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1

Agrotechnological methods of plant feeders applying for spring wheat agrocenoses - North-Eastern Kazakhstan varieties

Ualiyeva Rimma M., Kukusheva Altinay N., Insebayeva Madina K., Akhmetov Kanat K., Zhangazin Sayan B., Krykbayeva Maryam S.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

28--40

EN

To improve plant resistance to pests, we analysed the impact of various agronomic practices on the number and species diversity of pests in the crops of spring wheat varieties of foreign and Kazakhstan breeding in North-Eastern Kazakhstan. The intensive development of agriculture, resulting in the new technological flow processes of wheat growing, the sowing of foreign varieties not previously cultivated under local conditions, and climate change contribute to the formation of new food chains in agrocenoses. These new food chains require the monitoring of plant-feeding species with the help of ecological approaches and techniques. Efficient protection of crops with plant feeders requires constant updating on the phytosanitary in agrocenoses. Information on phytosanitary monitoring previously carried out in the region is not available, so it became necessary to collect data and analyse the number and species composition of wheat pests, considering new foreign varieties and cultivation technology practices. The research was carried out in 2021 in typical agricultural organisations of the North-Eastern regions of Kazakhstan with different preceding crops. The vegetation period was characterised by high atmospheric temperatures and a lack of moisture in the soil in spring and summer, contributing to decreasing of plant turgor and damage resistance. Early sowing of the ‘Triso’ wheat variety was affected by high temperatures and lack of soil moisture in the initial stage of development, which delayed its growth and made it more susceptible to pest damage. The other varieties were sown in optimal dates recommended by regional scientific institutions.

2

Species-level associations of phytoplankton with environmental variability in the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea)

Golubkov Mikhail, Nikulina Vera, Golubkov Sergey

Oceanologia

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2021

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No. 63 (1)

149--162

EN

Changes in phytoplankton communities due to anthropogenic nutrient load and climate change often lead to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms that can affect biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about the specific responses of various species to environmental variables. 17-year long data on the midsummer phytoplankton biomass in the Neva Estuary were analyzed to show the changes in the composition of phytoplankton in relation to water depth, transparence, salinity, temperature, concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a, and plankton primary production. One hundred seventy-four species and forms from eight taxonomic classes were found in phytoplankton. Fifteen species were potentially harmful. The most diverse and abundant groups were cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the biomass of various species from each phytoplankton group correlated differently with environmental factors. However, within each group, there were some predominant trends in the correlative response to changes in environmental variables. The biomass of cyanobacteria was high in the middle and lower reaches of the estuary and, in general, positively correlated with water salinity. The biomass of most species of green algae and diatoms correlated negatively with it. These algae showed a positive trend in biomass in the upper and middle reaches of the estuary during the last decades that may be explained by changes in weather conditions. Taking into account that climate models predict future increases in precipitation and temperature in the northern Baltic, the future expansion of freshwater phytoplankton species in estuaries of the northern Baltic Sea is very likely.

3

Structure of Dominance among Tree Species in Relic Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus cembra L.) Forests in Tatra Mountains

Zięba Antoni, Różański Wojciech, Szwagrzyk Jerzy

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 2

159--171

EN

Pinus cembra forests are limited to the Alps and Carpathians. Although several studies regarding their structure were carried out in some locations in the Tatra Mts. it required further investigations. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe the stand and shrub structure of P. cembra forests, compare their structure with the Picea abies forests and analyse differences between silicate and calcicolous P. cembra forests in the Tatra Mts. The data were collected on the 16 sampling plots (500 m2), in the Swiss stone pine and Norway spruce forests. We measured the diameter at breast height (dbh) of each tree and recorded the young trees and shrubs. In order to compare species composition between silicate and calcicolous P. cembra forests, we made 91 relevés in their entire range of distribution (917 ha). Furthermore, we examined the share of main tree species along the altitude and inclination gradients, using the GAM models. The tree density in the P. cembra forests reaches 618 stems per ha, whereas their basal area (BA) 23.17 m2 ha-1. Main tree species are P. cembra and P. abies. P. cembra dominates in the higher thickness classes. The BA and dbh structure varies significantly between P. cembra and P. abies forests. The most abundant juveniles are P. abies and Sorbus aucuparia. The differences between forests growing on different substrate are relatively low. The altitude has a significant impact on the share of P. cembra (increase) and P. abies (decrease). The inclination has a significant impact on the increase of share of P. cembra.

4

The spatial and temporal structure of phytoplankton in 2014-2016 in the Poddabie area on the southern Baltic Sea

Zaboroś I., Mioskowska M.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2018

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Vol. 33, No. 1

189--203

EN

In the Baltic Sea, there can be observed seasonal changes of the phytoplankton structure during which the species composition, abundance and phytoplankton biomass change. However, the spatial and temporal variability of individual phytoplankton groups is not the same in all the regions of the Baltic. The only research (and available studies) of phytoplankton in these shallow central sea basin zones is conducted by Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMWM) as part of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Monitoring at station P16, which is located closest to the studied area. Therefore, in the years 2014-2016 phytoplankton seasonality studies were carried out, which allowed to supplement data in the area of the central coast of the south Baltic [61]. Based on the above literature, the aim of this study was to determine the temporal and spatial structure and to examine the species composition of phytoplankton occurrence and biodiversity in the Poddabie region from November 2014 till September 2016. The following article presents the results obtained at 3 measuring stations (P1, P2 and P3) in the area of Poddabie. These results confirm typical changes of phytoplankton on 3 measurement stations depending on the season of the year. The collected data for this article is the second part of the three monographs on the area on the central coast of the southern Baltic. It show the exact results of the species composition and seasonal changes of phytoplankton in the Poddabie region. The average values of phytoplankton abundance and biomass were typical for this sort of coastal waters and there were no significant species differences between these stations. Comparing the results obtained in this study with the data from the IMWM annual reports for the last decade, it can be noticed that the volumes and fluctuations of total biomass and phytoplankton abundance in the three analysed areas are in line with trends typical for the South Baltic coastal area.

PL

W Morzu Bałtyckim obserwuje się sezonowe zmiany struktury fitoplanktonu podczas której następuje zmiana składu gatunkowego, liczebności oraz biomasy fitoplanktonu. Jednakże przestrzenna i czasowa zmienność poszczególnych grup fitoplanktonu nie jest taka sama w różnych rejonach Bałtyku. Jedyne badania (oraz dostępne opracowania) fitoplanktonu w tych strefach płytkowodnych środkowego wybrzeża prowadzone są przez IMGW w ramach Monitoringu Bałtyku HELCOM na stacji P16, które są położenie najbliżej badanego rejonu. W tym celu w latach 2014-2016 wykonano badania sezonowości fitoplanktonu, co pozwoliło na uzupełnienie danych w obszarze środkowego wybrzeża południowego Bałtyku [61]. W oparciu o powyższą literaturę celem niniejszej pracy było określenie struktury czasowo-przestrzennej i zbadanie składu gatunkowego występowania fitoplanktonu oraz różnorodności biologicznej w rejonie Poddąbia w okresie listopad 2014 – wrzesień 2016. Poniższy artykuł przedstawia wyniki uzyskane na 3 stacjach pomiarowych (P1, P2 oraz P3) w rejonie Poddąbia. Wyniki te potwierdzają typowe zmiany fitoplanktonu na 3 stacjach pomiarowych w zależności od pory roku. Średnie wartości liczebności i biomasy fitoplanktonu były typowe dla tego rodzaju wód przybrzeżnych i nie odnotowano znaczących różnic gatunkowych pomiędzy tymi stacjami. Porównując otrzymane w tym opracowaniu wyniki do danych z rocznych raportów IMGW dla ostatniego dziesięciolecia, można zauważyć, że wielkości i fluktuacje całkowitej biomasy i liczebności fitoplanktonu w trzech badanych rejonach są zgodne z trendami typowymi dla rejonu wód przybrzeżnych Południowego Bałtyku.

5

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) Invasion in a Scots Pine Forest : Relationships between Soil Properties and Vegetation

Halarewicz A., Pruchniewicz D., Kawałko D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

295--302

EN

Prunus serotina Ehrh. is a rapidly expanding invasive in European temperate forests, threatening native species biodiversity. Three alternative models, ‘the passenger’, ‘the driver’, and ‘the opportunist’ were used to determine the interactions between the invasive species, the native community, and features of the habitat. To assess the relationships between soil properties and species composition of a Scots pine forest invaded by P. serotina, we randomly selected twelve research plots in each of four stands in the south-western part of Poland. We used the phytosociological relevé method and determined selected soil properties (total nitrogen, organic carbon, and pH value) in the organic and humus horizons. Based on redundancy analysis, we determined that selected soil properties explained 38% of the total variation in species composition of the Scots pine forest with P. serotina, indicating that community interactions followed the ‘passenger’ model. At the same time, we found that P. serotina invaded via the ‘driver’ model, since the decrease in soil C:N ratio correlated with black cherry presence, and showed a significant impact on the floristic diversity in the invaded phytocenoses. We conclude that soil parameters seem to facilitate the invasion of P. serotina, and comprise the consequences of this process.

6

Distribution of epiphytic algae on macrophytes of various ecological groups : the case study of water bodies in the Dnieper River basin

Klochenko P., Shevchenko T.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 3

283--293

EN

The generalization and analysis of original data have shown that the nature of epiphytic algae distribution on higher aquatic plants, representing different ecological groups, is very similar in various types of numerous water bodies in the Dnieper River basin. Their species richness and values of quantitative indices were mostly higher on submerged plants compared to plants of other ecological groups. The number of epiphytic algae species was 1.1-1.7 times higher on submerged plants compared to that on half-submerged plants and 1.6-3.1 times higher compared to plants with floating leaves. The taxonomic structure and species composition of epiphyton were very similar on half-submerged and submerged plants and moderately similar on plants with floating leaves compared to macrophytes of other ecological groups. It is emphasized that the specificity of epiphytic algae distribution on macrophytes of various ecological groups should be taken into account when performing monitoring and assessment of the ecological status of water bodies by the bioindication method.

7

Species composition of vegetation cover in the fallow lands in the area of the Trzebinia municipality

Petryk A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/2

1399--1409

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the species composition in the fallow lands in areas heavily degraded by the mining and processing industries. The research was conducted in the western part of the Małopolska province in the municipality of Trzebinia. The layer C of phytocenosis that is the green layer was analyzed by specifying its all plant species and by approximately estimating vegetation cover according to the modified Braun-Blanquet scale. 212 species of vascular plants were found in the research areas. Species typical of fallow lands and ruderal areas i.e. giant goldenrod, couch grass and bush grass are the dominant species in the study areas. Among the species found in the study areas the species typical of fresh meadows such as false oat-grass, goosegrass and sorrel as well as thermophilic species such as crownvetch, greater knapweed or cypress spurge appear with great frequency.

8

The species richness of woody plants in Bratislava’s historical landscape parks

Reháčková T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2014

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R. 111, z. 6-A

157--164

EN

Trees and shrubs, native or alien, are the most significant part of spatial composition in gardens or parks. For this reason, knowledge of species composition and particularly development of species composition in the past represent an important starting point for maintenance, notably in historical gardens. A permanent part of the species composition in historical gardens consists of introduced species. Alien species offered new shapes, colours and textures, and they also fulfilled a desire for new and unknown things. The article will present the species composition of trees and shrubs in historical landscape parks in Bratislava: 1. Sad Janka Kráľa, 2. Horský Park, and 3. The Park v Rusovciach. Our research in these locations was compared with available data on the occurrence of alien species in the research work of different authors from 1968 to 2013. In addition to the development of the garden composition we evaluated the number of genera and species and also their biogeographical origin.

PL

Drzewa i krzewy, rodzime lub obce, stanowią najbardziej znaczącą część kompozycji przestrzennej parków i ogrodów. Dlatego też wiedza na temat kompozycji gatunkowej, a zwłaszcza opracowania ich składu gatunkowego w przeszłości, stanowią ważny punkt wyjścia do ich obecnego utrzymania w historycznych ogrodach. Stałą częścią kompozycji przestrzennych w ogrodach historycznych stanowią rośliny introdukowane. Ich użycie było podyktowane wymaganiami zarówno architektonicznymi, jak i artystycznymi. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowane zostaną kompozycje gatunkowe z drzew i krzewów, występujące w historycznych parkach krajobrazowych Bratysławy: Sad Janka Kráľa, Horský park i park w Rusovciach. Podjęte na tych obszarach współczesne badania były porównywane z dostępnymi informacjami dotyczącymi występowania gatunków obcych w pracach badawczych różnych autorów, prowadzonych w latach 1968–2013. Wraz z analizą kompozycji ogrodowej oceniano także ilościowe występowanie danego rodzaju i gatunku, a także ich biogeograficzne pochodzenie.

9

Seed banks and forest recruitment after disturbance: the composition and abundance of seed after clear-cut of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantations

Arduini I., Orlandi C., Mariotti M., Masoni A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

457--470

EN

Seed banks play a key role in the recruitment of forest vegetation after severe disturbance, but can originate an undesired plant community. Thus, investigations on seed bank structure, and early changes occurring after clear cut, are of primary interest for sustainable forest management. Researches were carried out in two mature stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantations located in Tuscany (Italy), along the Mediterranean coast. Soil samples were collected in March, July and October of the 2nd and 3rd year after clear-cut, in cut strips and adjacent intact stands. Seed bank size and composition were evaluated through the number of seedlings and species emerged from soil samples. Intact plantations differed in seed bank richness and composition, but not in abundance that was approximately 1,200 seeds m-2. Clear-cut doubled seed density in soil, did not change seed bank richness, and affected markedly composition. Seed banks of cut strips were richer in annual and open space species, and poorer in perennial, forest and disturbed sites species. Seeds of Erica scoparia dominated the seed bank, with a relative abundance of 60% in intact stands and 43% in cut strips. Proportion of annual seeds was slightly less than 20% in intact stands, but increased up to 50% after clear-cut. Between the 2nd and 3rd year from clear-cut, the proportion of seeds from species typical of stone pine forests decreased, while that of non-forest species and aliens increased. The scarcity of seeds from most forest species and the lack of tree seeds make the recruitment of understorey vegetation from seed banks critical. In addition, the increased seed density of alien and disturbed site species in intact seed banks with time from clear-cut, suggests that disturbance caused by cutting in narrow strips threatens the integrity of intact plantations.

10

Warm currents affecting the spring and winter distributions of living coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea, China

Luan Q., Sun J., Niu M., Wang J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 4

431--441

EN

Spring and winter distributions of living coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea were studied using a polarizing microscope based on two surveys in April 2010 and January 2011. Nine species were recorded, including Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica as the predominant forms. The cell abundance of all coccolithophores in the spring was significantly higher than in the winter (p<0.01), with means of 15 387 and 2470 cells l-1, respectively. Notably, we observed a habitat selection of coccolithophores in the southeastern Yellow Sea (32–35°N, 123–125°E). This habitat was characterized by sharp temperature gradients during both seasons caused by water exchange between the shelf waters and the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Moreover, the cell abundance, standing crop and estimated fluxes of coccolithophores were abnormally high compared to other regions. The habitat preference of coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea was directly related to the hydrodynamic conditions. The unfavorable light conditions caused by the intense convective mixing were responsible for the low biomass of coccolithophores during the winter. However, the increasing temperature influenced by the warm current, in combination with water column stability, triggered the spring bloom of coccolithophores in the southern Yellow Sea.

11

Phytoplankton size structure and species composition as an indicator of trophic status in transitional ecosystems: the case study of a Mediterranean fjord-like karstic bay

Bosak S., Šilović T., Ljubešić Z., Kušpilić G., Pestorić B., Krivokapić S., Viličić D.

Oceanologia

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2012

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No. 54 (2)

255-286

EN

The species composition and size-structure of the phytoplankton community in the Boka Kotorska Bay (SE Adriatic Sea) were analysed with respect to abundance and carbon biomass, together with the physico-chemical parameters, with the aim of evaluating the predefined oligo-mesotrophic status of this transitional water ecosystem. Three stations located in the inner part of the Bay were sampled with seasonal frequency in 2008/2009. Picophytoplankton cells were counted using flow cytometry; nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton were identified and counted by light microscopy. The relative importance of the picoplankton in the Bay, in terms of both abundance and biomass, during all the investigated seasons emphasized their significance in the phytoplankton community. Picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus) constituted a significant part of the summer assemblages with regard to both abundance (up to 3.38 × 108 cells L-1) and carbon biomass (up to 73% of total phytoplankton carbon). The contribution of the nanophytoplankton was found to be generally low (< 20% of the total phytoplankton carbon) in all seasons, and was dominated by autotrophic/mixotrophic flagellates. Species with a preference towards nutrient-enriched conditions, like the diatom Skeletonema marinoi, dominated the microphytoplankton fraction. S. marinoi was the most abundant in spring/winter (up to 2.86 × 106 cells L-1) above the halocline (making a 96% contribution to the microphytoplankton). The potentially toxin-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima was recorded at abundances greater than 105 cells L-1, together with Thalassionema frauenfeldii, as well as the dinoflagellates Prorocentrum micans and the potentially harmful P. minimum. The higher values of phytoplankton biomass and the dominance of phytoplankton species or groups with preferences for nutrient-enriched conditions appear to be consistent with the oligo-mesotrophic status of this specific ecosystem.

12

Soil seed bank and extant vegetation of a dry valley

Li Y., Bao W., Wu N.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 3

507-522

EN

Although crucial for guiding vegetation improvement efforts, soil seed bank (SSB) and extant vegetation (EV) in dry valleys remains poorly understood. A germination method and field surveys were applied to address this problem and investigate the characteristics of SSB and corresponding EV of eight sites across the dry Minjiang River valley in Southwest China. Furthermore, the relationships between SSB and EV were compared to provide guidance for vegetation enhancement. Eight sites were classified into two groups - central and transitional sites that differ according to moisture conditions. Seed density and species richness in SSB were lower in less moist central sites compared with those in more moist transitional sites of the valley as well as the coverage of the community. Moreover, species richness and litter thickness were lower in central sites. Comparing SSB strategies of species from eight sites, transient strategy was the most frequently observed category, followed by short-term persistent and long-term persistent strategies. In terms of both SSB and EV, the most abundant life forms were hemicryptophytes, intermediate phanerophytes, and therophytes, whereas less abundant were chamaephytes and cryptophytes. Low Sorenson.s similarity indices (22.32%) and significantly negative Kendall.s correlation in species composition indicate that species composition of SSB was not closely related to corresponding EV for each of the eight sites. Low seed density, especially the lack of viable dominant shrub seeds, dominant transient SSB strategy species, and low correspondence in species composition between SSB and EV imply that the potential for vegetation enhancement in the dry valley is weak, particularly in less moist central sites. To preserve the good EV of more moist transitional sites and introduce seeds of dominant species to improve poor EV in central sites, EV is likely to be a feasible standard for improving vegetation in dry valleys.

13

Factors shaping a breeding bird community along an urbanization gradient : 26-year study in medium size city (Lublin, SE Poland)

Biaduń W., Żmihorski M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 2

381-389

EN

We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of a breeding bird community in the urbanized landscape of Lublin city (150 km2, 0.5 million inhabitants, SE Poland). We conducted 211 separate territory mapping surveys during 26 years (1982-2007) in 24 green areas (0.2-30.1 ha in size), distributed along an urbanization gradient. We recorded a total of 16,151 territories of 65 species. According to the estimated species richness, we detected all the species present in the studied plots. The three species community indices (species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and abundance - number of breeding pairs in census plot) increased with increasing tree stand age and area of the site, while it decreased as the proportion of biologically inactive areas increased. The three indices showed significant negative trends as the study period progressed. The mean decreasing rate was 0.2 species and 2.3 territories per year. Distance to the city centre and understorey cover negatively affected bird abundance, while they positively affected species richness and the Shannon index. Tree stand age seems to be the most important of the three indices among the analyzed explanatory variables. Our results show that the diversity of breeding avifauna in an urbanized landscape can be significantly shaped by the proper management of vegetation and size of green areas in the city. The long term decline of the three diversity indices seems to be the most important outcome of our study and requires further research and monitoring.

14

Zmiany składu gatunkowego, plonowanie oraz bilanse azotu łąki trwałej ekologicznej

Ducka M., Barszczewski J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 56, nr 3

65-70

PL

Badania prowadzono w latach 2006-2009 na doświadczeniu łanowym na łące trwałej, w warunkach grądu właściwego na czarnej ziemi zdegradowanej. Porównywano efekty nawożenia nawozami mineralnymi (PK) oraz obornikiem i gnojówką na poziomie pierwszym 60 kg N ź ha-? i drugim 90 kg N ź ha-?. Stwierdzono, że stosowane sposoby nawożenia, przyczyniły się do wzrostu udziału traw, a spadku udziału ziół i chwastów na wszystkich poziomach nawożenia. Wśród traw dominowały: wiechlina łąkowa (Poa pratensis L.), wyczyniec łąkowy (Alopecurus pratensis L.), życica wielkokwiatowa (Lolium multiflorum L.), życica trwała (Lolium perenne L.), kostrzewa łąkowa (Festuca pratensis L.), kostrzewa trzcinowa (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), kupkówka pospolita (Dactylis glomerata L.), rajgras wyniosły (Arrhenatherum elatius P.B.), stokłosa prosta (Bromus erectus Huds.), perz właściwy (Elymus repens (L.) Gould), wiechlina zwyczajna (Poa trivialis L.). Udział motylkowatych w największym stopniu zwiększył się na obiekcie, na którym nie stosowano nawożenia azotem (PK). Odnotowano zmniejszenie się udziału mniszka pospolitego (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.) na wszystkich obiektach doświadczenia. Najmniejsze roczne plony suchej masy uzyskano na obiekcie nawożonym wyłącznie fosforem i potasem. Nawożenie łąki gnojówką bydlęcą, na obu poziomach zarówno na N-60, jak i N-90 wykazało znacznie większy efekt plonotwórczy w porównaniu ze stosowanym obornikiem. Bilanse azotu wykazały duże ujemne jego salda na wszystkich badanych obiektach, a najbardziej niekorzystne ich wartości stwierdzono przy nawożeniu wyłącznie fosforem i potasem. Przy nawożeniu obornikiem i gnojówką zwłaszcza na drugim ich poziomie notowano mniej ujemne salda bilansowe.

EN

During the years 2006-2009 the study on the production experiment located on permanent meadow, in conditions of proper dray-ground meadow on black degraded soil was conducted. The effects of fertilization with mineral fertilisers (PK), solid manure and liquid manure at two levels: 60 kg N ha -? and 90 kg N ha -? was compared. It was found that the applied fertilisation contributed to the increase in the grass proportion, a drop in the share of herbs and weeds at both levels of fertilization. The dominant grasses were: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius PB), erect brome (Bromus erectus Huds.), quackgrass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould), rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.). The increase of legumes share was the greatest on object without nitrogen fertilisation (PK). For all experimental objects a decline in the share of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale FH Wigg.) was noted. The smallest annual dry matter yields in the objects only with phosphorus and potassium fertilisation were obtained. Fertilisation of meadow with liquid manure, at both levels (N-60 and N-90) showed significantly higher yielding effect than solid manure. The N balance showed large negative results on all experimental objects and the most negative values were found in case of fertilisation only with phosphorus and potassium. When solid manure and liquid manure were applied and particular on the second N level, they reported less negative results.

15

Yak (Bos grunniens L.) grazing effects on vegetation of alpine meadow with Potentilla fruticosa L. (Rosaceae) shrub in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Qiao Y., Wang Q., Wang W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 4

769-777

EN

Grazing can change plant community composition and structure, which may alter the functions of the shrub meadow ecosystem. Grazing effects on Potentilla fruticosa shrub community in the headwater region of the Yellow River, which is in core area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are studied to provide adequate protection decision-making. We investigated continuous grazing and seasonal enclosure effects on P. fruticosa shrub communities. Three sites of P. fruticosa shrub comprising both continuous grazing and seasonal enclosure treatments were selected. The size of each fenced plot of P. fruticosa shrub was about 3000 m2, the stocking rate was about 5 heads per 100 m2 in continuous grazing treatment. Three samplings were made in each growing season of 2003 and 2004. Cover of vegetation, plant species composition and vegetation height were investigated in seven 1 x 1 m quadrates in each treatment. Above-ground biomass was measured in five 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrates. Shrub, forb, graminoid and sedge plant materials were clipped at ground level and oven-dried at 85[degrees] C to a constant mass. Plant composition was affected by long term continuous grazing and changes were caused by forb species shifting. No apparent difference in species richness between the grazed and ungrazed communities over the growing months were found but the Shannon's diversity indices of the grazed communities in June and July were higher than that of the ungrazed but lower in the late August and September. Live vegetation cover was reduced by 6.7%, 7.3% and 11.5%, respectively, owing to grazing in July, August and September, but not in June (P> 0.05). Forbs took up more than 50% cover of the vegetation in both grazed and ungrazed treatments. Relative cover of sedges and forbs in ungrazed treatment decreased in July, August and September, while that of graminoids increased more than 70% in the same period. Live vegetation height was reduced by 27% (2004) and 23% (2003) in late August and early September, but not in early growing season. Grazing reduced total above-ground biomass by 35%, 37% and 36% in July, August and early September, respectively, and the reduction was mainly in forb biomass. Continuous grazing affects plant composition and species diversity. The quantitative characteristics of P. fruticosa communities were influenced by grazing over growing months, but the effects were offset by non-growing season grazing.

16

The effect of environmental conditions on surface water quality in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments of the Beskid Śląski

Małek S., Krakowian K.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2009

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no. 13a

205-223

EN

The study was carried out in the year 2004 in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments situated on opposite slopes of Skrzyczne in the Beskid Śląski Mts. Water samples collected from streams during three sampling sessions were analysed. The first session was carried out during snowmelt (April/May), the second during intensive rainfall in the vegetation season (June) and the third - during low water level (October). A data set consisting of conductivity, water pH, concentrations of major anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) and cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) was produced and waters were then classified according to Polish standards (years 2002 and 2004). Chemical composition of stream waters depended on physical and geological properties of drainage areas and on seasonal changes of water level in the catchment. Water class depended also on precipitation and on forest type. It was found that water from most sampling points in streams was unfit for drinking - 66 out of collected 89 samples were beyond the first A1 category and the main reason for that was too low pH and high concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. During intensive rainfall in the vegetation season higher washing out of cations was observed from beech and multispecies forest stands than from spruce stands, which partly neutralized water pH and in consequence improved water quality. This phenomenon should be considered while afforesting streams neighborhoods where water is or will be used as a source of drinking water.

PL

Badania zostały przeprowadzone w 2004 roku w zlewniach Zimnika i Czyrnej leżących na przeciwległych stokach Skrzycznego w Beskidzie Śląskim. Analizie poddano wody pobrane z potoków podczas trzech sesji pomiarowych. Pierwsza odbyła się podczas roztopów śniegu (kwiecień/maj), druga sesja w trakcie intensywnych opadów deszczu w okresie wegetacji (czerwiec), trzecia przy niskim stanie wód (październik). Analizowano odczyn i przewodność elektrolityczną, oraz stężenie anionów (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) i kationów (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). Wyniki poddano klasyfikacji wód pitnych wg polskich norm (z 2002 i 2004 r.). Skład chemiczny wód powierzchniowych zależy od fizycznych i geologicznych właściwości utworów budujących zlewnie. Przynależność wód do klasy zależy również od wystąpienia i rodzaju opadów atmosferycznych oraz składu gatunkowego. Stwierdzono niezdatność dużej części badanych wód do picia - 66 z 89 pobranych prób znajdowało się poza klasa A1, głównie ze względu na niski ich odczyn oraz wysokie stężenie NH4+ i NO3-. W drzewostanach bukowych i wielogatunkowych zaobserwowano znacząco większe niż w świerkowych wymywanie kationów podczas intensywnych opadów deszczu, co w pewnym stopniu neutralizowało odczyn wód a tym samym podnosiło jakość wód. Ten fakt powinien być brany pod uwagę przy zalesianiu terenów źródliskowych i sąsiadujących z potokami w obszarach, gdzie wody te wykorzystywane są lub będą w przyszłości, jako dodatkowe ujęcia wód pitnych.

17

Epiphytic algae on Stratiotes aloides L., Potamogeton lucens L., Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Chara spp. in a macrophyte-dominated lake

Toporowska M., Pawlik-Skowrońska B., Wojtal A.Z.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2008

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Vol. 37, No.2

51-63

EN

Epiphytic algae occurring on submerged macrophytes were investigated as part of a study on the ecological status of a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake, Lake Skomielno, which has been used for recreation and fishery. Relatively high variability in biomass (DM) and chlorophyll a contents in epiphyton on particular plants was noted. Generally, the biomass of epiphytic algae was much higher in spring and autumn than in summer. In total, 335 taxa were found on the studied macrophytes with representatives of the Chlorophyta (143 taxa) and Heterokontophyta class Bacillariophyceae (131 taxa) dominating. The species composition of epiphytic algae was related to host plant and seasons, the highest species richness was observed on Stratiotes aloides in spring and on Potamogeton lucens in autumn. The Jaccard similarity index revealed differentiation of diatom communities between the macrophytes. Our data suggest that in the studied lake S. aloides and P. lucens can provide better habitat conditions for higher numbers of epiphytic taxa, abundances and epiphyton standing crop than Ceratophyllum demersum and Chara spp. can. The dominance of diatom species (e.g. seudostaurosira brevistriata (Grun.) Williams & Round, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarnecki, and Cocconeis placentula Ehrenb.) that are known as bioindicators of slightly alkaline, sufficiently oxygen-saturated and meso-eutrophic waters corresponds well with the physico-chemical parameters of Lake Skomielno.

18

Wpływ nawożenia mineralnego na plonowanie, skład florystyczny i walory przyrodnicze łąk na glebie torfowo-murszowej w świetle wyników wieloletniego doświadczenia

Kamiński J., Szymanowski M.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2007

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T. 7, z. 2a

191-208

PL

W latach 1991-2000 na podstawie doświadczenia poletkowego, realizowanego metodą losowanych bloków w sześciu powtórzeniach, przeprowadzono ocenę wpływu wieloletniego nawożenia mineralnego na plonowanie, skład florystyczny oraz walory przyrodnicze trwałej łąki 2-kośnej na posusznej glebie torfowo-murszowej. W doświadczeniu tym, realizowanym od 1957 r., stosowano następujące kombinacje nawozowe: 0, K, PK, NPK. Brak nawożenia w ciągu wielu lat powodował bardzo silną degradację łąki, prowadzącą aż do zanikania darni. Plony siana nie przekraczały 1,5 t·ha-¹. Nawożenie samym potasem (K) w niewielkim stopniu zwiększało wydajność użytku, sprzyjało natomiast kształtowaniu bogatszych florystycznie zbiorowisk, z udziałem cenniejszych przyrodniczo gatunków, charakterystycznych dla półnaturalnych łąk zmiennowilgotnych i świeżych oraz niektórych bagiennych. Największy wpływ na plony (7-10 t·ha-¹) miało nawożenie fosforem i potasem (PK), sprzyjające rozwojowi traw wysokich, z przewagą stokłosy bezostnej (Bromus inermis Leyss.). Działanie azotu nawozowego, ze względu na intensywną mineralizację substancji organicznej gleb, było nieznaczne. Łąki nawożone tym składnikiem były podatne na zachwaszczanie nitrofilnymi gatunkami zielnymi, zwłaszcza w latach z głębszym położeniem zwierciadła wody gruntowej, sprzyjającym procesom mineralizacji substancji organicznej gleb. Walory przyrodnicze badanych łąk, ocenione na podstawie występującej w ich obszarze flory i wyliczonych średnich wskaźników waloryzacyjnych [OŚWIT, 2000], określono jako małe i umiarkowane. Wartości wspomnianych wskaźników waloryzacyjnych wynosiły od 1,8 (małe walory) do 2,3 (umiarkowane walory). Mniejsze walory przyrodnicze i jednocześnie duże walory gospodarcze miała łąka nawożona NPK, a większe - łąka nawożona samym potasem.

EN

The effect of long term mineral fertilisation on yielding, species composition and natural values of a permanent 2-cut meadow on drying peat-moorsh soil was analysed in the years 1991-2000 in a field study set up with a random block method in six repetitions. The following fertiliser combinations: 0, K, PK, NPK were applied in an experiment that started in the year 1957. Long lack of fertilisation resulted in meadow degradation which led to the disappearance of sward. Yields did not exceed 1.5 t ha-¹. Fertilisation with potassium alone only slightly increased grassland efficiency but favoured the formation of rich communities with more valuable species typical for semi-natural fresh, variably wet or bog meadows. Yields were most affected (7-10 t ha-¹) by fertilisation with phosphorus and potassium which favoured the growth of tall grasses dominated by the smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.). The effect of nitrogen fertiliser, due to intensive mineralization of the soil organic matter, was small. Nitrogen fertilised meadows were prone to weeding by nitrophilous herbs mainly in the years with low ground water table and consequently intensive mineralization of organic matter. Natural values of studied meadows, estimated upon the existing species and calculated mean evaluation indices [OŚWIT, 2000], were small to moderate. The indices ranged from 1.8 (small values) to 2.3 (moderate values). The meadow fertilised with NPK had lower natural values but high economic value; that fertilised with potassium had higher values.

19

Enchytraeids (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) in midfield shelterbelts of different age and in adjoining croplands

Nowak E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

681-690

EN

The objective of this paper was to recognize the influence of forest strips planted (as the shelterbelts) in agricultural area, on adjoining cereal fields basing on the distribution and composition of enchytraeid community. Species composition, density and individual size of enchytraeids were estimated in October and April 2003-2005 along two transects: 6 and 11 years old shelterbelts > ecotones > fields (at a distance of 15 and 50 m. from the wood strip) and in two reference sites: large (about 100 ha) forest stand and the field ("control" field) located in deforested area. The results have been compared with the published results of the previous studies made in the same area four years before (1999-2000). Samples were colleted with soil corer 10 cm[^2] in area and 15 cm deep. Ten samples in each site were taken twice a year. Sixteen species were found in total. The range of density and biomass of enchytraeids for all study sites accounted for 1.6 to 15.3 ind. m[^-2] and 55 to 956 mg f.wt. m[^-2] (i.e. 15-308 mg d.w.) respectively. The lowest density was obserwed in the control field located in the deforested area. However, density and biomass of enchytraeids in the fields accounted for 67% and 47% respectively of those in shelterbelts. Species composition of enchytraeids in the young (2-11 yrs old) forest strips and in the adjacent fields was similar, however different from those in the forest stand and in old (150 yrs) shelterbelt. The response of enchytraeids to grass litter introduced on the soil surface was assessed in the experiment performed in a control field and in the transect of wood strip > field. The 7-10 portions of dried grass Dactylis glomerata (L.), (10 g each) were exposed in each plot for 12 and 18 months. More animals was found in the upper soil laver taken below the exposed litter as well as the density of all enchytraeids and percent share of the dominant genus Enchytraeus increased in the soil after 18 months of litter exposure.

20

Diversity and abundance of Gastrotricha in the psammon of mesotrophic lake

Nesteruk T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

833-839

EN

Composition and abundance of Gastrotricha in lake psammon were studied and compared with those compared with those from other lake habitats. Samples were taken from April till October 2004 from 3 sites at the edge of zone frequently wetted by waves (hygropsammon) in a deep (38 m) mesotrophic lake situated in Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lakeland (south-eastern Poland). A total of 11 gastrotrich species belonging to Chaetonotidae family were found. Three species: Lepidodermella squamata Dujardin, Chaetonotus macrochaetus Zelnika i Ch. heideri Brehm dominated (52%) in total abundance. According to the previous studies the number of species occurring in bottom sediments of the same lake was higher by 11 - 14 species. Species diversity index H., amounted 2.19 being lower than that calculated for the gastrotrichs of inshore bottom and littoral sediments (2.88 and 2.58, respectively) and similar to the value given for epiphytic fauna (2.01) of that lake. The fauna of psammic Gastrotricha showed the greatest similarity (38%) to epiphytic fauna of that lake as measured by the index of homogeneity. Peak densities of psammic Gastrotricha were found in May (37.5 10[^3] ind. m[^-2]) and in September (32.8 10[^3] ind. m[^-2]) and marked decrease of density was observed in August and October (18.1 10[^3] m[^-2] and 13.6 10[^3] ind. m[^-2], respectively). Mean density and biomass were 25.35 10[^3] ind. m[^-2] and 3.8 mg m[^-2] respectively. Density and biomass of Gastrotricha were by two orders of magnitude lower in psammon than in bottom sediments of the lake.