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Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biomass Composition on Bio-Oil Characteristics

Afrah Bazlina Dawami, Riady M. Ihsan, Arsadha Juliet Patricia, Rimadhina Rizky, Cundari Lia, Izzah Rosidah Zaatil

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 3

264--274

Pyrolysis is a method of producing oils from the raw materials of biomass by decomposing the thermochemical of organic materials at a given temperature. Free variables used in this research include pyrolysis temperaturę and biomass composition. The temperature variation of pyrolysis consists of three ranges: 100–200; 200–300; and 300–350 °C. Meanwhile, the composition of biomass consists of five combinations of waste rubber and coconut shells ranging from 0% coconut shell and 100% rubber wood to 80% coconut shell and 20% rubber shell. The physical characteristics of bio-oil analyzed include volume, pH, density, viscosity, and GC-MS analysis to determine its chemical characteristics. Research results showed that the pyrolysis temperature and composition of the biomass affected the characteristics of the bio-oil. The results of GC-MS analysis on bio-oil at 300–350 0C showed that bio-oil with a biomass composition of 80% coconut shells and 20% rubber wood yielded 50.19% phenol. The percentage of phenol is greater than that found in bio-oil with 20% coconut shells and 80% rubber wood, which is 18.78% phenol.

Environmental and radon measurements in the underground workplaces in the Czech Republic

Thinova L., Rovenska K., Otahal P.

Nukleonika

2010

Vol. 55, No. 4

491-493

Most of radon and other environmental measurements were carried out in connection with research focused on improvement of radon dose assessment in the underground workplaces in the Czech Republic. The following methods are very useful for the detection of radon sources: air flow measurement; continual and short volume activity of radon and its progeny measurement; volume activity of thoron measurement; mapping of radon level in all workplace areas including horizontal and vertical gradient; radon in water measurement; integral radon monitor RAMARN testing, etc. In conjunction with equilibrium radon concentration (ERC) monitoring studies were conducted of radiogenic characteristics of caves clastogene and carbonate sediments, and other rock formations present in the Czech Massif and Western Carpathian. Over 150 samples of cave sediments were collected, in which the mass activities of present radionuclides were determined. Spectrometric analysis of the sediments enabled monitoring of disturbance in secular radioactive equilibrium in the given geochemical systems, through evaluation of 238U/226Ra or 228Th/224Ra proportion. Ratio of 208Tl/226Ra was monitored for the rock groups from the origin point of view assessment. Typical values for such ratio for carbonate rocks (including amphibolite and erlan) varied between 0.2–0.5, while for clastogene sediments and crystalline limestone the typical values were in the range 1.4–1.6. Conclusions from measurements were implemented in the new methodology for radon dose assessment.

Numeryczna analiza spektrometrycznego profilowania neutron-gamma do oznaczania wybranych pierwiastków w skałach

Cywicka-Jakiel T., Woźnicka U., Zorski T.

Prace Instytutu Górnictwa Naftowego i Gazownictwa

2002

nr 116 wyd. konferencyjne

233--237

Spektrometryczne profilowanie neutron-gamma (sPNG) oferuje pośrednio możliwości identyfikacji składu mineralnego przewiercanych skał co zwiększa postęp w poszukiwaniach m.in. ropy naftowej i gazu. W pracy przedstawiono porównanie wyników symulacji komputerowych sPNG, wykonanych metodą Monte Carlo przy pomocy kodu MCNP4c [1 ] z wynikami pomiarów wykonanych na stanowisku kalibracyjnym, w Bazie Geofizyki Wiertniczej (BGW) w Zielonej Górze. Stanowisko to skonstruowane z myślą o kalibracji sond neutronowych mierzących porowatość, nie zapewnia dużego zróżnicowania składu chemicznego. Modelowanie komputerowe pozwala na rozszerzanie zakresu zmian koncentracji interesujących pierwiastków w celu dokładniejszej oceny pomiaru ich koncentracji. Uzyskano dobrą zgodność wyników symulacji z wynikami eksperymentalnymi dla badanych koncentracji pierwiastków: H, Si, Ca i Fe w blokach kalibracyjnych BGW.

The spectrometric neutron-gamma borehole logging (sPNG) indirectly offers the possibility of the identification of rock mineral compositions. The resulting increase of the progress in the exploration of oil and gas is noted. Comparison of the Monte Carlo simulations of the sPNG, using the MCNP 4C code [ 1 ], with the real experimental data obtained from the measurements performed at the Polish Calibration Station in Zielona Góra is presented in the paper. The Polish Calibration Station in Zielona Góra is equipped with the calibration standards of limited lithological diversity as it was mainly designed for calibration of the porosity probes. The modelling calculations allow to extend the range of edata to obtain more accurate elemental concentrations. For concentrations of the elements: H, Si, Ca and Fe in calibration standards, a good agreement between experimental and numerical results was obtained.