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PL
Wojna ukraińsko-rosyjska przynosi od początku jej trwania wiele zaskakujących rozstrzygnięć militarnych. Bez wątpienia jednym z nich jest sytuacja rosyjskiej marynarki wojennej na Morzu Czarnym. Ukraina nie posiada już w zasadzie żadnego okrętu bojowego, a jednak potrafi innymi siłami i środkami wykonywać skuteczne uderzenia, co i rusz uszczuplając stan posiadania strony przeciwnej eliminując definitywnie lub poważnie uszkadzając kolejne jednostki pływające. W artykule przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy, dotyczącej używanych przez Ukrainę morskich bezzałogowych pojazdów bezzałogowych, opartej, co oczywiste, przede wszystkim na podstawie potwierdzonych doniesień agencyjnych z toczącej się wojny ukraińsko-rosyjskiej oraz wszelkich udostępnianych przez Ukrainę materiałów, pozwalających poznać szczegóły taktyczno-techniczne tego rodzaju uzbrojenia.
3
Content available Rola wojsk specjalnych w konflikcie hybrydowym
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie roli wojsk specjalnych w ewentualnym konflikcie hybrydowym. Konflikt ten jako kombinacja działań konwencjonalnych oraz nieregularnych, wymusza na środowisku międzynarodowe podjęcie działań zmierzających do opracowania nowego, szczegółowego oraz kompleksowego podejścia, zapewniającego bezpieczeństwo oraz stabilność. Niewątpliwie terroryzm jest głównym atrybutem w rękach podmiotu asymetrycznego. Asymetria jest narzędziem oraz siłą terrorystów oraz źródłem ich sukcesów. Nie jest związana z żadnymi ustępstwami czy koncesjami. Głównym celem działania jest maksymalizacja strat przeciwnika, zaś jedynym ograniczeniem przemocy stają się bariery technologiczne i organizacyjne. I właśnie na te zagrożenia reagują Wojska Specjalne, posiadające szczególne predyspozycje do zapobiegania, zwalczania oraz reagowania na zjawiska o charakterze hybrydowym.
EN
The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of special forces in possible hybrid conflict. This conflict, as a combination of conventional and irregular activities, forces the international environment to undertake activities aimed at developing a new, detailed and comprehensive approach, ensuring security and stability. Undoubtedly, terrorism is the main attribute in the hands of the asymmetrical subject. Asymmetry is the tool and strength of terrorists and the source of their successes. It is not associated with any concessions or concessions. The main objective of the action is to maximize the losses of the opponent, while the only limitation of the violence are technological and organizational barriers. And it is precisely these threats that are reacted by Special Forces with specific predispositions to prevent, combat and respond to hybrid phenomena.
PL
Współcześnie w wielu państwach głównym komponentem sił zbrojnych są wojska specjalne. Ich rolę i znaczenie uświadomiono sobie zwłaszcza wtedy, gdy na większą skalę pojawiły się konflikty asymetryczne i międzynarodowy terroryzm. Nietypowy charakter zagrożeń wymagał podjęcia niekonwencjonalnych metod działania, do stosowania takich zaś najlepiej były przygotowane jednostki wojsk specjalnych. Polska miała stosunkowo nieliczne siły specjalne, a ich wykorzystanie ze względu na brak jednolitych koncepcji rodziło wiele problemów. Z czasem wojska te zaczęły odgrywać coraz większą rolę, co wiązało się z ich uczestnictwem w misjach o podwyższonym ryzyku. Po przystąpieniu do NATO Polska zadeklarowała, że wojska specjalne będą jej narodową specjalnością w ramach Sojuszu. Zapoczątkowało to dynamiczny rozwój tych wojsk, a w rezultacie ich coraz większe zaangażowanie w operacje utrzymania bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Autor omawia udział polskich wojsk specjalnych w operacjach pokojowych na Bałkanach, operacjach stabilizacyjnych w Afganistanie i Iraku, a także w operacjach utrzymania pokoju, humanitarnych i szkoleniowo-doradczych w różnych rejonach świata.
EN
Today, in many countries, the main component of the armed forces are special forces. Their role and significance was realized specifically when asymmetrical conflicts and international terrorism came up. This unusual nature of threats required unconventional methods, and these were the specialty of special forces. Poland had rather limited special forces, and due to the lack of unified concepts, the use of them caused many problems. In time, these forces would become more significant, mainly as a result of their participation in the high-risk missions. After Poland joined NATO, it declared that special forces would be its national specialty within the Alliance. This ignited a dynamic growth of these forces, and as a result, their increasing engagement in the international security-keeping operations. The author discusses the participation of the Polish special forces in peace operations in the Balkans, stabilization missions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and in peacekeeping, humanitarian, and advisory and training operations in different world regions.
5
Content available Risk factors in hostage situations
EN
The article aims to analyze problems associated with making decision in situations of the terrorist threat. Today, the problem of a risk especially relates to “renegade” situations and similar ones which raise a number of issues related to a risk in moral, social, political and tactical terms. In this context an important element is to minimize the risk of the latter type by creating conditions for proper development of special forces capable of performing operations to rescue hostages.
EN
Historically called „unconventional” operations are not the new phenomena. Guerilla warfare has a long history of operations /actions/ at the tactical level, when the „irregular” forces fought against „regular” one. However, in this context, the strength of „irregular” forces was mostly associated with non-state and quasi-state groups, whereas the „regular” one with the armed forces which are legitimate policy instrument of governments and states. What is the most striking in terms of special operations in the late of twentieth century, it is a remarkable increase in irregular activities conducted by regular forces in unconventional style in order to protect the operational and strategic effects. In the first part of the paper attempted to define the special forces as the kind of forces and operations (actions) especially in terms of their utility at the operational level. Later on an attempt to identify the main changes and emerging trends in the tasks and capabilities of special forces, which in the last decade have become an obvious tool in responding to the crises of the last decade. An attempt was also made to analyze innovative modes of action that have emerged in recent operations in Afganistan and Iraq.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą kompleksowego opisania zasad i przepisów, jakimi powinni kierować się funkcjonariusze i pracownicy polskich służb specjalnych w sytuacji konieczności udzielenia przez nich informacji niejawnych. Opisuje również merytoryczne i formalne aspekty udostępniania takich informacji przez organy administracji rządowej, kierujące służbami specjalnymi. Przedstawiając powyższe reguły i zasady, artykuł opiera się głównie na przepisach ustawy o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu, której rozwiązania stanowiły później wzorzec dla rozwiązań znajdujących się w przepisach regulujących działanie pozostałych służb specjalnych Rzeczypospolitej Polski. Artykuł ukazuje również problemy i różnice interpretacyjne, występujące w przepisach ustawowych, które należałoby rozstrzygnąć, biorąc pod uwagę dobro informacji niejawnych i chronionych nimi dóbr. Problemy te uwydatniły się zwłaszcza po wejściu w życie nowej ustawy o ochronie informacji niejawnych, która obowiązuje od 1 stycznia 2010 r. Zmieniła ona szereg ustaw, regulujących sprawy związane z udostępnianiem informacji niejawnych, a to z kolei wywołało konieczność przyjrzenia się konsekwencjom tych zmian w funkcjonowaniu takich instytucji jak służby specjalne.
EN
This article is an attempt to describe the complex principles and regulations serving as guidelines for officers and employees of the Polish special services when obliged to disclose classified information. It also describes content-related and formal aspects of making such information available by the government administration bodies which manage special services. While presenting the above mentioned principles and regulations the article is predominantly based on provisions of the Internal Security Agency and Foreign Intelligence Agency Act which later served as a model for provisions regulating the operation of the remaining special services in the Republic of Poland. The article also presents problems and interpretation differences concerning statutory provisions, which should be dealt with taking into account the good of the classified information and goods which are protected by this information. These problems became even more evident after coming into effect on January 1, 2010 of a new law on classified information protection. The law has changed many acts providing for making classified information available, which in turn called for observation of consequences of these changes in the functioning of institutions such as special services.
13
Content available remote Sektor bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego : mechanizmy i praktyka zmian
EN
The main aim of this article to describe the changes in the most important institutions forming the Internal Security department in the Republic of Poland. It is accompanied by the analysis of the real and potential consequences already (accomplished and neglected) of changes for internal security in the third Republic. The considerations are summed up by the synthetic diagnosis of the current state of affairs and stressing the possible scenarios for further practical changes in future.
14
Content available remote Wojska specjalne we współczesnej strategii militarnej
EN
For many years a broad discussion concerning the creation of special operations forces (SOF) headquarters has been conducted in Poland. In the year 2006 it finally resulted in the creation of such command. In previous years special forces confirmed several times its value in light of contemporary military conflicts. During the fights on the territory of Afghanistan most of the operations were special in their nature and the core of the allied forces operating against the Talibans were special forces units. Without the presence of special forces in Afghanistan it would not be possible to create the Northern Alliance and effectively use the air force and precision weapons. The meaning of special operations in contemporary military conflicts is shown by comparison of the first Gulf War of 1991 and the operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ in 2003. Experiences of military conflicts conducted in the recent period have confirmed that special forces should posses the ability of independent planning, preparation and conducting of operations - in every geographical and climatic conditions both in the time of peace and crisis as well as during war. Hence the creation of special operations forces HQs and commands in many countries. While observing this processes, it can be assumed that currently the SOF are increasingly becoming independent.
EN
In the article, the author discusses the problem of using special forces in antiterrorist operation in Afghanistan (2001-2002). The analyses the course of antiterrorist operation in this area, shows the mentality of the inhabitants and also traditions of conducting military actions there. The author claims that the operations in Afghanistan have proved the special forces' great potential in both the mountainous terrain and difficult climatic conditions as well. The stresses that in the operation in Afghanistan, these forces performed also numerous tasks that are usually conducted armoured and mechanised subunits. Moreover, special forces' soldiers co-operated with the insurgents' units carrying out training and supporting in conducted operations. The author concludes that only United Stated nor democratic societes agree to it.
16
EN
The article concerns special operations in a global dimension that occurred in wars and armed conflicts after World War II (1945). There have been outlined conditions of their dynamic development, particularly in the Cold War period, the evolution of their contents and growing importance in armed fighting. The evolution of the contemporary war phenomenon and the role of special operations in it have been shown. The transformations of special operations’ contents and character have been presented on the background of the transformations of the world’s political and military situation. Special operations can be carried out not only during a crisis or conflicts and the "creeping" character of low intensity wars show that the role and importance of special operations have been increasing. They tend to gain the status of independent operations. This causes the increase of special troops that currently are becoming not only the permanent but also more significant component of the armed forces.
EN
The Argentinean invasion forces invaded the Falklands on 2 April 1982, while the British - Argentinean diplomatic negotiations about the future of the islands were still in progress. In this situation, the United Kingdom decided to conduct a military operation to recapture the islands and restore the British administration. The British HQ immediately started to plan the operation and to complete the expeditionary forces. The British Expeditionary Force was deployed to the South Atlantic at the end of April. They liberated South Georgia on 25 April. The British 3rd Royal Marine Commando Brigade landed in San Carlos Bay on East Falkland on 21 May. Six days later, the 2nd Parachute Battalion embarked on a two-day, victorious battle of Goose Green. On 7 and 8 June, the 5th Infantry Brigade landed in Bluff Cove. Finally, on 14 June, the British forces liberated Port Stanley and took 11,845 prisoners. The Falklands War is recognised as a classic low or medium intensity war. The Operation "Corporate” ended successfully due to a consisted and complementary operation plan of the operation and combat action, and determination to win and hold initiative. The Argentines had assumed that the British would land near Port Stanley and were not prepared for the landing at San Carlos. By the time they realised what was happening, it was too late to conduct any anti-landing operation. The fiercest resistance came in fights for hills around Port Stanley. When these had been taken, the Argentines surrendered. The night landing at San Carlos and night attacks were the main feature of the Falklands campaign. The major attacks (Goose Green, Mt Longdon, Mt Tumble- down, Two Sisters, Wirelless Ridge) were night attacks. Such attacks require effective and efficient C3I and a high level of training. It was extremely effective combining force with surprise and a cover of night. The Falklands War showed the increasing importance of professionally planned and well organised special forces’ operation on the modern battlefield. The Falklands conflict delivered a lot of experiences and conclusions about manoeuvre, air mobility, combat support and logistics. Other important factors include high level of morale and skills of the British soldiers. They were able to establish a total moral and psychological ascendancy over the Argentineans. The “Great jump” across East Falkland for British paratroopers and Royal Marines tested the soldiers’ endurance, fitness and stamina reaching the end of their tether. The Falklands War was an important experience to create the concept of using rapid reaction forces and also to make assumptions of modern low and medium intensity conflicts.
18
Content available remote Działania kontrterrorystyczne sił specialnych : Lima 1997 rok
EN
The article relates to using special forces to fight terrorism. It is one of the forms to use by the state military special forces to fight against non-military threats. Constantly growing threat of terrorism in the world causes the need to use these forces soldiers' skills to conduct operations aiming at freeing hostages. The author describes one such actions, carried out in the second half of the 90s by Peruvian special in the capital, Lima. This daring operation using the element of surprise, which was to dig an underground passage under the building, earned respect of anti-terrorist specialists in the world. The course of attack, the planning process and its preparation have been described in the article on the background of the situation development in the occupled building. This successful rescue operation proved how effective special forces can be in counter-terrorist operations.
19
Content available remote Ochrona tajemnic NATO w Polsce
EN
In the article the author defines the notion of antiterrorist tactics, which is based on war art principles in a tactical dimension characteristic for land forces. The author enlarges the principles binding in Polish armed forces by two additional ones: “simplicity” and ’’one - man command”, which are mentioned in American sources. Basing on them, the author discusses variables connected with tactic principles belonging to antiterrorist tactics. They include “planning and exercise”, “speed” and “security”. In the second part of the article the author presents American viewpoints on a very important issue which is a model mental state of an antiterrorist subunit soldier and demanded level of this unit soldier’s mental activity on different level of his activity.
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