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1

Forest Stands in Phyllitido-Aceretum Community Occurring on Limestone Rocks and Shelves – Comparison of their Structure in Strictly Protected and Managed Forests

Baran Jakub, Bodziarczyk Jan

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 2

105--121

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the structure of forest stands in rare Phyllitido-Aceretum communities, which grow in extremely harsh conditions – steep limestone slopes and rock shelves. Permanent research plots were established in five well-developed patches of Phyllitido-Aceretum communities from Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland). Two of the plots were located in strictly protected areas of the Ojców National Park, whereas another three were established in the managed forests of Olkusz Forest District. The species composition of the forest stands was determined, including all dead and live trees and their diameters at breast height were measured. Moreover, the horizontal coordinates of each tree were measured to determine the spatial pattern of the trees. Ripley's L function was used for the spatial pattern analysis. The research showed that the patches of Phyllitido-Aceretum communities are characterized by rich species composition of tree layers; nine species were found. There was no significant difference in the species composition between the living and dead trees and the shares of particular species were similar. The density and share of live trees in the phytocoenoses located within the strict protection zone were significantly lower than in managed forests. On the contrary, the same parameters when calculated for dead trees were significantly higher in phytocoenoses located in protected zones than in managed forests. The spatial distribution of the trees in all the analysed plots (except one) displayed a clumped pattern, which is observed in various spatial scales and reflects the habitat mosaics and life strategies of species typical for Phyllitido-Aceretum community.

2

The role of spatial distribution of faeces in coyote scent marking behavior

Barja I., List G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 2

373--384

EN

Scats are important for chemical communication in many canids, however, little is known about the faecal marking behaviour in coyotes. In this study we tested if faeces have a function as visual and scent marks during the non-breeding period, analyzing the spatial characteristics of defecation places. We predicted that if faeces are used as chemical signals, these should be deposited in substrates and/or zones that enhance their detection by conspecifics as it happens in other canid species. The study was conducted in native grasslands at the NW limit of the Chihuahuan Desert. Results showed that the proportion of faeces in conspicuous zones (91.3%) was significantly higher than those on inconspicuous zones (8.7%). However, the number of faeces deposited on inconspicuous substrates (92.1%) was significantly higher than on conspicuous substrates (7.9%). Most faeces were on the ground (99.2%) and only 0.8% where raised. 35% of faeces were deposited in crossroads, being these strategic zones repeatedly marked by the coyotes. We observed a significant negative correlation between the number of faeces in crossroads and the distance of faeces to the centre of the crossroad. A high number of scats were found in the proximity of livestock carcasses (21%). In addition, a selection of certain road sections (track and lateral) was observed. Our results suggest that the scats have an important function as scent-marks in coyotes, using specific defecation patterns that appear to correspond to the habitat characteristics in the study area.

3

Spatial patterns and coexistence of the native forb, Psathyrostachys fragilis (Asteracea) and the native invader, Gundelia tournefortii (Poaceae) in a semi-arid rangeland of Iran

Khojasted F., Chahouki M. A. Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

373--377

EN

In this study, we investigated the interactions between the dominant native invader, Gundelia tournefortii, and the dominant forage species, Psathyrostachys fragilis in rangelands of Taleghan (Iran). Four transects of 150 meters were considered as sampling unit. Using randomly-systematic method, 15 plots (1 x 1m) were placed along each transect with a distance of 10 m. List of species, the canopy cover and the numbers of plant species were determined in each plot. The spatial association of the two dominant species was assessed by studying association, covariation, and distribution pattern (using the Hopkins’ index) of plants. We found a clumped distribution pattern in both two dominant species. Results of this study revealed a strong competitive interaction between the dominant plant species in studied area with P. fragilis was more frequent and had more canopy cover than the native invader G. tournefortii. So, according to our findings, P. fragilis may present a suitable candidate for artificial re-vegetating and protecting against invaders to restore the biodiversity and ecological health of endangered rangelands.

4

Annual and seasonal precipitation patterns across lowland catchment derived from rain gauge and weather radar data

Somorowska U.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2012

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no. 17 [VII-XII]

3-10

EN

Weather radar technology offers a unique means for hydrological applications characterizing precipitation patterns with high space-time resolutions. In this paper rain gauge and weather radar data are applied simultaneously to improve the knowledge of seasonal and annual amount of precipitation in a protected wetland catchment in central Poland. Analysis of precipitation patterns in years 2004-2008 has demonstrated that significant improvement in the accuracy of precipitation estimation at a catchment scale can be achieved when applying radar data. Two slightly different zones have been detected within the catchment, regarding its annual and seasonal precipitation characteristics. Analysis has proved that the west part of the catchment is recharged by relatively lower precipitation in comparison to the east part situated in the vicinity of Warsaw agglomeration. Spatial differences in precipitation recharging subsurface water resources have revealed the reduced precipitation in wetland areas which are of special environmental importance. Recommendation refers to the use of high resolution rainfall data responding to the demand for better hydrological process understanding. Described technique, apart from purely hydrologic applications, may be used to identify the subsurface recharge in the areas of high environmental concern for solving water management problems.

PL

Radarowe techniki obserwacji pola opadu stanowią unikatowy element zastosowań hydrologicznych, charakteryzując opady z wysoką rozdzielczością przestrzenno-czasową. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki rozpoznania sezonowej i rocznej zmienności opadu w chronionej zlewni bagiennej Łasicy, położonej w środkowej Polsce. Wykorzystano zarówno dane radarowe, jak i naziemne, pochodzące z posterunków opadowych. Analiza dotyczyła lat hydrologicznych 2004-2008. Wykazano, że stosowanie danych radarowych znacznie uszczegóławia pole opadu analizowane w skali zlewni. W zlewni wyróżniono dwie strefy, odmienne pod względem rocznych i sezonowych charakterystyk opadu. Wykazano, że zachodnia część zlewni jest zasilana przez relatywnie niższe opady w porównaniu z częścią wschodnią położoną w sąsiedztwie aglomeracji warszawskiej. Stwierdzono występowanie najniższych opadów na obszarach bagiennych, uznanych za szczególnie cenne przyrodniczo. Stosowanie danych radarowych o wysokiej rozdzielczości przestrzennej odpowiada potrzebie szczegółowej identyfikacji procesów hydrologicznych w skali zlewni. Niska rozdzielczość przestrzenna danych naziemnych może prowadzić do błędnych oszacowań, a w rezultacie powodować niedokładności identyfikacji opadu jako elementu bilansu wodnego. Opisana metoda oceny pola opadu, oprócz zastosowań wyłącznie hydrologicznych, może być stosowana do identyfikacji obszarów o podwyższonym ryzyku występowania deficytów wody, co jest przydatne w gospodarowaniu wodą, szczególnie na obszarach chronionych.

5

Numerical simulation of non-uniform processes

Frischmuth K.

Logistyka

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2011

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nr 3

EN

In logistics as well as in other branches of science, engineering or transport, one frequently observes nonhomogeneous spatial or temporal patterns. It is a challenge for mathematical modeling and computer simulation to preserve such non-uniform behavior. Typically, the type of solutions to model equations depends on certain characteristic parameters. It is important to determine critical values of those.

PL

logistyce, transporcie jak również innych dziedzinach naukowych, częstokroć występują zjawiska niejednorodne w czasie lub w przestrzeni. Poprawne odzwierciedlenie takiego zachowania stanowi wezwanie dla modelowania matematycznego i dla symulacji komputerowych. Typową okolicznością jest, że rozwiązania odpowiednich równań modelowych zależą od charakterystycznych parametrów. Istotne znaczenie ma obliczenie wartości krytycznych takich parametrów.

6

The spatial patterns of the Tatra high - mountain landscape structure

Boltižiar M.

Landform Analysis

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2009

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Vol. 10

11-17

EN

The paper focuses on the identification and classification of spatial patterns in the relation to landforms and geomorphic processes considering the middle-scale and micro-scale of the high-mountain landscape. These determine not only the shape of patches or the character of boundaries, but also the character of fragmentation, the heterogeneity of patches, the gradient and the tendency of patches development. Georelief, especially its spatial morphodynamic attributes, represents relevant phenomena of the landscape which facilitate to understand the scale and hierarchy of the landscape structure. The algorithm of this study is based on the spatial identification of landforms, processes and patterns considering large-scale aerial photographs, a field reconnaissance and the partial classification. The main aim of this paper is to create the classification system of spatial patterns as the physiognomic spatial attributes of the landscape structure mosaic in the high-mountain areas. The genesis of spatial structure patterns and their formation enables us to understand better the origin of the high-mountain landscape structure, its function and contents in this environment. Such a classification can be regarded as a basis for the quantitative statistic analyses of the landscape structure and for the detailed research of spatial patterns.

7

Stream habitats, benthic macroinvertebrates, lotic fish and their relationships : a multi-scale approach

Fleituch T., Amirowicz A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 1

81-95

EN

A natural reach of montane stream (length 96 m and 7 m width) was grided into 150 cells (2 x 2 m). Density and biomass of fish (Salmo trutta L., and Cottus poecilopus Heckel) were estimated at each cell, as well as stream depth, current velocity. Froude number, bed granulation and its roughness were measured, and benthic samples from exposed bricks were collected from mid August to early October. The analysis of spatial patterns of seven variables (five abiotic and two biotic ones) and fish occurrence from the period of highest organisms' abundance confirmed that two fish species were separated within the stream space and sculpin showed close association to benthic prey. The PCA pointed to the highest loadings of abiotic haditat variables (64% of the total variance) indicating importance of hydraulics (stream velocity and Froude number) and bed characteristics (stream depth and bed roughness) in distribution of fish communities in pristine low order streams.