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Evaluation of chemical heterogeneity of a 90-ton forging ingot

Machovcak P., Opler A., Carbol Z., Trefil A., Merta K., Tkadleckova M., Michalek K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

2012

Vol. 58, nr 1

22--27

Purpose: This article describes performance of the experimental 90-ton forging ingot casting, the way of cutting, the methodology of chemical analysis and the results of that investigation. Design/methodology/approach: The experimental ingot 8K91SF weighing almost 90 tons was cast due the performance a detailed analysis of the current state of casting and solidification. The ingot was cut and macrostructure and chemical heterogeneity of the ingot was evaluated in detail. The standard method used in metallurgical analytics - analyses using optical emission spectrometers - was not applicable due to the large number of required analyzes. Thus, the mobile optical spectrometer SPECRTOTEST was used. Sulfur prints and fluid penetration tests were performed due to detect macroscopic distribution of sulfur and to locate surface-breaking defects. Findings: Current level of segregations of selected elements in real 90-ton steel ingot was detected. Also mutual mixing of two heats needed for the production of this ingot was verified. Research limitations/implications: Future research is focused on determination of inclusion content in selected parts of experimental ingot and on the level of micro-segregations. We are limited by the accuracy of chosen analytical method, which is also discussed in the paper. Practical implications: The gained knowledge is used to specification of the setting of boundary conditions of the numerical simulations, which should help to optimize the production technology of casting heavy forging ingots and minimize the level of segregation in ingots. Originality/value: New knowledge concerning mutual mixing of two heats needed for bottom casting of heavy forging ingot are presented in this paper. Distribution of segregation in so heavy ingot was detected. Results are the base for further investigations in macro-segregations and for the improving the accuracy of results of numerical simulations.

Concentrations of PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM-related elements at two heights in an urban background area in Zabrze (Poland)

Rogula-Kozłowska W., Błaszczak B., Klejnowski K.

Archives of Environmental Protection

2011

Vol. 37, no. 2

31-47

Concentrations and elemental composition of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) ambient particles, at two sampling points located at the same urban background sites, were investigated. The points were 20 m distant from each other and at various heights (2 and 6 m) above the ground. A dichotomous sampler, equipped with a virtual impactor, and a cascade impactor were used to sample the dust. An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used in the elemental analyses. The investigations revealed heterogeneity of the spatial distribution and the elemental composition of suspended dust at the investigated urban background site. Coarse dust, whose concentration at 2.0 m above the ground was affected by secondary emission from roads, soil and other local low-level sources in some periods, appeared more heterogeneous.

Celem pracy było zbadanie stężeń i składu pierwiastkowego pyłu drobnego (PM2,5) i grubego (PM2,5-10) w dwóch punktach wybranych w obszarze tła miejskiego w Zabrzu. Punkty były w zlokalizowane w odległości 20 m od siebie na różnych wysokościach (2 i 6 m). Do pobierania próbek pyłu wykorzystano dwukanałowy pobornik z impaktorem wirtualnym i impaktor kaskadowy. Badania składu pierwiastkowego przeprowadzono wykorzystując spektrometr fluorescencji rentgenowskiej. Badania wykazały heterogeniczność w rozkładzie przestrzennym i składzie pierwiastkowym pyłu zawieszonego w punkcie tła miejskiego. Wniosek ten dotyczy przede wszystkim frakcji cząstek grubych, których, jak wykazano w pracy, imisję w pewnych okresach, na wysokości 2 m, kształtuje wtórna emisja pyłu drogowego, glebowego i inne lokalne "niskopoziomowe" źródła pyłu.

Otworowy spektrometr gamma SO-5-90-SN i pomiary doświadczalne wykonane przy jego użyciu w gazonośnej formacji mioceńskiej przedgórza Karpat

Pałka K., Zorski T.

Prace Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

2004

nr 130

729--735

Opisano przystosowanie płytko-otworowego spektrometu gamma SO-5-90 do pracy w otworach wierconych za gazem w utworach mioceńskich przedgórza Karpat. Przeprowadzono jakościową analizę źródeł spodziewanych błędów pomiarowych. Przedstawiono także przykład pomiarów wykonanych w otworze J4.

Adaptation of the SO-5-90, the shallow — depth borehole gamma spectrometer to application in wells drilled in gas Miocene formation on Carpathian Foredeep is described. Qualitative analysis of the expected sources of errors is performed. Field example for J4 well is presented too.