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Space 4.0 - a common, democratic European space, part 5

Romaniuk Ryszard S., Orleański Piotr

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2025

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Vol. 71, No. 3

21

EN

Space 4.0 is a complex infrastructural, but also sociological process and political ideology, which we tried to present in the local context from various sides. Space 4.0 turned out too complex to show all its dynamically changing attributes. Space 4.0 is realized in complex economic and political environment even in the EU. Some of these issues are related to the existence of technological and economic boundaries in our region and particular political interests. Space 4.0 major goal is to build a democratic European space in real existing economic conditions, not theoretically, and in in the nearest future. Our intention was to present the image of the European space sector in an optimistic way, but simultaneously we did not omit some critical reflections. The great idea of Space 4.0 should not be reduced only to a technical and simple business layer connecting the LEO zone to the Industry 4.0 economy. Space 4.0 contains also space based services. Space 4.0 is not only a simple ecosystem of small and cheap satellites. It is much more than this. We are proud participants of the Space 4.0, learning from mistakes, encouraging SMEs to be active, undertaking important administrative initiatives, to build real new, active societal space sector.

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Space 4.0 - a common, democratic European space, part 4

Romaniuk Ryszard S., Orleański Piotr

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2025

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Vol. 71, No. 2

561-568

EN

One of the dominant common denominators of the Space 4.0 idea in the domain of space technologies are small satellites. The characteristic features of this group of technologies are relatively low costs, the possibility of very rapid hardware prototyping and modularization, the construction of hardware and software libraries for quick reuse, a significant number of manufactured and orbited satellites, incomparably easier ability to test numerous varieties of new technologies, while maintaining high reliability in a relatively short period of their orbital operation. It is small satellites that have become a solid foundation for the rapid development of the Space 4.0 idea. They require a completely different, much simpler ecosystem to maintain and safely, efficiently operate, especially large, highly functional microsatellites constellations throughout their life span between orbit and deorbit. The year 2012 can be considered the beginning of the development of the small satellite industry, a few years before the formal definition of the idea of Space 4.0. Small satellites and the involvement of the private sector in their production and operation were the engines thanks to which the technological and economic components of the Space 4.0 idea were defined. From the perspective and experience of over a decade of development of the small satellite industry, we look into the future and analyse trends also in terms of the situation of the space sector in Poland. A version of this paper in Polish was published in Elektronika Monthly by SEP.

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Space 4.0 : a common, democratic European space. Part 3

Romaniuk Ryszard S., Orleański Piotr

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

|

2025

|

Vol. 71, No. 1

265-275

EN

Building a common, democratic European space is not only a huge economic, industrial and social undertaking. This is a very complex civilizational and political undertaking, of a global nature, but generated in our European space giga-region coordinated by ESA and strongly coupled with the American space giga-region of NASA. Policies for the implementation of common democratic space over other giga-regions are slightly different, so the globalization of the idea of space development is politically and economically highly hybrid. Various space giga-regions are more or less politically and economically susceptible to cooperation and acceptance of certain general principles as a lasting common denominator. In the NASA and ESA giga-regions we have the slogans NewSpace and Space 4.0, which we call together as OpenSpace. A very strong common basis of these giga-regions, but also of China and India, is the emphasis on developing and strengthening the private space sector. It is about the creation, strengthening and development of large companies capable of producing rockets, transport systems for people and goods, as well as numerous SME sector companies that can provide a significant variety of space infrastructure services. The development of space and satellite technologies in Europe is very uneven. Only a few countries have their own infrastructure of a self-sustaining space eco-system. The idea of Space 4.0 includes equalizing space opportunities in Europe. To become globally competitive, Europe must carefully implement its policy of equalizing the development of space technologies in its territory. A version of this paper in Polish was published in Elektronika Monthly by SEP.

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Space 4.0 - a common, democratic European space, part 2

Romaniuk Ryszard S., Orleański Piotr

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

|

2024

|

Vol. 70, No. 4

1031-1041

EN

Today we are in a period of explosion of business taking advantage of the new opportunities offered by the new environment of economically open space. The period, sometimes called Space 4.0, is a paradigm shift, with changes in motivation and understanding, actors, and technology. For over a dozen years, under the name NewSpace, a revolution has been taking place in the space sector with the participation of new players, schools and universities, new commercial entrepreneurs and businesses. NewSpace entered the area traditionally occupied by OldSpace - government space agencies and large companies, testing new possibilities. These possibilities include new services, e.g. using data transmission from space, regarding communication, precise navigation, agriculture, surveillance, mapping, geology, climate, space weather, environmental monitoring, and security. The transformation of OldSpace into NewSpace was associated with the business risk of changing old, conservative business models into completely new ones, unknown in this area. The transformation is related to the need to maintain the changes in a reasonable legal system so as not to experience the "Wild West" again, this time in space. It is currently difficult to establish strict rules regarding the still distant colonization of Mars, but undoubtedly establishing rules for the use of the LEO area, i.e. the already crowded low Earth orbits, is becoming an increasingly urgent necessity. In the context of competition and technological cooperation between giga-regions, international cooperation, combating old prejudices and establishing equal opportunities, under the umbrella of social acceptance, we are building in Europe, not without difficulties, a common, democratic space.

5

Space 4.0: a common, democratic European space

Romaniuk Ryszard S., Orleański Piotr

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

|

2024

|

Vol. 70, No. 3

761-766

EN

Regardless of differences in political views on the scope and depth of the European integration, there are so many areas of possible and very beneficial integration that it is difficult to include them all in the area of controversy. One such area of necessary and extremely profitable European integration is, among others, space. Unless we go back a few decades and consider space, even today, to be the pride only of those nations that have overcome the space barrier. This would be an absurdity difficult to imagine in today's Europe. Space 4.0 is, in its shortest definition and in relation to European context, a great, long-term effort by our entire community to democratize space over Europe. It was high time for ESA to make this decision in 2016. Space 4.0 is a large sector project with general social ambitions, contributing to the Industry 4.0 project and the idea of European Society 4.0. Europe was maturing for this decision on many levels: political, social, but mainly economic and competitive. We will soon celebrate the 10th anniversary of this decision, so we would like to remind again where we direct our European space dreams, and maybe it is time for a slightly earlier summary of activities during this period of almost a decade, especially from our Polish, perhaps slightly subjective perspective. The Polish version of this article is published concurrently in Elektronika journal by SEP - Assoc.Pol.El.Eng.

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Space 4.0 : wspólna, demokratyczna, europejska przestrzeń kosmiczna. Cz. 3

Romaniuk Ryszard, Orleański Piotr

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2024

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Vol. 65, Nr 11

7--19

PL

Budowa wspólnej, demokratycznej europejskiej przestrzeni kosmicznej nie jest wyłącznie wielkim przedsięwzięciem gospodarczym, ekonomicznym, przemysłowym i społecznym. To bardzo złożone przedsięwzięcie cywilizacyjne i polityczne, o charakterze globalnym, ale generowane w naszym europejskim giga-regionie kosmicznym koordynowanym przez ESA i silnie sprzężonym z giga-regionem amerykańskim NASA. Polityki realizacji wspólnych demokratycznych przestrzeni kosmicznych nad innymi giga-regionami są nieco inne, więc globalizacja idei zagospodarowania kosmosu ma charakter polityczny i gospodarczo silnie hybrydowy. Różne giga-regiony kosmiczne są bardziej lub mniej podatne politycznie i gospodarczo na współpracę i akceptację pewnych ogólnych zasad jako trwałego wspólnego mianownika. W giga-regionach NASA i ESA mamy hasła NewSpace i Space 4.0, które określamy terminem OpenSpace. Bardzo silną wspólną podstawą tych giga-regionów, ale także chińskiego i indyjskiego jest nacisk na rozwój i wzmocnienie kosmicznego sektora prywatnego. Chodzi zarówno o utworzenie, wzmocnienie i rozwój dużych firm będących w stanie produkować rakiety, systemy transportowe dla ludzi i towarów, a także liczne firmy sektora SME, mogące zapewnić znaczną różnorodność usług z infrastruktury kosmicznej. Rozwój technologii kosmicznych i satelitarnych w Europie jest bardzo nierównomierny. Tylko kilka krajów posiada własną infrastrukturę klasy samowystarczalnego eko-systemu kosmicznego. Idea Space 4.0 uwzględnia wyrównywanie szans kosmicznych w Europie. Aby stać się konkurencyjną globalnie Europa musi dopilnować skrupulatnie realizację polityki wyrównania rozwoju technologii kosmicznych na swoim obszarze.

EN

Building a common, democratic European space is not only a huge economic, industrial and social undertaking. This is a very complex civilizational and political undertaking, of a global nature, but generated in our European space giga-region coordinated by ESA and strongly coupled with the American space giga-region of NASA. Policies for the implementation of common democratic space spaces over other giga-regions are slightly different, so the globalization of the idea of space development is politically and economically highly hybrid. Various space giga-regions are more or less politically and economically susceptible to cooperation and acceptance of certain general principles as a lasting common denominator. In the NASA and ESA giga-regions we have the slogans NewSpace and Space 4.0, which we call together as OpenSpace. A very strong common basis of these giga-regions, but also of China and India, is the emphasis on developing and strengthening the private space sector. It is about the creation, strengthening and development of large companies capable of producing rockets, transport systems for people and goods, as well as numerous SME sector companies that can provide a significant variety of space infrastructure services. The development of space and satellite technologies in Europe is very uneven. Only a few countries have their own infrastructure of a self-sustaining space eco-system. The idea of Space 4.0 includes equalizing space opportunities in Europe. To become globally competitive, Europe must carefully implement its policy of equalizing the development of space technologies in its territory.

7

Space 4.0 : wspólna, demokratyczna, europejska przestrzeń kosmiczna. Cz. 2

Romaniuk Ryszard, Orleański Piotr

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2024

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Vol. 65, Nr 10

2--13

PL

Znajdujemy się dzisiaj w okresie eksplozji biznesu korzystającego z nowych możliwości oferowanych przez nowe środowisko otwartej gospodarczo przestrzeni kosmicznej. Okres nazywany czasami, od niespełna dekady, Space 4.0, jest przesunięciem paradygmatów, ze zmianą motywacji, aktorów, a także technologii. Pod nazwą NewSpace, od kilkunastu lat, zachodzi rewolucja w sektorze kosmicznym z udziałem nowych graczy, szkół i uniwersytetów, nowych przedsiębiorców komercyjnych i biznesu. NewSpace wszedł w obszar tradycyjnie zajęty przez OldSpace - rządowe agencje kosmiczne i wielkie firmy, testując nowe możliwości. Te możliwości to nowe usługi np. z zastosowaniem transmisji danych z kosmosu dotyczące komunikacji, precyzyjnej nawigacji, rolnictwa, nadzoru, mapowania, geologii, klimatu, pogody kosmicznej, monitorowania środowiska naturalnego, bezpieczeństwa. Transformacja OldSpace w NewSpace była związana z ryzykiem biznesowym zmiany starych konserwatywnych modeli biznesowych w zupełnie nowe nieznane w tym obszarze. Transformacja związana jest z koniecznością utrzymania przemian w rozsądnym systemie prawnym, tak aby nie doświadczyć ponownie „dzikiego zachodu” tym razem w kosmosie. Trudno ustalać obecnie ścisłe prawa dotyczące odległej jeszcze kolonizacji Marsa, ale bezsprzecznie ustalenie zasad użytkowania obszaru LEO, czyli już nieco zatłoczonych niskich orbit wokółziemskich, staje się coraz pilniejszą koniecznością. W kontekście konkurencji i współpracy technologicznej między giga-regionami, współpracy międzynarodowej, zwalczania starych uprzedzeń i wyrównywania szans, oraz akceptacji społecznej, budujemy w Europie, nie bez trudności, wspólną, demokratyczną przestrzeń kosmiczną.

EN

Today we are in a period of explosion of business taking advantage of the new opportunities offered by the new environment of economically open space. The period, sometimes called Space 4.0, is a paradigm shift, with changes in motivation and understanding, actors, and technology. For over a dozen years, under the name NewSpace, a revolution has been taking place in the space sector with the participation of new players, schools and universities, new commercial entrepreneurs and businesses. NewSpace entered the area traditionally occupied by OldSpace - government space agencies and large companies, testing new possibilities. These possibilities include new services, e.g. using data transmission from space, regarding communication, precise navigation, agriculture, surveillance, mapping, geology, climate, space weather, environmental monitoring, and security. The transformation of OldSpace into NewSpace was associated with the business risk of changing old, conservative business models into completely new ones, unknown in this area. The transformation is related to the need to maintain the changes in a reasonable legal system so as not to experience the “Wild West” again, this time in space. It is currently difficult to establish strict rules regarding the still distant colonization of Mars, but undoubtedly establishing rules for the use of the LEO area, i.e. the already crowded low Earth orbits, is becoming an increasingly urgent necessity. In the context of competition and technological cooperation between giga-regions, international cooperation, combating old prejudices and establishing equal opportunities, under the umbrella of social acceptance, we are building in Europe, not without difficulties, a common, democratic space.

8

Space 4.0 : wspólna, demokratyczna, europejska przestrzeń kosmiczna

Romaniuk Ryszard, Orleański Piotr

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2024

|

Vol. 65, Nr 9

34--41

PL

Abstrahując od różnic poglądów politycznych na temat zakresu i głębokości integracji europejskiej, obszarów możliwej i bardzo korzystnej integracji jest tak dużo, że trudno je wszystkie wpisać w obszar kontrowersji. Takim obszarem koniecznej i bardzo korzystnej integracji europejskiej jest, między innymi, przestrzeń kosmiczna. Chyba że, cofniemy się o kilka dziesięcioleci, i uznamy przestrzeń kosmiczną, także dzisiaj, za dumę wyłącznie tych narodów które pokonały barierę kosmosu. Byłby to trudny do wyobrażenia absurd w dzisiejszej Europie. Space 4.0 jest, w najkrótszej definicji, i w odniesieniu do kontekstu europejskiego, wielkim, długotrwałym wysiłkiem całej naszej społeczności demokratyzacji kosmosu nad Europą. To był najwyższy czas podjęcia tej decyzji przez ESA w roku 2016. Space 4.0 jest wielkim projektem sektorowym o ambicjach ogólnospołecznych, dokładającym się do projektu Industry 4.0 i do idei europejskie Społeczeństwo 4.0. Europa dojrzewała do tej decyzji w wielu warstwach, politycznej, społecznej, ale w głównej mierze gospodarczej i konkurencyjnej. Niedługo będziemy obchodzić 10-lecie tej decyzji, więc chcielibyśmy przypomnieć ponownie gdzie kierujemy nasze kosmiczne marzenia europejskie, a także może już jest pora na takie nieco wcześniejsze podsumowania działań w tym czasie prawie dekady, szczególnie z naszej Polskiej, być może nieco subiektywnej perspektywy. wersja angielska niniejszego artykułu jest opublikowana równolegle w IJET-The International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications.

EN

Regardless of differences in political views on the scope and depth of the European integration, there are so many areas of possible and very beneficial integration that it is difficult to include them all in the area of controversy. one such area of necessary and extremely profitable European integration is, among others, space. unless we go back a few decades and consider space, even today, to be the pride only of those nations that have overcome the space barrier. This would be an absurdity difficult to imagine in today's Europe. Space 4.0 is, in its shortest definition and in relation to European context, a great, long-term effort by our entire community to democratize space over Europe. It was high time for ESA to make this decision in 2016. Space 4.0 is a large sector project with general social ambitions, contributing to the Industry 4.0 project and the idea of European Society 4.0. Europe was maturing for this decision on many levels: political, social, but mainly economic and competitive. we will soon celebrate the 10th anniversary of this decision, so we would like to remind again where we direct our European space dreams, and maybe it is time for a slightly earlier summary of activities during this period of almost a decade, especially from our Polish, perhaps slightly subjective perspective. The English version of this article is published concurrently in IJET-The International Journal of electronics and Telecommunications.