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EN
The aim of the paper is to present the structure of the mechanism that excites the cello strings to vibrate, used in vibroacoustic research of the impact of the endpin material on the cello sound. The construction of the device is inspired by the hurdy-gurdy mechanism. In the acoustic study of string instruments, it is hard to take into account the human factor during the generation of sound. When playing an instrument, there is difficulty in obtaining repeatability of the generated sound, especially with a large number of repetitions. The presented device is particularly useful during vibroacoustic tests of bowed string instruments. It enables the generation of continuous sound and ensures the repeatability of excitation. In addition to the description of the construction of the mechanism, vibroacoustic tests related to the determination of the influence of the cello endpin material on its timbre were also presented. The impact of the endpin material on the cello sound was determined based on measurements as well as subjective impressions of the musicians.
PL
Rekonfigurowale matryce antenowe mogą zostać użyte z powodzeniem do sterowania środowiskiem radiowym. Proste sterowanie kątem odbicia sygnału od powierzchni pozwala na maksymalizację lub minimalizację odbieranej mocy w określonych miejscach. W artykule przedstawiono symulacje, gdzie możliwy jest odbiór sygnału w miejscu, w którym nie było to możliwe, wykrycie zajętości widma w miejscu, w którym detektor nie był w stanie dokonać prawidłowej detekcji, czy zminimalizowanie zakłóceń w konkretnym odbiorniku.
EN
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces can be successfully used to control the radio environment. Simple control of the reflection angle of the signal from the surface allows maximization or minimization of the received power in specific places. The paper presents simulations where it is possible to receive a signal in a place where it was not possible, to detect the occupancy of the spectrum in a place where the sensor was unable to make correct detection or to minimize interference in a specific receiver.
3
Content available A note on Hausdorff convergence of pseudospectra
EN
For a bounded linear operator on a Banach space, we study approximation of the spectrum and pseudospectra in the Hausdorff distance. We give sufficient and necessary conditions in terms of pointwise convergence of appropriate spectral quantities.
PL
Systemy dynamicznego dostępu do widma w celu podjęcia decyzji o przydziale widma dla nowego urządzenia przeważnie wymagają informacji o zajętości widma, a tym samym o obecności innych użytkowników. Proste metody detekcji zajętości widma są często dalekie od niezawodnych, stąd często i z powodzeniem stosowane są algorytmy detekcji zajętości widma wspierane uczeniem maszynowym czy też sztuczną inteligencją. W celu ochrony prywatności danych użytkowników i redukcji ilości danych kontrolnych przekazywanych w systemie interesującym podejściem okazuje się użycie federacyjnego uczenia maszynowego. W tej pracy porównane zostały dwa podejścia do projektowania systemu wykorzystujące federacyjne uczenie maszynowe: z wykorzystaniem węzła centralnego oraz bez wykorzystania węzła centralnego.
EN
Dynamic spectrum access systems typically require information about the spectrum occupancy and thus the presence of other users in order to make a spectrum allocation decision for a new device. Simple methods of spectrum occupancy detection are often far from reliable, hence spectrum occupancy detection algorithms supported by machine learning or artificial intelligence are often and successfully used. To protect the privacy of user data and to reduce the amount of control data, an interesting approach is to use federated machine learning. This paper compares two approaches to system design using federated machine learning: with and without a central node.
5
Content available remote On spectrum of Metzler matrices
EN
In the paper it was proven that spectrum of Metzler matrix must belong to a certain cone in the complex plane. The result is derived from the analytical characterization of spectra of positive matrices obtained by Karpelevich. Furthermore, it was shown that in case of 3x3 matrices this property yields also a sufficient condition that a set of numbers must satisfy in order to be spectrum of some Metzler matrix.
PL
W pracy wykazano, że widmo macierzy każdej Metzlera należy do pewnego stożka na płaszczyźnie zespolonej. Wykorzystano w tym celu analityczną charakteryzację widma macierzy dodatniej wyznaczoną przez Karpielewicza. Ponadto wykazano, że w przypadku macierzy 3x3 własność ta pozwala wyznaczyć również warunek wystarczający, który spełniać musi zbiór liczb zespolonych, aby był widmem pewnej macierzy Metzlera.
PL
Strukturę geometryczną powierzchni opisuje się za pomocą parametrów chropowatości oraz odchyłek kształtu. W artykule, do analizy stanu powierzchni, (rodzaju i wartości ich nierówności) wykorzystano szeregi trygonometryczne Fouriera przeprowadzając analizę ich widm: amplitudowego i fazowego. Zastosowano kroczący szereg Fouriera o trzech lub pięciu harmonicznych. W każdym przykładowym cyklu obliczeń, do obliczania stałych w szeregach Fouriera pobierano siedem lub jedenaście wartości odchyłek. Program umożliwia obliczanie wartości parametrów chropowatości: Ra, Rq oraz Rt.
EN
The geometric structure of the surface determine the roughness, wave and shape deviations. Trigonometric series Fourier was used to analyze the type of inequality on the surface by analyzing its amplitude and phase spectrum. A stepping series of Fourier with three or five harmonics was used. Seven or eleven measuring points are charged to calculate solid in Fourier's ranks in each calculation cycle. In the final phase, the program calculates the roughness parameters.. Programs with EQTRG3T or EQTRG5T names, were written in Fortran. Programs compiled by Digital Visual Fortran 6 is exploited on desktop and laptops.
EN
In the present paper, based on a separation condition on the spectrum of a self-adjoint operator T0 on a separable Hilbert space H, we prove that the system of root vectors of the perturbed operator T (ε) given by T (ε) := T0 + εT1 + ε2T2 + . . . + εkTk + . . . is complete and forms a basis with parentheses in H, for small enough |ε|. Here ε ∈ C and T1, T2, . . . are linear operators on H having the same domain D ⊃ D(T0) and satisfying a specific growing inequality. The obtained results are of importance for applications to a non-self-adjoint Gribov operator in Bargmann space and to a non-self-adjoint problem deduced from a perturbation method for sound radiation.
8
Content available remote On linear chaos in function spaces
EN
We show that, in Lp(0,∞) ( 1≤p<∞ ), bounded weighted translations as well as their unbounded counterparts are chaotic linear operators. We also extend the unbounded case to C0[0,∞) and describe the spectra of the weighted translations provided the underlying spaces are complex.
9
Content available remote Comparison of two concepts for modeling of lightning strike into overhead line
EN
The paper presents a comparison of results of determining the lightning current flow in the shield wires of a high voltage line, using the model of lightning in the form of a lumped current generator and the antenna model, which takes the electromagnetic coupling into account. The usability of these two models is discussed.
PL
Przedstawiono porównanie wyników wyznaczenia rozpływu prądu piorunowego w linkach odgromowych linii wysokiego napięcia, z użyciem modelu pioruna w postaci skupionego generatora prądowego oraz modelu antenowego, uwzględniającego sprzężenie elektromagnetyczne. Przedyskutowano użyteczność tych dwóch modeli.
EN
Let A and A be bounded operators in a Hilbert space. We consider the following problem: let the spectrum of A lie in some strip. In what strip the spectrum of A lies if A and Ä are “close”? Applications of the obtained results to integral operators and matrices are also discussed. In addition, we apply our perturbation results to approximate the spectral strip of a Hilbert-Schmidt operator by the spectral strips of finite matrices.
EN
Today, spectrophotometrics is a promising tool for non-invasive examination of the optical properties of human skin. The spectrum obtained during the study is carefully analysed by models developed by many scientists. Developed multilayer models are designed to reflect the most faithful processes occurring in the skin, its layers and essential elements. Many skin diseases are diagnosed: vitiligo, hemangios, skin birthmarks, melanoma. The article provides an overview of interesting solutions using spectrophotometrics in the process of diagnosing skin diseases.
PL
Obecnie spektrofotometria jest obiecującym narzędziem do nieinwazyjnego badania właściwości optycznych ludzkiej skóry. Otrzymane podczas badania widma poddawane są wnikliwej analizie dzięki opracowanym przez wielu naukowców modeli. Opracowane modele wielowarstwowe mają na celu oddać najwierniej procesy zachodzące w skórze, jej warstwy i istotne elementy. Diagnozowanych jest wiele chorób skóry: bielactwo, naczyniaki, znamiona skórne, czerniak. Artykuł przedstawia przegląd ciekawych rozwiązań z użyciem spektrofotometrii w procesie diagnostyki chorób skóry.
EN
On the premise of constraining the seismogenic fault structure of a future large earthquake, we proposed using empirical equations to determine the length, width, seismic moment and slip distribution of a large seismogenic fault plane and using the stochastic fnite fault model to predict future large earthquakes. The ground motion time histories and response spectra recorded by 12 seismic stations on bedrock during the MW =7.9 Gulf of Alaska earthquake on January 23, 2018, were simulated. The simulation error determined by the average ratio of the simulated spectrum amplitude to the recorded spectrum amplitude varied between 1.08 and 0.92 in the period range of 0–10 s, and the standard deviation of the simulation error at diferent frequencies did not exceed 1; the 95% confdence interval also did not change signifcantly with the period. The above analyses show that our simulation results refect the mean ground motion. To further discuss the reliability of predicting future large earthquakes by the stochastic fnite fault model, we redistributed the initial rupture point and slip distribution on the seismogenic fault plane by the quasi-random method, and the simulation errors and simulation results of the redistribution model were similar to those of the previous model. Further research confrmed that our method for obtaining the seismic source parameters is viable and that the stochastic fnite fault model for the prediction of future large earthquakes is reliable, especially for large far-feld earthquakes. The seismic stations that we used are all situated on bedrock on one side of the fault and do not involve rupture directivity, i.e., the seismic wave pathways may be similar, so the simulation results are ideal. However, if the rupture directivity, diferent site conditions, surface topography and basin efects are considered, it will be necessary to amend the proposed method.
13
Content available remote Modele matematyczne piorunowych udarów prądowych
PL
Opisano wyrażenia matematyczne często stosowane podczas modelowania przebiegów prądu wyładowania atmosferycznego. Przedstawione wzory są użyteczne zarówno podczas obliczeń analitycznych, jak i numerycznych dotyczących analizy zagrożenia piorunowego obiektów i przewodzących instalacji.
EN
Mathematical expressions frequently used for the modeling of the atmospheric discharge current waveforms are described. The presented formulas are useful for both analytical and numerical calculations related to the analysis of lightning hazard of objects and conductive installations.
14
Content available remote Comparison of electric and radiometric methods for liquid dielectric diagnostic
EN
This paper is focused on the description and comparison the alternative photometric and radiometric methods for liquid dielectric quality diagnostic and parameters measurement, long-term practical verification and comparison of obtained data with conventional methods. The proper function and accuracy of the measured methods are verified in the Light Laboratory and in the CVVOZEPowerLab in Brno University of Technology.
PL
W artykule porównanie metody fotometrycznej i radiometrycznej stosowanej do diagnostyki właściwości dielektrycznych płynów. Przedstawiono weryfikację długoterminową oraz porównanie otrzymanych danych w wynikami metody konwencjonalnej.
EN
Today, to establish a diagnosis, the patient must undergo a biopsy followed by histopathological diagnosis, which causes unnecessary cost, patient trauma, and time delay to obtain a diagnosis. However, the metastases can be discovered by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which is a simple method that investigates the light distribution within tissue. The theme of this paper is the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to determine the optical spectrum of hamster specimen’s tissue and to differentiate biological changes due to laser irradiation (scattering, and cell changes) under the skin. DRS measurements were made on healthy and malignant tissue to diagnose the stages of cancer formation using a fiber-optic probe. The results show that malignant tissue is characterized by a significant decrease in diffuse reflectance spectrum compared to normal tissue.
EN
A case study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of condition monitoring techniques in the early ailure detection of pumps in a thermal power plant. Various condition monitoring techniques used in this case study involved vibration analysis, motor current signature analysis, noise monitoring and wear debris analysis. These techniques were applied on the three pumps, namely boiler feed water pump, auxiliary cooling water pump and condensate extraction pump, which have to work continuously for the operation of the thermal power plant. Vibration analysis of the auxiliary cooling water pump showed that there is a rising trend in the acceleration values at its driving and non-driving end indicating the deterioration of bearings. Motor current index range of all the pumps was found to be within acceptable limits. Wear debris analysis of lubricant in the hydraulic coupling of boiler feed water pump indicated the presence of sand, dirt and low alloy steel sliding wear particles in it. Condition monitoring techniques have been proved to be an effective technique in early failure detection of pumps.
17
Content available remote On the existence of complex Hadamard submatrices of the Fourier matrices
EN
We use a theorem of Lam and Leung to prove that a submatrix of a Fourier matrix cannot be Hadamard for particular cases when the dimension of the submatrix does not divide the dimension of the Fourier matrix. We also make some observations on the trace-spectrum relationship of dephased Hadamard matrices of low dimension.
PL
Parametrem sygnałów zakłócających decydującym o rodzaju sprzężenia jest częstotliwość zakłócająca. Dla częstotliwości mniejszych od 30 MHz dominują zakłócenia przewodzone. W artykule przedstawiono analizę występowania zakłóceń w systemie elektronicznym oraz wpływ obciążenia wybranego urządzenia kolejowego na wynik pomiaru emisji zaburzeń przewodzonych.
EN
The parameter of interfering signals, determining the type of coupling, is the disturbing frequency. For frequencies less than 30 MHz, main impact comes by conducted emissions. The article presents an analysis of the occurrence of disturbances and the impact of the load of the selected railway equipment’s on the measurement result of the conducted disturbances.
EN
There is increasing demand for various types of submersible and floating remotely-operated vehicles which have herein been studied with respect to the threats posed by these kinds of objects. Local physical field disorder analyses have demonstrated the possibility of detecting and classifying objects based on hydroacoustics. Hydroaocoustic analysis results are presented as narrowband and One-Third-Octave spectra of different types of remotely-operated vehicles. Investigations were performed using an underwater measuring system located in very shallow water in a coastal zone characterized by conditions considered as poor for sound propagation.
EN
The work presented in this paper focuses on the spectral content of the stator current in the presence of the saturation effect. To do this, it is necessary to have a mathematical model of the reliable induction machine capable of predicting its behavior in the presence of saturation. The approach of the modified winding function is among the most significant methods because it takes into account the actual distribution of the windings in the stator slots. For this purpose, a series of simulations are carried out to highlight the spectral content of the stator current of the induction squirrel cage motor in the various cases of operation with and without taking into account the saturation effect.
PL
Analizowano charakterystyki widmowe prądu stojana silnika indukcyjnego w stanie nasycenia. Opracowano też model matematyczny silnika umożliwiający przeprowadzenie symulacji. Porównano wyniki symulacji z uzględnieniem nasycenia I bez.
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