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1

Review of selected aspects of shaping of physical, mechanical and thermal properties and manufacturing technology of lightweight and ultra-lightweight autoclaved aerated concrete

Yakymechko Yaroslav, Jaskulski Roman, Banach Maciej, Perłowski Piotr

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 69, nr 1

385--402

EN

The paper provides an overview of selected scientific articles presenting research carried out in recent years on methods for producing autoclaved aerated concrete. Traditional technologies are briefly presented, together with innovative solutions for the production of low-density and ultra-lowdensity materials. In addition to the presentation of the manufacturing methods themselves, the results of research into the properties of the autoclaved aerated concrete obtained and their dependence on the technology used are also presented. A subjective selection and review of articles covering research into the thermal conductivity of concrete, the technological factors influencing them and the ways in which they can be shaped was also carried out. A significant number of the cited articles do not function in the world scientific circulation due to the language barrier (they are mainly in Ukrainian). In the meantime, they contain interesting research results which can inspire further research into the issues discussed concerning the production technology and the thermal and strength properties of autoclaved aerated concrete, with particular emphasis on lightweight and ultra-lightweight concrete.

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu wybranych artykułów naukowych prezentujących prowadzone w ostatnich latach badania nad metodami wytwarzania betonu komórkowego. Przedstawiono skrótowo tradycyjne technologie oraz innowacyjne rozwiązania pozwalające uzyskać materiał o niskiej i bardzo niskiej gęstości. Poza prezentacją samych metod wytwarzania materiału przedstawiono także wyniki badań właściwości uzyskiwanego betonu komórkowego i ich zależność od zastosowanej technologii. Dokonano również subiektywnego wyboru i przeglądu artykułów obejmujących badania właściwości cieplnych betonu, czynników technologicznych mających na nie wpływ oraz sposobów ich kształtowania. Znaczna liczba cytowanych artykułów nie funkcjonuje w światowym obiegu naukowym ze względu na barierę językową (są one głównie w języku ukraińskim). Tymczasem zawierają one interesujące wyniki badań, które mogą być inspiracją do dalszych badań nad omawianymi zagadnieniami dotyczącymi technologii produkcji oraz właściwości cieplnych i wytrzymałościowych betonu komórkowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem betonu lekkiego i ultralekkiego.

2

The Use of Phosphate Binder for Ablation Casting of AlSi7Mg Modified TiB Alloy

Puzio Sabina, Kamińska J., Major-Gabryś K., Angrecki M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 1

62--68

EN

The possibilities of using an inorganic phosphate binder for the ablation casting technology are discussed in this paper. This kind of binder was selected for the process due to its inorganic character and water-solubility. Test castings were made in the sand mixture containing this binder. Each time during the pouring liquid alloy into the molds and solidification process of castings, the temperature in the mold was examined. Then the properties of the obtained castings were compared to the properties of the castings solidifying at ambient temperature in similar sand and metal molds. Post-process materials were also examined - quartz matrix and water. It has been demonstrated that ablation casting technology promotes refining of the microstructure, and thus upgrades the mechanical properties of castings (Rm was raised about approx. 20%). Properties of these castings are comparable to the castings poured in metal moulds. However, the post-process water does not meet the requirements of ecology, which significantly reduces the possibility of its cheap disposal.

3

Studies on the Gases Emission of Moulding and Core Sands with an Inorganic Binder Containing a Relaxation Additive

Bobrowski A., Żymankowska-Kumon S., Kaczmarska K., Drożyński D., Grabowska B.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 2

19--25

EN

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the gases emission of moulding sands with an inorganic (geopolymer) binder with a relaxation additive, whose main task is to reduce the final (residual) strength and improves knocking-out properties of moulding sand. The moulding sand without a relaxation additive was the reference point. The research was carried out using in accordance with the procedure developed at the Faculty of Foundry Engineering of AGH - University of Science and Technology, on the patented stand for determining gas emissions. Quantification of BTEX compounds was performed involving gas chromatography method (GC).The study showed that the introduction of relaxation additive has no negative impact on gas emissions - both in terms of the total amount of gases generated, as well as emissions of BTEX compounds. Among the BTEX compounds, only benzene is emitted from the tested moulding sands. Its emission is associated with the introduction a small amount of an organic hardener from the group of esters.

4

Utwardzane mikrofalowo masy formierskie ze spoiwami nieorganicznymi przeznaczone do odlewania ablacyjnego

Puzio Sabina, Kamińska Jadwiga, Angrecki Michał, Hosadyna-Kondracka Małgorzata, Major-Gabryś Katarzyna

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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2019

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Vol. 69, nr 5-6

114--120

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest wykazanie możliwości zastosowania proekologicznych mas z uwodnionym krzemianem sodu na formy do odlewania ablacyjnego. Technologia odlewania ablacyjnego przeznaczona jest przede wszystkim do wykonywania odlewów w formach piaskowych o zróżnicowanej grubości ścianki i skomplikowanych kształtach. W ramach niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wpływ zawartości spoiwa oraz czasu utwardzania na wytrzymałość na zginanie Rg mas formierskich ze spoiwami na bazie uwodnionego krzemianu sodu utwardzanych w technologii utwardzania mikrofalowego. Celem badań jest opracowanie optymalnego składu mas, który zapewni wytrzymałość niezbędną do wytworzenie formy do przeprowadzenia procesu odlewania ablacyjnego. Zastosowana mas musi jednocześnie zagwarantować podatność formy na destrukcyjne działanie medium ablacyjnego, którym jest woda. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że utwardzanie mikrofalowe zapewnia uzyskanie zadowalających wytrzymałości przy niskiej zawartości spoiwa w masie.

EN

The aim of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of using Environmentally friendIy molding sands with hydrostated sodium silicate for ablation casting molds. The ablation casting technology is intended primarily for making casts in sand molds with diversified wall thickness and complex shapes. This paper presents the effect of binder content and curing time on the bending strength Rg of molding sands with binders based on hydrated sodium silicate hardened in microwave curing technology. The aim of the research is to develop an optimal molding sand composition that will provide the strength necessary to form a mold for carrying out the ablative casting process. the applied sands must simultaneously guarantee the susceptibility of the mold to the destructive action of the ablative medium, which is water. The tests have shown that microwave curing provides satisfactory strengths with low binder content.

5

GEOPOL®. The Innovated Environment Friendly Inorganic Binder System

Vykoukal M., Burian A., Prerovska M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 1

109--116

EN

This paper deals with the complete technology of inorganic geopolymer binder system GEOPOL® which is a result of long term research and development. The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical and practical overview of the GEOPOL® binder system and introduce possible ways of moulds and cores production in foundries. GEOPOL® is a unique inorganic binder system, which is needed and welcomed in terms of the environment, the work environment, and the sustainable resources. The GEOPOL® technology is currently used in the foundries for three basic production processes/technologies: (1) for self-hardening moulding mixtures, (2) sand mixtures hardened by gaseous carbon dioxide and (3) the hot box technology with hot air hardening. The GEOPOL® technology not only solves the binder system and the ways of hardening, but also deals with the entire foundry production process. Low emissions produced during mixing of sand, moulding, handling, and pouring bring a relatively significant improvement of work conditions in foundries (no VOCs). A high percentage of the reclaim sand can be used again for the preparation of the moulding mixture.

6

Analysis of Inorganic Binder Bridges Destruction after Thermal Load

Vaskova I., Conev M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 2

25--28

EN

Recently, the use of inorganic binders cured by heat as a progressive technology for large scale production of cores is widely discussed topic in aluminium foundries. As practical experiences show, knock-out properties of inorganic binders were significantly increased, although they cannot overcome organic based binder systems. This paper contains information about hot curing processes based on alkali silicate and geopolymer binder systems for core making. Main differences between hot cured geopolymers and hot cured alkali silicate based inorganic binders are discussed. Theory of geopolymer binder states, that binder bridge destruction is mainly of adhesive character. The main aim of this research paper was to examine binder bridge destruction of alkali silicate and geopolymer binder systems. In order to fulfil this objective, sample parts were submitted to defined thermal load, broken and by using SEM analysis, binder bridge destruction mechanism was observed. Results showed that geopolymer binder system examined within this investigation does not have mainly adhesive destruction of binder bridges, however the ratio of adhesive-cohesive to cohesive destruction is higher than by use of alkali silicate based binder systems, therefore better knock-out properties can be expected.

7

Thermal Deformation of Moulding and Core Sands with an Inorganic Binder Containing a Relaxation Additive

Bobrowski A., Drożyński D., Jakubski J., Szumera M., Kaczmarska K., Grabowska B.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 4

93--98

EN

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the thermal deformation of moulding sands with an inorganic (geopolymer) binder with a relaxation additive, whose main task is to reduce the final (residual) strength and improves knocking-out properties of moulding sand. The moulding sand without a relaxation additive was the reference point. The research was carried out using the hot-distortion method (DMA apparatus from Multiserw-Morek). The results were combined with linear deformation studies with determination of the linear expansion factor (Netzsch DIL 402C dilatometer). The study showed that the introduction of relaxation additive has a positive effect on the thermal stability of moulding sand by limiting the measured deformation value, in relation to the moulding sand without additive. In addition, a relaxation additive slightly changes the course of the dilatometric curve. Change in the linear dimension of the moulding sand sample with the relaxation additive differs by only 0.05%, in comparison to the moulding sand without additive.

8

Technological Properties of Moulding Sands with Geopolymer Binder for Aluminium Casting

Vaskova I., Conev M., Hrubovčáková M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 4

45--49

EN

The use of environmentally friendly inorganic binders and new technologies for cores production is widely discussed topic in recent years. This paper contains information about new hot curing process for core making with alumina-silicate based inorganic binders – geopolymers. Main differences between hot cured geopolymers and hot cured alkali silicate based inorganic binders are discussed. The main objective of this research paper was to investigate basic technological properties of geopolymer binder system such as strength, compaction, storage ability and knock-out properties. For this purpose, three mixtures with different powder additives were prepared and tested in laboratory conditions using specific methods. Strength properties evaluation showed sufficient levels as well as knock-out properties measurement, even with additives B and C originally designed for the use with alkali silicate based two component binder systems. Additives B and C were considered compatible with geopolymer binders after casting production trial results. Storage ability of geopolymers seems to be more sensitive than of alkali silicate based binders in the same tested conditions. Mixtures with geopolymer binder showed 20% more decrease of strength compared to alkali silicate binders after 24 hours in conditions of 25 °C and 65 %RH.

9

Moulding Sand with Inorganic Cordis Binder for Ablation Casting

Hosadyna-Kondracka M., Major-Gabryś K., Kamińska J., Grabarczyk A., Angrecki M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 4

110--115

EN

The essence of ablation casting technology consists in pouring castings in single-use moulds made from the mixture of sand and a water-soluble binder. After pouring the mould with liquid metal, while the casting is still solidifying, the mould destruction (washing out, erosion) takes place using a stream of cooling medium, which in this case is water. This paper focuses on the selection of moulding sands with hydrated sodium silicate for moulds used in the ablation casting. The research is based on the use of Cordis binder produced by the Hüttenes-Albertus Company. It is a new-generation inorganic binder based on hydrated sodium silicate. Its hardening takes place under the effect of high temperature. As part of the research, loose moulding mixtures based on the silica sand with different content of Cordis binder and special Anorgit additive were prepared. The reference material was sand mixture without the additive. The review of literature data and the results of own studies have shown that moulding sand with hydrated sodium silicate hardened by dehydration is characterized by sufficient strength properties to be used in the ablation casting process. Additionally, at the Foundry Research Institute in Krakow, preliminary semi-industrial tests were carried out on the use of Cordis sand technology in the manufacture of moulds for ablation casting. The possibility to use these sand mixtures has been confirmed in terms of both casting surface quality and sand reclamation.

10

Influence of the Matrix Grain Size on the Apparent Density and Bending Strength of Sand Cores

Dańko R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 1

27--30

EN

The results of investigations of the influence of the matrix grain sizes on properties of cores made by the blowing method are presented in the hereby paper. Five kinds of matrices, differing in grain size compositions, determined by the laser diffraction method in the Analysette 22NanoTec device, were applied in investigations. Individual kinds of matrices were used for making core sands in the Cordis technology. From these sands the shaped elements, for determining the apparent density of compacted sands and their bending strength, were made by the blowing method. The shaped elements (cores) were made at shooting pressures being 3, 4 and 5 atn. The bending strength of samples were determined directly after their preparation and after the storing time of 1 hour.

11

Effects of South African Silica Sand Properties on the Strength Development and Collapsibility of Single Component Sodium Silicate Binders

Banganayi F. C., Nyembwe K., Polzin H.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 3

5--12

EN

This study shows the results of the investigation of the strength performance, and residual strength of a single component inorganic binder system Cast Clean S27®. The study was conducted using three different foundry sand sources in South Africa. Sample A is an alluvial coastal sample, sample B is an alluvial riverbed sample and Sample C is a blasted sample from a consolidated quartzite rock. The binder was also cured using three different curing mechanisms. The aim of the investigation was to determine the variation of strength performance and residual strength between the different South African sand sources based upon the physical and chemical properties of the sand sources. The moulding sand was prepared using three possible curing mechanisms which are carbon dioxide curing, ester curing and heat curing. The strength measurements were determined by bending strength. Sample A and sample C sand had good strength development. Sample B sand had inferior strength development and excellent high temperature residual strength. The study showed that the single component inorganic binders have good strength development and low residual strength. The silica sand properties have major contributing factors on both strength development and residual strength. The degree of influence of silica sand properties on strength performance and residual strength is dependent on the time of curing and method of curing.

12

Effect of Sand Wetting on Physically Hardened Moulding Sands Containing a Selected Inorganic Binder. Part 2

Stachowicz M., Granat K., Pałyga Ł.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 1

79--84

EN

In the paper, an attempt is made to explain the previously observed increased effectiveness of utilising hydrated sodium water-glass grade 137 after hardening moulding sands with selected physical methods. In the modified process of preparing sandmixes, during stirring components, water as a wetting additive was introduced to the sand-binder system. Presented are examination results of influence of faster microwave heating and slower traditional drying of the so-prepared moulding sands on their tensile and bending strength, calculated per weight fraction of the binder. The measurement results were confronted with SEM observations of linking bridges and with chemical analyses of grain surfaces of high-silica base. On the grounds of comprehensive evaluation of hardened moulding sands, positive effects were found of the applied physical process of binder dehydration and presence of the wetting additive. It was observed that introduction of this additive during stirring, before adding the binder, improves flowing the binder to the places where durable linking bridges are created. It was also found that the applied methods of hardening by dehydration enable creation of very durable linking bridges, strongly connected with the sand base, which results in damages of high-silica grain surfaces, when the bridges are destroyed.

13

Influence of the Reclaim Addition on Properties of Moulding Sands with the Geopol Binder

Drożyński D., Bobrowski A., Holtzer M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 1

138--142

EN

The investigation results of the influence of the reclaim additions on the properties of moulding sands with the GEOPOL geopolymer binder developed by the SAND TEAM Company were presented. Two brands of hardeners were applied in the tested compositions, the first one was developed by the SAND TEAM Company, marked SA72 and the new hardener offered by the KRATOS Company, marked KR72. The main purpose of investigations was to determine the influence of reclaim fractions and the applied hardener on the basic moulding sands properties, such as: bending and tensile strength, permeability and grindability. The unfavourable influence of the reclaim additions into moulding sands on the tested properties as well as an increased hardening rate, were found. Moulding sands, in which the hardener KR72 of the KRATOS Company was used, were less sensitive to the reclaim additions.

14

Nie ma rzeczy niemożliwych – kolejny postęp w dziedzinie systemów spoiw nieorganicznych

Müller J., Deters H., Oberleiter M., Zupan H., Lincke H., Resch R., Körschgen J., Kasperowski A.

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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2014

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Vol. 64, nr 7-8

304--308

PL

Na temat spoiw nieorganicznych jest zdecydowanie więcej tez i pogłosek niż o każdej innej dziedzinie odlewnictwa. Co faktycznie robią te spoiwa, a czego nie mogą zrobić? Rosnące zainteresowanie i coraz większa liczba użytkowników wyraźnie pokazują, że technologia ta jest już na przykład stałą częścią odlewania aluminium do kokil. Oszczędności w zakresie konserwacji i czyszczenia systemów, a także uzyskanej w ten sposób wyższej wydajności w procesie odlewania, są kluczem do sukcesu. Równolegle rozwój nowych spoiw nieorganicznych sukcesywnie wypełnia lukę w systemach organicznych, a dokonane modyfikacje kolejnych generacji systemów spoiw nieorganicznych dają: lepsze powierzchnie odlewów, większą stabilność termiczną i optymalizację wybijalności rdzenia po odlaniu. Są również pierwsze oznaki postępu w zakresie poprawy stabilności przechowywania z natury wrażliwych na wilgoć rdzeni nieorganicznych. Oczywistym jest, że stosowanie rdzeni nieorganicznych nie może zostać ograniczone tylko do odlewów lekkich stopów w kokilach, ponieważ spoiwa nieorganiczne mają ogromny potencjał w kierunku zapobiegania powstawaniu klasycznych wad odlewniczych (takich jak żyłki). „Nie ma rzeczy niemożliwych" jest więc bardzo trafnym zdaniem określającym rozwój rdzeni nieorganicznych: Wiele z tego, co udało się osiągnąć do tej pory w zakresie spoiw nieorganicznychi dla wielu ludzi w prześzłości wydawało się niemożliwe. W wyniku intensywnych badań w tej dziedzinie, można przypuszczać, że wiele przeszkód, które wydają się nie do przeskoczenia w tym momencie doczeka się stosownych rozwiązań w przyszłości.

15

Influence of Binding Rates on Strength Properties of Moulding Sands with the GEOPOL Binder

Holtzer M., Drożyński D., Bobrowski A., Plaza W.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 1

37--40

EN

The results of investigations of moulding sands with an inorganic binder called GEOPOL, developed by the SAND TEAM Company are presented in the paper. Hardeners of various hardening rates are used for moulding sands with this binder. The main aim of investigations was determination of the influence of the hardening rate of moulding sands with the GEOPOL binder on technological properties of these sands (bending strength, tensile strength, permeability and grindability). In addition, the final strength of moulding sands of the selected compositions was determined by two methods: by splitting strength and shear strength measurements. No essential influence of the hardening rate on such parameters as: permeability, grindability and final strength was found. However, the sand in which the slowest hardener (SA 72) were used, after 1 hour of holding, had the tensile and bending strength practically zero. Thus, the time needed for taking to pieces the mould made of such moulding sand will be 1.5 - 2 hours.

16

Recycling of waste moulding sands with new binders

Izdebska-Szanda I., Angrecki M., Palma A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 2

43--48

EN

This paper presents the results of research which is part of studies carried out under the project POIG.01.01.02-00-015/09 "Advanced Materials and Technologies", one of the aims of which is to introduce new, environment-friendly, inorganic binders to the production of castings from non-ferrous metals. The paper presents the results of research on the management of waste moulding sands prepared according to the new technology, including their multiple reclamation and management of post-reclamation waste. Studies of multiple reclamation are a continuation of the preliminary research described earlier. The programme of the studies described in this paper also included validation of the results under industrial conditions.

17

Environmentally friendly mould technology

Izdebska-Szanda I., Palma A., Angrecki M., Żmudzińska M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 3

37--42

EN

One of the factors that contribute to the development of foundry moulding technology is environmental protection. The related challenges are effectively satisfied by a new inorganic binder that has been designed for castings made of non-ferrous metal alloys. This article presents in a concise way the test results, showing the ecological character of the new binder at the stage of making moulds, pouring them with metal and cooling of castings, indicating the possibilities for an economic re-use of waste materials formed during practical application of this technology. The results were compared with the results obtained on the sands with organic binders. Studies were carried out under the project POIG.01.01.02-00-015/09 "Advanced materials and technologies."

18

Characteristic of core manufacturing process with use of sand, bonded by ecological friendly nonorganic binders

Fedoryszyn A., Dańko J., Dańko R., Asłanowicz M., Fulko T., Ościłowski A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 13, iss. 3

19--24

EN

Mechanization of the process of core making with the use of inorganic and organic binders is based, almost solely, on core blowing machines. Presently the core blowing machines are equipped with tools and devices that allow for application of different technologies of core making. Cold-box, hot-box and warm-air technologies require that core blowing machines shall be additionally equipped with either core-box pre-heating system or gas purging and neutralization system, or hot air purging systems. Considering the possibility of using varied, the most advantageous technologies of core making, the production of universal core blowing machines equipped with replaceable devices has been undertaken in Poland. The universal core blowing systems allow for mechanization of core making process also with the use of sand, bonded by modern, eco-friendly binder systems. The paper presents selected results-based evaluation of core blowing process showing the scope of conducted design and implementation works.

19

Moulding sands with new inorganic binders - ecology assessment in the aspect of work environment

Szanda I., Żmudzińska M., Faber J., Perszewska K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 12, iss. 3

117-122

EN

The development of economy and industry introducing new technologies and materials often means the increased threat of occurrence of factors harmful to humans and environment. Workers employed in foundries as mould pourers are the group of high professional risk. Foundry moulding sands when poured with liquid metal are a source of the emission of harmful, toxic and carcinogenic (benzene, PAHs) compounds. The paper presents the results of studies on the concentration of chemical compounds emitted in the process of casting aluminium alloy and brass using moulding sands with the new inorganic binders. The specific values of the exposure indices were compared with the limit values. This enabled an assessment of the impact of moulding sands on work environment. The obtained results were compared with the values of contaminants emitted when pouring foundry moulds made from furan sands and bentonite sands with an addition of coal dust.

20

Masy formierskie z nowymi spoiwami nieorganicznymi – ocena ekologiczna w aspekcie środowiska pracy

Szanda I., Żmudzińska M., Faber J., Perszewska K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 12, iss. 1s

179--184

PL

Rozwój gospodarki i przemysłu, wprowadzanie nowych technologii i materiałów powoduje często wzrost zagrożenia czynnikami szkodliwymi dla ludzi i środowiska. Pracownicy zatrudnieni na stanowisku zalewacza w odlewni należą do grupy o zwiększonym ryzyku zawodowym. Stosowane masy formierskie podczas zalewania form ciekłym metalem są źródłem emisji szkodliwych, toksycznych a także rakotwórczych (benzen, WWA) związków chemicznych. W referacie przedstawiono wyniki badań stężeń związków chemicznych emitowanych w procesie wykonywania odlewów ze stopów aluminium oraz z mosiądzu, z zastosowaniem mas formierskich z nowymi spoiwami nieorganicznymi. Określone wielkości wskaźników narażenia porównano z wartościami dopuszczalnymi. Pozwoliło to na ocenę wpływu zastosowanych mas na środowisko pracy. Otrzymane wyniki odniesiono również do emisji zanieczyszczeń przy zalewaniu form wykonywanych z masy z żywicą furanową i masy z bentonitem i pyłem węglowym.

EN

The development of economy and industry introducing new technologies and materials often means the increased threat of occurrence of factors harmful to humans and environment. Workers employed in foundries as mould pourers are the group of high professional risk. Foundry moulding sands when poured with liquid metal are a source of the emission of harmful, toxic and carcinogenic (benzene, PAHs) compounds. The paper presents the results of studies on the concentration of chemical compounds emitted in the process of casting aluminium alloys and brass using moulding sands with the new inorganic binders. The specific values of the exposure indices were compared with the limit values. This enabled an assessment of the impact of moulding sands on work environment. The obtained results were compared with the values of contaminants emitted when pouring foundry moulds made from furan sands and bentonite sands with an addition of coal dust.