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Ecological Implications and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal and Hydrocarbon Contaminants in the Soil of a Poorly Crude Oil Remediated Site in Nigeria: A Case of Ikot Ada Udo Community

Joseph Akaninyene, Udofia Udeme, Edet Uwem, Iwok Eno, Ivara Vivian

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

275--286

EN

The ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in soil from the study site was carried out. Composite soil samples (n = 48) were collected from 3 sampling points (SP 1, SP 2, SP 3) within the site at 50, 200, and 500 meters, respectively, from the oil well and from a control site (Ibagwa, Abak) at 10,000 meters from the study site, using a hand-held auger. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES, Yobin Yvon JY-24) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) using Agilent 6890N Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector (GC– FID model, Japan). Mean levels of heavy metals and TPH were higher in the study site compared to the control. The mean levels of heavy metals were 0.748 mg/kg (Pb), 0.754 mg/kg (Cd), 1.577 mg/kg (Ni), 0.274 mg/kg (Cr), 4.749 mg/kg (Fe), 0.020 mg/kg (V), 0.103 mg/kg (Co), 0.181 mg/kg (As), 5.544 mg/kg (Mn), and 5.187 mg/kg (TPH). The heavy metals in the soil had an increasing sequence of Vi_f) (91.47%) and ecological factor (Eⁱ_r) (99.29%) in the soil, denoting that Cd contributed the most to the ecological instability and contamination of the soil. Co-relation, principal component analysis (PCA), and coefficient of variation (CV) revealed that Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe, V, As, Mn, and TPH were introduced into the soil through the crude oil spill (artificial sources), while Co originated from natural sources. A thorough clean-up of the spill site is therefore recommended to ecologically restore the soil. More of similar studies are required in other crude oil impacted soils in Niger Delta, Nigeria.

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Estimation of the share of artificial Po-210 contamination in the ambient air

Długosz-Lisiecka Magdalena, Nowak Karolina

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 1

61--68

EN

In this work, source apportionment for unsupported 210Po was conducted. The activity size distributions of both supported and unsupported 210Po in urban aerosols were measured from February to December 2019. The results confirmed that the activity of 210Po in the atmosphere is significantly increased by additional 210Po content related to coal combustion by-product releases, especially in the cold winter season. The sources of this content are local emissions and long-range transport processes. Unsupported activity concentrations of 210Po and weather parameters (temperature, humidity, and wind velocity) were used for source apportionment from three heating systems.

PL

W pracy dokonano podziału źródeł dodatkowych porcji izotopu Po-210. Rozkłady wielkości frakcji zarówno związanej, jak i niezwiązanej Po-210 w aerozolach miejskich mierzono od lutego do grudnia 2019 r. Wyniki potwierdziły, że aktywność Po-210 w atmosferze jest istotnie zwiększona przez dopływ dodatkowych porcji Po-210 związanych z uwalnianiem produktów spalania węgla, zwłaszcza w okresie zimowym. Próbki pobierano w centrum Łodzi, w Polsce. Dwie lokalne elektrownie opalane węglem kamiennym znajdują się około 7 km (205 MW) i 11 km (200 MW) od punktu poboru próbek. W odległości 70 km od punktu poboru próbek znajduje się duża elektrownia na węgiel brunatny (Elektrownia Bełchatów) o mocy 5100 MW. Aerozole zbierano na filtrach z włókna szklanego za pomocą impaktora kaskadowego (TISH). Produkty rozpadu radonu -222, tj. Pb-210, Bi-210 i Po-210 są łatwo adsorbowane na powierzchni cząstek aerozolu zawieszonych w powietrzu i chociaż aktywność 210Pb nie zmienia się znacząco ze względu na stosunkowo długi okres półtrwania wynoszący 22,3 lat, to aktywności Bi-210 i Po-210 przyrastają w czasie przebywania cząstek aerozolu w powietrzu. Temperaturę, wilgotność i prędkość wiatru analizowano wspólnie za pomocą parametru Z, który został zdefiniowany na potrzeby niniejszych badań. Obliczono związane i niezwiązane stężenia aktywności Po-210, a skorelowanie ich z parametrem Z pozwoliło określić ilościowo udział źródeł lokalnej dodatkowej porcji Po-210 i innych źródeł dodatkowej, antropogenicznej emisji Po-210, związanej z transportem dalekiego zasięgu.

3

Air quality modeling for Warsaw agglomeration

Holnicki P., Kałuszko A., Nahorski Z., Stankiewicz K., Trapp W.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 1

48--64

EN

The paper investigates the air quality in the urban area of Warsaw, Poland. Calculations are carried out using the emissions and meteorological data from the year 2012. The modeling tool is the regional CALMET/CALPUFF system, which is used to link the emission sources with the distributions of the annual mean concentrations. Several types of polluting species that characterize the urban atmospheric environment, like PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, Pb, B(a)P, are included in the analysis. The goal of the analysis is to identify the most polluted districts and polluting compounds there, to check where the concentration limits of particular pollutants are exceeded. Then, emission sources (or emission categories) which are mainly responsible for violation of air quality standards and increase the adverse health effects, are identified. The modeling results show how the major emission sources – the energy sector, industry, traffic and the municipal sector – relate to the concentrations calculated in receptor points, including the contribution of the transboundary inflow. The results allow to identify districts where the concentration limits are exceeded and action plans are needed. A quantitative source apportionment shows the emission sources which are mainly responsible for the violation of air quality standards. It is shown that the road transport and the municipal sector are the emission classes which substantially affect air quality in Warsaw. Also transboundary inflow contributes highly to concentrations of some pollutants. The results presented can be of use in analyzing emission reduction policies for the city, as a part of an integrated modeling system.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy jakości powietrza w Warszawie. Obliczenia przeprowadzono dla danych emisyjnych i meteorologicznych z roku 2012. Jako narzędzie modelowania wykorzystano regionalny system CALMET/CALPUFF, którego zadaniem było powiązanie danych emisyjnych z rozkładami stężeń średniorocznych. Analiza dotyczy podstawowych zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, charakteryzujących aglomeracje miejskie, jak np.: PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, Pb, B(a)P, metale ciężkie. Celem analizy było zidentyfikowanie najbardziej zanieczyszczonych obszarów miasta oraz zanieczyszczeń, których stężenia przekraczają poziomy dopuszczalne. Ponadto, wskazanie źródeł emisji (lub kategorii emisyjnych), które głównie odpowiadają za te przekroczenia, powodując negatywne skutki zdrowotne. Wyniki modelowania pokazują, w jakim stopniu główne źródła emisyjne – związane z sektorami energii, przemysłu, transportu lub komunalno-bytowym – odpowiadają za wartości stężeń w receptorach. Uwzględniono przy tym udział transgranicznego napływu zanieczyszczeń. Wyniki pozwalają wskazać dzielnice, w których zostały przekroczone poziomy dopuszczalne stężeń i konieczne są odpowiednie działania naprawcze. Dokonano ilościowej oceny udziału źródeł emisji głównie odpowiedzialnych za przekroczenia standardów. Ruch uliczny oraz sektor komunalno-bytowy wskazano jako kategorie emisyjne, które mają decydujący wpływ na pogarszanie jakości powietrza w Warszawie. W przypadku niektórych zanieczyszczeń (np. PM) bardzo istotny jest również udział napływu zewnętrznego. Wyniki mogą być przydatne przy wyborze strategii ograniczania emisji oraz jako część zintegrowanego systemu modelowania.

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Particulate matter air pollution in an urban area : a case study

Holnicki P., Kałuszko A., Stankiewicz K.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2016

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Vol. 26, No. 3

43--56

EN

Many European agglomerations suffer from high concentrations of particulate matter (PM), which is now one of the most detrimental pollutants characterizing the urban atmospheric environment. This paper addresses the problem of PM10 pollution in the Warsaw metropolitan area, including very harmful fine fractions (PM2.5), and also some heavy metals. The analysis of air quality in the Warsaw agglomeration discussed in this study is based on results from computer modeling presented elsewhere, and refers to emission and meteorological data for the year 2012. The range of emissions considered in this analysis includes the main sectors of municipal activity: energy generation, industry, urban transport, residential sector. The trans-boundary inflow of the main pollutants coming from distant sources is also taken into account. The regional scale computer model CALPUFF was used to assess the annual mean concentrations of major pollutants in the urban area. The results show the regions where the air quality limits are exceeded and indicate the dominant sources of emission which are responsible for these vio-lations (source apportionment). These are the key data required to implement efficient regulatory actions.

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Elemental composition and rough source apportionment of fine particulate matter in air in Cracow, Poland

Samek L., Gdowik A., Ogarek J., Furman L.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, nr 1

71--83

EN

Samples of PM2.5 fraction (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 mu m) of air particulates were collected in winter 2011 and summer 2012 in Cracow, Poland. The concentrations of PM2.5 were 50 ±23 mu g/m3 (wintertime) and 16 ± 6 mu g/mV (summertime). The energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence method was used for the determination of the concentrations of PM2.5-related elements. Principal component analysis and multilinear regression analysis were used to determine source contributions to ambient concentrations of PM2.5. In wintertime, the sources of air pollution were identified as municipal emission, steel and ferrous industry (49.2%), traffic (37.8%) and other, not identified sources (13%), whereas during summer, they were traffic (53%), steel and ferrous industry (18%), and not identified sources (29%).

6

Short review on atmospheric aerosols source apportionment methods

Szramowiat K., Styszko K., Gołaś J.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2016

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Vol. 7, no. 2

7--13

EN

Appropriate understanding of particulate matter emission sources is required to properly establish the policies aiming at the aerosols emitters’ elimi nation. The article provides a short review on atmospheric aerosols source apportionment methods using three computing models.

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Masowy rozkład pierwiastków w próbkach pyłu zawieszonego pobranych w obszarze tła miejskiego: wyniki ośmiomiesięcznych badań w Zabrzu

Rogula-Kozłowska W., Klejnowski K., Rogula-Kopiec P., Błaszczak B., Mathews B., Szopa S.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1022--1040

EN

The analysis of elemental composition of ambient dust can help not only evaluate the environmental and health effects due to the air pollution but also identify emission sources. However, the whole number of projects and studies on concentrations and elemental composition of ambient (especially fine) dust hardly concern these issues in Eastern Europe. Neither is the chemical (and elemental) composition of the submicron ambient dust in Poland well recognized. There is also a shortage of data from long-term and parallel studies of the elemental composition of separate dust fractions. In the heavily polluted areas, the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol and the dependence of elemental composition of particles on their size can appear essential for analyzing the toxicity of dust and its environmental effects. This study presents the results of determination and comparison of the elemental composition of four fractions of ambient dust in Zabrze (Poland), an urban area typical of the exposure of the Upper-Silesian Agglomeration population to the polluted air. The samples of the four dust fractions (fine: ≤1 µm – PM1, 1–2.5 µm – PM1-2.5, coarse: 2.5–10 µm – PM2.5-10, and 10–40 µm – PM10-40,) were collected during eight months (January–August 2009) with the use of a DEKATI-PM10 cascade impactor. All the dust samples (204 samples) were analyzed using a PANalytical Epsilon 5 spectrometer (EDXRF – energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy). The minimum, maximum and average concentrations, for winter (January–April, heating season) and summer (May–August, non-heating season), of 38 elements from each of the four examined dust fractions were calculated. The influence of anthropogenic sources on the ambient concentrations of elements from each dust fraction was determined by analyzing the enrichment factors (EF). The strength of linear relationships (Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients) between each pair of elements was determined separately for fine and coarse dust. The highest ambient concentrations were assumed by two nonmetals – sulfur and chlorine; their concentrations were significantly lower in summer than in winter. Both sulfur and chlorine were mainly bound onto the finest particles. Their share in the coarse dust, even in summer, was small. They came from anthropogenic sources. Ambient, typical crustal, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, Sr, Rb in Zabrze came from natural sources regardless of the fraction they were bound to. Small seasonal variations in ambient concentrations of these elements or some of the concentrations higher in summer than in winter confirmed the fact. A significant portion of the mass of the crustal elements, especially of Al, Si and Fe, was concentrated in the coarse fractions. However, the mass distribution among the dust fractions indicates some of them (K, Ca, Mg, Rb, Sr) as coming partly from anthropogenic sources. It particularly concerns their part bound to fine dust in winter. The mass contribution of crustal matter to ambient dust was about 6.8 in winter and 9.7% in summer; the contribution to PM1 was half of it. Almost all remaining 27 elements (except for Mn, Zn, Ge, Sb, La) had the ambient concentrations not greater than 100 ng m-3, usually higher in winter. The average mass shares of each of these 27 elements in PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10-40, were different and depended on the season of a year. Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and As were cumulated mostly in fine dust, while V, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ag, Cd and Ba in coarse dust. The former, in fine dust, were assumed to be rather of anthropogenic origin and closely associated with combustion. The later originated partly from combustion (especially in winter) but their greater part was secondary and came from road dust. The largest contributors to the mass of the elements in fine dust in Zabrze are domestic furnaces and car engines, i.e. combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and waste. The possible effect of industrial sources was also identified. The elemental composition of coarse dust is due to re-suspension of soil and road dust, and to a lesser extent, to municipal emission.

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Observations of the aerosol particle number concentration in the marine boundary layer over the south-eastern Baltic Sea

Byčenkiene S., Ulevicius V., Prokopčiuk N., Jasinevičiene D.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (3)

573--598

EN

Continuous measurements of the aerosol particle number concentration (PNC) in the size range from 4.5 nm to 2 µm were performed at the Preila marine background site during 2008–2009. The concentration maxima in summer was twice the average (2650±50 cm-3). A trajectory-based approach was applied for source identification. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis was performed to estimate the possible contribution of long-range and local PNC transport to PNC concentrations recorded at the marine background site. The PSCF results showed that the marine boundary layer was not seriously affected by long-range transport, but that local transport of air pollution was recognized as an important factor. North Atlantic and Sea-Marine type clusters respectively represented 32.1% and 17.9% of the total PNC spectra and were characterized by the lowest PNCs (1080±1340 and 1210±1040 cm-3 respectively) among all clusters. Wavelet transformation analysis of 1-h aerosol PNC indicated that while the 16-h scale was a constant feature of aerosol PNC evolution in spring, the longer (∼60-h) scales appeared mainly over the whole year (except June). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a strong correlation between PNC and NaCl, highlighting the influence of sea-salt aerosols. In addition, PCA also showed that PNC depended on optical and meteorological parameters such as UVR and temperature.

9

Chemometric assessment of river water during a flood event

Simeonova P., Lovchinov V., Dimitrov D., Radulov I.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 3

187-198

EN

Heavy metals, arsenic, and physicochemical basic parameters were analyzed during a spring flood 2005. Daily samples were taken at a sampling site in the middle part of the river Elbe. The site is part of the network of the International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe (IKSEIMKOL). Cluster analysis, principal components analysis (PCA) and source apportionment were used to assess the flood-dependent matter transport. It was found that most of the metal components ale in relation to suspended matter transport and can be explained by a sediment washout factor. In contrast, uranium, chloride, and dissolved organic matter were part of the water discharge factor. A third factor contains nickel, manganese, and zinc, reflecting a separate influence of former mining activities in the catchment area.

PL

Podczas wiosennej powodzi w 2005 roku analizowano w wodzie rzeki stężenie metali ciężkich, arsenu i parametry fizykochemiczne wody. Próbki pobierano w środkowej części biegu rzeki Laby. Ten teren jest częścią większego obszaru będącego pod ochroną Międzynarodowej Komisji Ochrony Laby (IKSE/MKOL). Zastosowano analizę klastrów, analizę czynników głównych (PCA) i udziału źródeł pochodzenia zanieczyszczeń do oceny wpływu powodzi na transport zanieczyszczeń wody. Stwierdzono, że największe stężenia metali pochodzą z materii zawieszonej, pochodzącej z wymywania osadów dennych. Natomiast uran, chlorki i rozpuszczone substancje organiczne pochodziły ze zrzutów ścieków do rzeki. Obecność w wodzie niklu, manganu i cynku wskazywała na wpływ, już zaprzestanej, działalności górniczej w tym rejonie dorzecza.

10

Application of chemometry to the comparison of atmospheric precipitation pollution profiles in urban and ecologically protected areas

Astel A., Walna B., Kurzyca I., Szczepaniak K., Siepak J.

Chemia Analityczna

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2006

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Vol. 51, No. 3

377-389

EN

Discriminant analysis has been applied to assess a possibility of distinguishing between polluted and non-polluted sites by comparing pollutants' concentration in rainwater samples. Two discriminant functions related to pH, F-, NO-3, K+, CI-, and Mg2+ were generated. On the basis of PCA results and source apportionment techniques, three major sources of pollutants in two monitored sites (Poznań and Wielkopolski National Park, WNP divided into WNP-P (precipitation) and WNP-T (thro ugh fa 11)) in central part of Poland have been distinguished. These sites differ in respect to urbanization characteristics. The sources of pollutants in each site have been defined and pollution level has been quantitatively assessed as follows: anthropogenic origin (WNP-P - 23%; Poznań - 55%), soi! and dust particles (WNP-P - 35%; Poznań - 10%), sea salt aerosols (WNP-P - 7%; Poznań -17%). Also chemical composition of the above materials and their contribution to the total contents of cations and anions have been determined by calculating Absolute Principal Components Scores (APCS) and estimating daily variations in mass and concentration.' In general, contribution of SO2-4and NO-3 in the municipal area was twice as high as m the ecologically protected area.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania techniki analizy dyskryminacyjnej do porównania stopnia zanieczyszczenia miejsc pobierania próbek na podstawie analizy zanieczyszczeń wody opadowej. W efekcie uzyskano dwie funkcje dyskryminacyjne skojarzone ze zmianami wartości pH oraz stężeniem jonów F-, NO-3, K+, CI-, and Mg2+. Na podstawie wyników analizy głównych składowych, połączonej z technikami identyfikacji i oceny ilościowej źródeł zanieczyszczeń, wyodrębniono trzy główne źródła wpływające na stan zanieczyszczenia powietrza atmosferycznego w dwóch punktach zlokalizowanych w centralnej części Polski, różniące się między sobą stopniem urbanizacji. Zidentyfikowano źródła zanieczyszczeń i określono ilościowo wielkość ich udziału. Wyodrębniono źródła antropogeniczne (Wielkopolski Park Narodowy - 23%; Poznań - 55%), pył i kurz (WNP - 35%; Poznań - 10%) oraz aerozole morskie (WNP - 7%; Poznań - 17%). Dodatkowo oceniono skład chemiczny zanieczyszczeń charakterystycznych dla danego źródła i wyznaczono udział poszczególnych kationów i anionów w całkowitej zawartości analitów w opadach. Analizę wykonano wyodrębniając absolutne wartości czynników głównych. Ustalono, że zawartość jonów SO2-4and NO-3 w próbkach pobranych na terenie miejskim jest dwa razy wyższa w porównaniu z próbkami z terenu ekologicznie chronionego.