression spring geometries with non-linear load-deflection curves, while maintaining predetermined values of selected geometrical parameters, such as the number of passive and active coils and the total height or helix angle of the linear segment of the active coils. Based on the proposed models, Python scripts were developed that can be implemented in any CAD software offering scripting capabilities or equipped with Application Programming Interfaces. Examples of scripts that use the developed model to generate the geometry of selected springs are presented. FEM analyses of quasi-static compression tests carried out for these spring models showed that springs with a wide range of variation in static load-deflection curves, including progressive springs with a high degree of nonlinearity in characteristics, can be obtained using the proposed tools. The obtained load-deflection curves can be described with a high degree of accuracy by power function. The proposed method can find applications in both machine design and spring manufacturing.

2

Behavior of mat foundation for a ten-story building: fixed base vs three-dimensional soil model

Hasan Farhaj, Alam Nazmul, Amin Al, Hasan Mahadi

Structure and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 14, no. 4

153--160

EN

Soil is an anisotropic, heterogeneous, and inelastic complex material. It is difficult to represent the exact behavior of soil by numerical modelling in practice. Conventionally, soil is simplified to an idealized model where it is considered isotropic, homogeneous, and behaves elastically under loads. The idealization, in this case, is done using the proper elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and unit weight of soil depending upon the soil type. Although the exact soil behavior is simplified, using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) a more effective result can be obtained. A superstructure was modelled using ETABS using a fixed-base system and the base reaction forces were obtained. A mat and a soil element on which the mat was laid were modelled as a flexible-base system in Midas GTS NX. The base reactions obtained from ETABS were applied to the mat in the soil model to determine the settlements and, consequently, the spring stiffness. The superstructure was then modelled again, incorporating springs under the respective columns. Convergence in settlement, and base reactions were reached by iteration, and the final results from the flexible-base system were then compared with the fixed-base system. The center column settled the most, about 60 mm, and there was a decrease in settlement by 15% between the first model and the final iterated model. The base reaction for center columns decreased by 24% in the flexible base system compared to the fixed base system. However, an increase in base reaction was observed for both side and edge columns. There was an extremely erratic change in grade beams under a flexible base system, which shows that the superstructure elements are also affected by the change in the base system. It is recommended to use this approach, for the analysis of structures considering flexible base systems instead of fixed bases because it enhances the accuracy of analysis with feasible time consumption and less complex effort.

PL

Gleba jest materiałem złożonym anizotropowym, niejednorodnym i nieelastycznym. W praktyce trudno jest dokładnie odwzorować zachowanie gleby za pomocą modelowania numerycznego. Konwencjonalnie glebę upraszcza się do wyidealizowanego modelu, w którym uważa się ją za izotropową, jednorodną i zachowującą się elastycznie pod obciążeniem. Idealizacja w tym przypadku odbywa się za pomocą odpowiedniego modułu sprężystości, współczynnika Poissona i masy jednostkowej gruntu w zależności od rodzaju gruntu. Chociaż dokładne zachowanie gleby jest uproszczone, można uzyskać bardziej efektywne wyniki za pomocą analizy elementów skończonych (FEA). Konstrukcja nośna została wymodelowana za pomocą ETABS przy użyciu systemu stałej podstawy i uzyskano siły reakcji podstawy. Matę i element gruntu, na którym została położona, zamodelowano jako układ o elastycznej podstawie w programie Midas GTS NX. Reakcje bazowe uzyskane z ETABS naniesiono na matę w modelu gruntowym w celu określenia osiadań, a co za tym idzie sztywności sprężystej. Następnie ponownie wymodelowano konstrukcję nośną, włączając sprężyny pod odpowiednimi kolumnami. Zbieżność osiadania i reakcji bazowych została osiągnięta przez iterację, a końcowe wyniki z systemu o elastycznej podstawie zostały następnie porównane z systemem o stałej podstawie. Kolumna środkowa osiadła najbardziej, około 60 mm, a między pierwszym modelem a ostatecznym modelem iterowanym nastąpił spadek osiadania o 15%. Reakcja podstawy dla kolumn centralnych zmniejszyła się o 24% w systemie z podstawą elastyczną w porównaniu z systemem z podstawą stałą. Zaobserwowano jednak wzrost odczynu zasadowego zarówno dla kolumn bocznych, jak i krawędziowych. Nastąpiła bardzo nieregularna zmiana belek niwelacyjnych pod elastycznym systemem bazowym, co pokazuje, że zmiany w systemie bazowym mają również wpływ na elementy konstrukcji nośnej. Zaleca się stosowanie tego podejścia do analizy konstrukcji z uwzględnieniem elastycznych systemów bazowych zamiast stałych baz, ponieważ zwiększa to dokładność analizy przy możliwej czasochłonności i mniejszym wysiłku.

3

A review of the vehicle suspension system

Jiregna Iyasu, Sirata Goftila

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 4, No 2

109--114

EN

The driving comfort of the vehicle is primarily determined by the design of the suspension system, which transmits the force between the vehicle and the ground. There are different types of vehicle suspension systems, including active suspension systems that provide significant benefits for ride comfort while driving. However, the existing active suspension systems have limited functions such as power, and also complex structure. To overcome the problem, the proper design of the active suspension system by considering its present limitations is essential. A well-designed active suspension system controls the load on the wheels under the resonance of the body structure and ensures driving comfort. It reduces the vibrational energy of the vehicle body caused by the excitation of the road while keeping the stability of the vehicle within an acceptable limit. For a proper design of the active suspension system, the road surface, the seat suspension, and the wheel load are the most important elements to consider. In this study, different types of vehicle suspension systems with their limitations have been thoroughly investigated. Many aspects of control and some of the essential practical considerations are also explored.

4

Pallet Fixing Lock, Determination of Shear Resistance and Spring Stiffness

Hrabovský Leopold, Molnár Vieroslav, Kotajný Gustav, Kuľka Jozef

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 14, no 2

190--197

EN

The paper contains the designs of modifications of testing devices, which were constructed for the purpose of checking the functional properties of the mechanical pallet fixing lock built by the KOMA – Industry s.r.o. company, which is used for securing pallets with cars in parking houses. The individual testing devices consist of one or two positioning devices, the moveable parts of which are placed perpendicular to each other in the frame of the testing device. A mechanical pallet fixing lock is attached to the moving part of the perpendicular positioning device, and it consists of the following three parts: the body, the pulley holder and a compression coil spring. A plate is attached to the moveable part of the horizontal positioning device and is adapted to receive a pressure force sensor or to engage a mechanical fixation lock or the break of an electromagnetic locking device. The paper contains the description and method of experimentally determined resistance, which is created by the shear friction on contact surface, when inserting or withdrawing the pulley holder tube from the plain bushing of the fixation lock body. Additionally, the paper provides the values of the measured vertical forces, which are generated by the deformed compression spring with a wire of circular cross-section during inserting/withdrawing of the pulley holder tube into/from the fixation lock body. The values obtained from the performed experimental measuring of vertical forces and frictional resistance during the inserting of the pulley holder tube into the plain bushing of the fixation lock body will be used for subsequent checking of the functional properties of pallet fixation locks and will allow determining the optimal position for attaching the pallet fixation locks to stack cell steel beams in the parking house, on which chain conveyers push pallets with cars are parked.