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1

Space Terrorism: A Historical Study

Kozera Cyprian Aleksander, Bernat Paweł

Safety & Defense

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2023

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2

80--88

EN

The rationale behind this article is to address a critical gap in research: the evolving threat of space terrorism. As space assets increasingly become integral components of both civilian and military security systems, their vulnerability to attacks escalates. The democratization of space weaponry, including advanced cyber technologies, signals an escalating risk to these space assets and their terrestrial infrastructure. This threat extends beyond traditional space powers to include non-state actors, such as terrorist individuals and groups or various proxy forces, who were previously considered marginal threats. This paper aims to lay a foundational framework by providing a historical overview of terrorism and security incidents involving outer space assets, their cyber systems, and ground support structures. This compilation serves as a basis for a deeper, methodological, and systematic examination of the nature and implications of space terrorism. In order to define the initial concept of space terrorism, this paper draws on an extensive literature review. The selection of security breach cases within the broad spectrum of the space sector was guided by their novelty, diversity, and relevance, offering insights into the emerging phenomenon of space terrorism.

2

Anti-Satellite Weapons: A Political Dimension

Czajkowski Marek

Safety & Defense

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2021

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1

107--116

EN

This article tackles the political dimension of the development of anti-satellite weapons. The main goal is to assess their significance from the American, Russian, and Chinese perspective to understand the emerging balance of power in space. While the U.S. is struggling to maintain its position of dominant space power, its main adversaries are developing technologies that can diminish American dominance. It is, therefore, widely believed that outer space is poised to be weaponized by multiple systems designed to destroy satellites in-orbit, both ground- and space-based. On the other hand, the United States is executing multiple fast-track research& development programs aimed at increasing the resilience of the U.S. space systems.

3

Contemporary Military Threats in Space Domain

Radomska Aleksandra

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2021

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Nr 3

63--74

EN

Deliberations presented in the paper concern the problem of formation of a new type of military threats in space as a result of activities carried out by states. The aim of this research was to identify modern military threats in space, to make an assessment of the possibility of their destructive impact and operational use by the armed forces in different countries of the world. Theoretical research methods were applied, including: analysis, synthesis, conclusion, generalization. They allowed to achieve the research objective. In the course of research procedure it was established that among the most dynamically developing military threats in the space domain regarding the third decade of the 21st century are: the lack of situational awareness development on military activities in space, the prospect of using antisatellite weapons as an element of military aggression and threats coming from cyberspace with keeping their division into cyber and information ones. It is forecasted that another development of military threat in space will be the possibility of launching hypersonic missiles and using them to destroy any component of technical infrastructure with the intention of achieving the set political goals or causing a specific psychological effect by state actors.

PL

W artykule wskazano współczesne zagrożenia militarne w kosmosie, a także oceniono możliwości ich destrukcyjnego oddziaływania oraz operacyjnego wykorzystania przez siły zbrojne różnych państw. Zastosowano teoretyczne metody badawcze: analizę, syntezę, wnioskowanie i uogólnienia. Podkreślono, że dotychczas nie kształtowano świadomości sytuacyjnej działań militarnych w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Do największych zagrożeń militarnych w domenie kosmicznej w trzeciej dekadzie XXI wieku zaliczono perspektywę użycia broni przeciwsatelitarnej jako elementu agresji militarnej oraz działania o charakterze cybernetycznym i informacyjnym pochodzące z cyberprzestrzeni. Innym zagrożeniem militarnym w przestrzeni kosmicznej będzie możliwość wystrzelenia pocisków hipersonicznych oraz rażenie nimi dowolnych komponentów infrastruktury technicznej z zamiarem osiągnięcia założonych celów politycznych lub wywołania określonego efektu psychologicznego przez aktorów państwowych.

4

NASA Space Laser Communications System: Towards Safety of Aerospace Operations

Bielawski Radosław, Radomska Aleksandra

Safety & Defense

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2020

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2

51--62

EN

Bidirectional space communication is a fundamental prerequisite for maintaining contact with objects performing missions in space, whether manned and unmanned. Until recently, it relied solely on the propagation of electromagnetic waves (the radio) using frequency bands dedicated for objects outside the Earth's atmosphere. However, modern space technologies are subject to ongoing development as they are being fitted with advanced communication systems. Given the constant enhancement of our technological capabilities, the traditional radio-based communication shows a glaring inadequacy and contributes to the widening of a gap between this and the high technology of on-board devices installed on modern space crafts. The technology that complies with the up-to-date requirements of space communication is optical space communication. It is expected to provide for high-speed data transfer and increase the band-width several times, while ensuring immunity to common cyber threats, including jamming, spoofing and meaconing. The deployment of laser - based optical communication will not only contribute to increasing the air and space operation safety levels, but also enable deep space exploration. To this end, NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Project (LCRD) is currently undergoing development and testing. This chapter undertakes to characterize the emerging technology with respect to its operating principles, the future scope of applications and involvement in currently conducted experiments. The results from the analysis are presented in the form of scenarios outlining possible applications of laser communication.

5

Orbital satellite constellations and the growing threat of Kessler syndrome in the lower Earth orbit

Bernat Paweł

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2020

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Nr 4

1--14

EN

The paper discusses the problem of the growing threat of orbital collisions – the Kessler syndrome in the Earth’s lower orbit caused by orbital satellite constellations developed to provide broadband internet. It provides a theoretical context for the main argument by presenting the current data related to space debris in orbit, the concept of the Kessler syndrome and its application to orbital objects, the legal framework pertaining to the issue, mitigation programs and plans, and new orbital satellites constellations under development and how they contribute to the Kessler syndrome threat. The main contribution of the paper is the carried out argument that the lack of a global legal system regulating the use of the Earth’s orbit is a factor that strengthens the threat.

6

Space Security Policy in Japan and Poland

Polkowska Małgorzata

Cybersecurity and Law

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2019

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Vol. 2 (2)

75--100

EN

This article refers to the Space security legislation in Japan and Poland. Both states have already prepared some legislation on Security in Space- the question is the following- if there is still a need of progress and if those presented legislation are sufficient for the practical purposes of the peaceful uses of Outer Space. Japan is a much more experienced state in using space than Poland; the same seems with the legislation. Poland as less experienced state in this matter has lots of ambitions to create the efficient legislation on Space security, so it must follow the good examples of states and institution in this matter. One of them is Japan. On the other state, Poland as a Member of EU must implement the European law in space security (in particular SSA), which seems to be priceless and efficient for the international cooperation in Space.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł odnosi się do przepisów dotyczących bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego w Japonii i w Polsce. Oba państwa przygotowały już pewne akty prawne dotyczące bezpieczeństwa w przestrzeni kosmicznej – pytanie jest następujące – czy nadal istnieje potrzeba zmian i czy te przedstawione akty prawne są wystarczające do realizacji praktycznych celów pokojowego użytkowania przestrzeni kosmicznej. Japonia jest znacznie bardziej doświadczonym państwem w korzystaniu z przestrzeni kosmicznej niż Polska; to samo wydaje się w przypadku ustawodawstwa. Polska jako mniej doświadczone państwo w tej dziedzinie ma wiele ambicji co do stworzenia skutecznego ustawodawstwa dotyczącego bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego, dlatego musi podążać za dobrymi przykładami państw i instytucji. Jednym z nich jest Japonia. Z drugiej strony Polska jako członek UE musi wdrożyć europejskie prawo w zakresie bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego (w szczególności SSA), które wydaje się bezcenne i skuteczne dla międzynarodowej współpracy państw w Kosmosie.