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1

Environmental Risk Assessment for the Disposal of Clandestine Solid Waste on the Riversides of the Opamayo and Sicra Rivers in Lircay-Huancavelica

Soto-Carbajal Demetrio, Portuguez-Maurtua Marcelo, Contreras-Lopez Eliana, Cruz-Quevedo Mariam De la, Chávez-Angulo Héctor Orlando, Llahuilla-Quea José Antonio

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

157--167

EN

Inadequate solid waste management causes risks to the environment. This is exacerbated when local governments fail to conduct a relevant environmental risk assessment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the environmental risks of clandestine solid waste disposal sites on the banks of the Sicra and Opamayo rivers in the district of Lircay in the department of Huancavelica, Peru. For the collection of spatial information, the location of clandestine dumps was identified. Seventeen points were mapped in the urban area of Lircay. The estimation of severity and environmental risks was carried out according to the UNE 150008:2008 standard and the Peruvian Environmental Risk Assessment Guide proposed by the Ministry of the Environment (MINAM). Environmental risk zoning maps were then generated. Finally, the result of the environmental risk focused on 4 points of clandestine dumps in medium environmental risk zones and 5 points of clandestine dumps in high environmental risk zones within these riverbanks.

2

The Potential of Bio-try Briquettes for Biomass Power Plant in Aceh Province – Case Study in South West Aceh, Indonesia

Agustiar, Bantacut Tajuddin, Romli Moh., Pramudya Bambang, Aulia Muhammad Reza

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

115--124

EN

Oil palm waste in the South West Aceh, Indonesia region, has the potential for renewable energies to replace fossil energy. On the basis of previous studies, the mixture of EFB, fiber and shells into bio-try briquettes had an average calorific value of 5000 calories per gram. In this study, the authors explored the potential of bio-try briquettes. Especially for the South West Aceh (Barsela) Region, a Bio-try briquette can generate electricity of 586.152 GWH, meet electricity consumption in Barsela of 584.57 GWH, and electricity surplus of 1.582 GWH. On the basis of the economic feasibility analysis, it was demonstrated that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 22.58%, which surpasses the set interest rate of 12%, the net profit (NBC ratio is 34.39 > 1), and the principal return point (BEP) is below 1 year (< 0.034 years). As for the environmental aspect, the solid waste used can be reduced by 10.94% or 100800 tons per year. The environmental impact caused by the presence of bio-try briquette on the global warning potential (kg CO2 eq) or greenhouse gases on the third mixture of waste is 77,000 kg per day or 77 tons per day.

3

Spatiotemporal Variation of Heavy Metals and Pollution Indices in Groundwater Around Al-Diwaniyah Open Dump

Aziz Fatin F., Hussain Entessar Kareem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

106--117

EN

Potential environmental hazards associated with heavy metals have been reported at Al-diwaniyah open dump in Iraq. Therefore, the levels of heavy metals and their spatial and temporal variability have been studied, in addition to pollution indices (HPI, HEI, Cd) to achieve environmental management and sustainability. Concentrations of seven heavy metals in groundwater wells at various distances around dumpsite were analyzed for the period 2022–2023 using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that heavy metals levels in samples examined decreased with the distance from the dumpsite W1>W2>W3 and it followed this pattern: Cd < Ni < Cr < Pb < Cu < Fe < Zn, with average concentrations in dry and rainy seasons were Zn (0.641,0.305), Fe (0.199,0.375), Cu (0.208,0.068), Pb (0.035,0.117), Cr (0.031,0.073), Ni (0.106,0.055), Cd (0.023,0.0095). On one hand, seasonal variation showed that 57.14% of heavy metals were raising in the dry season, and on the other, pollution indices showed that the groundwater taken from the W1 site was heavily polluted and unfit for consumption, while the other two sites were in low pollution category, which showed little impact of waste dumps on groundwater in these sites. Analysis results indicated that groundwater is appropriate for drinking purposes compared to the permissible limits of WHO/IQS, apart from those taken from site W1. All wells also provide water suitable for irrigation purposes based on the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Statistical analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between some heavy metals, in addition to the influence of sampling sites on heavy metal levels. It is recommended to expand this study to include additional regions in order to provide more environmental monitoring for groundwater and examine its potential human health risks in the study region, construct an engineering landfill equipped with leachate collector system, moreover, systematic treatment of heavy metals concentrations should be carried out regularly.

4

Evaluating the In-site Sorting of Solid Waste in Selected Educational Institutions – A Pilot Study

Al-Hamaiedeh Husam, Al-Rafiaha Enam, Al-Khashman Omar, Mohawesh Osama, El Hanandeh Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

137--143

EN

This study evaluated the process of in-site sorting of the generated solid waste (SW) in some educational institutions in Ma’an city, Jordan. The study included eight schools and one University. The students and employees of seven schools, as well as the students and employees of the University, had received the awareness campaigns concerning the importance and benefits of in-site sorting of SW. As a control, one school student and employee who had not received awareness campaigns were involved. The institutions were provided with four bins at each collection site (glass and plastic, paper and cardboard, metals, and bread). The content of bins in each institution was collected and sorted manually to evaluate the efficiency of the conducted awareness campaigns on onsite sorting behavior. The mass ratios of many SW components in their designated bins in the reference school (control) were higher than the average ratios in the assigned bins for the same component in all schools. As for the University, the results of the manual sorting showed that all bins included a mix of SW in different ratios; moreover, the proportions of glass and plastic, and metals were lower than the proportions of other components. On the basis of the above mentioned results, it can be concluded that the awareness campaigns did not achieve the stated goals; subsequently, the in-site sorting failed in the schools and the University. Thus, different awareness campaigns should be assessed to identify the best approach positively affect the SW sorting and disposal habits of people.

5

Sorting, Logistics and Secondary Use of Solid Household Waste in Ukraine on the Way to European Integration

Tokarchuk Dina, Pryshliak Natalia, Yaremchuk Natalia, Berezyuk Sergiy

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

207--220

EN

The study is aimed at solving the problem that has arisen in Ukraine in the field of household waste management, namely the generation, accumulation, storage, processing and disposal of waste. This issue is of particular importance for the population of each country, which is explained by the extremely negative impact of waste and landfields on the health and quality of life of the population, as well as the ecological situation of the respective territories. The purpose of the study is to improve the sorting, logistics and secondary use of solid household waste in Ukraine by adapting the waste management system in Ukraine to EU requirements. As a result of the research, it was confirmed that the volumes of waste generation are quite significant in different countries, their morphological composition varies depending on the level of economic development of countries, the level of application of advanced technologies, etc. The authors’ logically ordered scheme of domestic waste management in Ukraine showed a number of shortcomings: lack of deep separation of waste and practically no motivation to use solid waste for energy. As a result of the research, the authors suggested using eight containers for sorting household waste, which will become the basis for its further efficient use as a secondary resource. The authors proposed a system for improving the logistics chain of waste management, in particular, proposed vacuum transportation of sorted waste to processing lines, which will ensure the environmental friendliness of useful disposal processes. An analysis of the experience of the secondary use of solid waste in different countries showed the prevalence of energy utilization of waste, the current level of which in Ukraine is insignificant. In connection with the invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, the volumes of waste generation of all types increased. There is an urgent need to use the bioenergy potential of waste in connection with the energy crisis caused by hostilities and fuel shortages. The concept of sustainable development of the field of solid waste management, which is based on economic, social, ecological and energy effects, with the interaction of which the phenomenon of synergy takes place, is substantiated.

6

Characterization of Post-Mining Soil and Solid Waste from Silica Sand Purification

Susianti Bernadetha, Warmadewanthi Idaa, Tangahu Bieby Voijant

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

277--289

EN

Post-mining soil and solid waste from the silica sand refining industry is widespread and the potential long-term impact of toxic metals and metalloids is a significant and under-appreciated issue. This study presents the characteristics of post-mining soil and solid waste resulting from silica sand purification to observe its physical, chemical, and biological composition. Analysis of the physical properties was carried out with reference to ASTM 112-10 and the results show that post-mining soil contains 36.95% sand, 18.80% clay, and 42.74% silt, with coefficients of permeability and porosity of 0.69×10-6 cm•s-1 and 35.84%, respectively. Meanwhile, the solid waste contains 43.35% sand, 35.96% clay, and 20.68% silt with coefficients of permeability and porosity of 1.49×10-6 cm•s-1 and 51.12%. The overall mineralogy and morphology of both samples showed that they have the same chemical composition as gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), spinel (MgAl2O4), akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), monticellite (CaMgSiO4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and hematite (Fe2O3) supports this data. The chemical composition of both samples is SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO, but the post-mining soil has lower heavy metal and nutrient contents compared to solid waste. Meanwhile, solid waste has a high content of heavy metals and nutrients due to washing and bonding from the silica sand purification process. The abundance of bacteria (Colony Forming Unit) for the 10-4 and 10-5 dilutions in post-mining soil was 1.59×103and not detected, while in the solid waste, 4.10×105 and 1.64×105 were found, respectively. This study can be used as base values for modifying the two samples, which can be applied in mining land reclamation.

7

Evaluation of forced aerated and turned pile composting of rose oil processing wastes

Ekinci Kamil, Tosun İsmail, Sülük Kemal, Şevik Fevzi, Kumbul Barbaros Salih, Bitrak Necati Berk

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 1

99--115

EN

Composting of rose oil processing solid wastes was experimented by two different aeration methods: forced aeration and mechanical turning. The objective of this study was to assess which aeration methods were the most convenient for the composting process. Assessment of aeration methods was performed based on the parameters such as temperature, O2, CO2, CH4 concentration profiles, and physical and chemical properties of the finished composts. The two aeration methods were also compared based on the energy consumed by aeration per unit organic matter loss (OML) of composting, which is a major proportion of operating costs. Although composting performance parameters of temperature and O2/CO2 in the function of time showed some differences, similar end-product quality in terms of moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, NH+4–N and NO-3–N and contents was obtained. These results suggested that both methods (forced aeration and mechanical turning) may be utilized for composting operation of rose oil processing solid wastes. However, in this study, energy consumed by aeration provided by mechanical turning per unit OML of composting was 1.24 times higher than that of forced aeration. Furthermore, mechanical turning created anaerobic conditions for the formation of CH4 concentration in the pile, which was higher than that of the forced aeration.

8

Environmental Impact Evaluation of Improved Market Waste Processing as Part of Municipal Solid Waste Management System Using Life Cycle Assessment Method

Aziz Rizki, Fitria Dina, Ruslinda Yenni

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

60--69

EN

Payakumbuh City Government has built an Integrated Waste Treatment Plant (TPST) in Ibuh Market as an effort to reduce waste through waste processing by composting. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of the Ibuh Market waste management system with some solid waste management alternatives using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method. The stages of the research consisted of the measurement and analysis of waste generation, composition, and recycling potential, followed by the application of LCA for composting waste management scenario (scenario 1), with no composting (scenario 2), as well as with composting and recycling (scenario 3). The waste generated by Ibuh Market is 8.99 tons/day, food waste has the highest share in waste composition, amounting to 80.60%, and the waste with the greatest potential to recycle is an inorganic waste by 72.37%. LCA was carried out using the CML-IA impact assessment method. On the basis of the weighting results of the Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, and Eutrophication Potential impact categories show that scenario 2 has the highest weight, which is 4.34 × 10-7, scenario 3 has the smallest weight that is 3.73 × 10-7. Hence, scenario 3 was chosen as the best option, because it has the lowest impact weight. The study recommended using biofuels as an alternative to the fuels in the transportation process, applying a modified open windrow aeration system in the composting process at TPST, as well as practicing the sanitary landfill, for becoming a more environmentally friendly solid waste management system.

9

Wymywalność substancji niebezpiecznych dla środowiska z odpadów stałych powstających w procesie oczyszczania gazów odlotowych oraz z unieruchamiających je kompozytów

Czop Monika, Kajda-Szcześniak Małgorzata

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2021

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T. 100, nr 9

832--835

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badania pH oraz wymywania wybranych zanieczyszczeń (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, TOC, Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn) z odpadów stałych powstających w procesie oczyszczania spalin oraz z zapraw cementowych zawierających zanieczyszczenia. Stopień immobilizacji Cl, Zn, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn i Ni przez fazę C-S-H przekroczył 99%. Immobilizacja SO₄²⁻ i Pb przekroczyła 90%. Stopień unieruchomienia DOC przekroczył 80%. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają przydatność matrycy cementowej do stabilizacji odpadów niebezpiecznych.

EN

Shredded solid waste from the waste gas treatment process from waste incineration plants and samples of cement mortars with immobilized solid waste were extd. with distd. water and analyzed for pH and content of Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, TOC, Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn ions. High leachability of Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and Ba ions from solid waste were obsd. The degree of immobilization of Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and heavy metals (Zn,Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni) in the cement matrix was 99.9, 97 and 99.9% resp.

10

Solid Waste Management as Part of Sustainable Development of Lviv (Ukraine)

Popovych Vasyl, Petrushka Igor, Stepova Kateryna, Korol Kateryna, Popovych Nataliya

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 5

12--17

EN

Sustainable development includes the process of processing and recycling of solid waste. In Ukraine, a system of accumulation of solid waste without pre-processing in landfills has been formed. As a result, anthropogenically devastated landscapes have appeared in the country, causing environmental hazard. Especially in Lviv, as well as in most cities of Ukraine, there is no waste processing plant. Non-recyclable solid waste is mostly transported to landfills throughout the region, as the Lviv municipal landfill has exhausted its resources and is in unsatisfactory ecological and sanitary condition. The presented research presents the requirements for custom vehicles that transport household and hazardous waste at the "entrance" and "exit" of the environmental logistics system. It is established that at the Lviv landfill and in its impact zone due to the devastation processes three types of edaphotopes were formed: natural, which are not physically disturbed, but contaminated with filtrates; anthropogenic, which are disturbed by construction equipment and contaminated with pollutants due to the formation of the body of the landfill; bulk, which were formed due to the import of fertile soils in order to implement the mining stage of reclamation. The obtained data show that the filtrates penetrate into groundwater and surface water, changing the reaction of the substrate environment, thereby increasing the level of environmental danger in the region. The main method of landfills decommissioning is the biological stage of recultivation, namely – vegetative reclamation.

11

Assessment of the waste management system in Krakow as an element of circular economy

Chmielewska Monika

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2021

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Vol. 14, no. 1

85--94

EN

Building a waste management system requires considering many aspects for the assessment of its functioning. The transition from a linear system to a circular economy requires taking into account not only technological but also economic and social factors. The waste management system in Krakow is a comprehensive solution that considers all factors and aspects, allowing for the assessment of technology, economic justification of costs and social acceptance. The paper presents a comprehensive structure of the system with all the factors enabling the transition from a linear to a circular economy. In Kraków, over 200,000 tonnes of mixed waste are collected annually and almost 150,000 tonnes of selectively collected waste. Such potential allows for a landfill reduction below 10% by weight and the achievement of the required recycling levels.

12

Noise from refuse collection and disposal in residential developments in the context of Polish legal and formal conditions

Walicka-Góral Beata

Technical Transactions

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2020

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Vol. 117, iss. 1

art. no. e2020035

EN

The generation of waste is one of the main global environmental problems. Waste segregation, storage in containers and disposal are issues requiring adequate solutions. It is the architect who is responsible for designing the correct place for the collection of solid waste within the area of residential development, and this task is a complicated issue. A place for solid waste collection and its disposal is particularly important in the context of a friendly acoustic climate and a healthy residential environment. The author analysed the amounts of solid waste generated in the residential development area and the requirements related to refuse segregation. A significant element of the performed analysis is to study formal requirements and design guidelines for solid waste collection points in the area of multi-family residential developments. The author describes the impact of the individual elements of the refuse collection and disposal process on the acoustic climate prevailing in the nearest residential locations.

PL

Powstające śmieci są jednym z globalnych problemów środowiskowych świata. Segregacja, przechowywanie w pojemnikach i wywóz śmieci to sprawy, które wymagają odpowiedniego rozwiązania. To architekt odpowiada za zaprojektowanie poprawnego miejsca do gromadzenia odpadów stałych na terenie zabudowy mieszkaniowej, a zadanie to jest złożonym problemem. Miejsce do gromadzenia odpadów stałych i ich wywóz jest szczególnie ważna w kontekście przyjaznego klimatu akustyczny i zdrowego środowiska zamieszkania. Autorka przeprowadza analizę dotyczącą wielkości odpadów stałych powstających na terenie zespołu zabudowy mieszkaniowej oraz wymogów związanych z segregacją śmieci. Istotnym elementem przeprowadzonych badań jest zbadanie wymogów formalnych i wytycznych projektowych dla miejsc gromadzenia odpadów stałych na terenie zabudowy mieszkaniowej wielorodzinnej. Autorka opisuje wpływ poszczególnych elementów procesu gromadzenia i wywozu śmieci na klimat akustyczny panujący w najbliższym miejsca zamieszkania.

13

Assessment Strategies for Municipal Selective Waste Collection – Regional Waste Management

Boas Berg A., Radziemska M., Adamcová D., Zloch J., Vaverková M. D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

33--41

EN

Waste disposal in landfill sites causes a potential hazard for the human health, as they release substantial amounts of gas, odours and pollutants to the environment. There have been vast reductions in the volume of waste being landfilled in many European countries and a reduction in the number of illegal landfills. The European Parliament’s laws obliged the Member States to amend the national waste law; the main objectives of the implemented directives are to create the conditions for the prevention of excessive waste. Directive 2008/98/EC establishes, as a goal for 2020, that waste reuse and recycling reach 50% of the total waste produced. Poland, having joined the European Union, committed itself to implementing many changes related to waste management. The amendment of the law on the maintenance of cleanliness and order in the municipalities imposed new obligations regarding the waste management (WM) on the local government and residents. By adopting a municipal waste management system, the selected municipality made all its residents responsible for their waste. However, the fact of introducing changes does not solve the waste problem. The implementation of EU directives and the development of strategic documents such as the National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) have made a clear change in the WM approach. One of the changes was the establishment of selective collection of municipal selective waste (MSW), with the issue of collecting the waste by the residents being a priority. This work describes the legal context of selective collection of MSW as one of the most effective means of reducing the amount of waste being landfilled.

14

Aktywność biologiczna ustabilizowanej drobnej frakcji odpadów komunalnych podczas ich długotrwałej ekspozycji na warunki atmosferyczne

Stegenta S., Kałdun B., Sobieraj K., Białowiec A.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2017

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Vol. 39, nr 4

31--40

EN

One of the accepted technological solutions used in mechanical-biological waste treatment is screening of stabilized undersize fraction (code 190599) through a sieve to separate two fractions with the grain size of 20–80 mm (code 190599) and < 20 mm (code 190503 – compost that fails to comply with requirements). Fraction < 20 mm may be used for landfill remediation as a landfill cover. However, its long-lasting exposure to atmospheric conditions may have an adverse effect on microbial respiration. This phenomenon was verified in the field study and lysimetric experiment aimed to simulate landfill conditions, which lasted 10 weeks (both in winter and summer season). The lysimeters contained stabilized fine fraction, while half of the containers were additionally filled with water to reflect adverse conditions at a landfill site resulting from stagnant pond formation. Both the direct measurements and model studies confirmed a significant increase of microbial activity in hydrated waste samples. During remediation works special care should be taken to avoid stagnant pond formation on the landfill top because of the unfavourable pond conditions that facilitate decomposition of organic matter in the stabilized fine fraction. Therefore, biological stabilization of municipal solid waste should be planned to effectively lower organic matter content and minimize moisture of the under-size fraction. It was demonstrated that activity at the level of AT4 < 2 mgO2/g allowed for safe use of the stabilized fine fraction in restoration process of closed landfills.

PL

Jednym z akceptowanych rozwiązań technologicznych mechaniczno-biologicznego przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych jest wielkościowa waloryzacja ustabilizowanej frakcji podsitowej o kodzie 190599, przez jej przesianie na sicie w celu wydzielenia dwóch frakcji – o uziarnieniu 20÷80 mm (o kodzie 190599) oraz <20 mm (o kodzie 190503 – kompost nieodpowiadający wymaganiom). Frakcja <20 mm może być wykorzystana do rekultywacji składowisk odpadów, jednakże podczas jej długotrwałej ekspozycji na warunki atmosferyczne możliwe są niekorzystne zmiany aktywności oddechowej mikroorganizmów obecnych w tej frakcji. Zjawisko to zweryfikowano w doświadczeniu polowym oraz eksperymencie lizymetrycznym, trwającym 10 tygodni (w sezonie zimowym i letnim), mającym symulować warunki panujące na składowisku. Lizymetry zawierały frakcję podsitową odpadów z procesu stabilizacji, przy czym połowę z nich wypełniono wodą, aby odzwierciedlić niekorzystne warunki w postaci zastoisk wody na powierzchni składowiska. Zarówno bezpośrednie pomiary aktywności oddechowej drobnoustrojów, jak i badania modelowe potwierdziły znacznie większą aktywność mikroorganizmów w nawodnionych próbkach odpadów. Podczas rekultywacji składowiska odpadów należy więc unikać powstawania zastoisk wody na wierzchowinie, ponieważ powstające w nich warunki wpływają na przyspieszenie rozkładu związków organicznych pozostałych w stabilizacie. Biologiczna stabilizacja odpadów komunalnych powinna zatem dążyć do skutecznego zmniejszenia zawartości związków organicznych oraz do ograniczenia wilgotności uzyskanego stabilizatu. Potwierdzono, że stosowanie materiału o aktywności AT4<2 mgO2/g pozwala na bezpiecznie użycie frakcji podsitowej do rekultywacji zamkniętych składowisk.

15

Comparative environmental impact assessment of the landfilling and incineration of residual waste in Krakow

Grzesik K.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 43, nr 4

135--148

EN

The methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool for identifying and assessing the environmental impacts caused by waste management scenarios. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative LCA of two scenarios of municipal waste management system in Krakow, Poland. The assessment is limited to residual (mixed) waste. Under the former scenario, residual waste is landfilled at a well-equipped facility, while under the latter scenario, residual waste is incinerated in a thermal treatment plant with energy recovery. Landfilling represents a real situation for 2010, when all residual waste was landfilled, incinerating expresses the plan for 2016. The elements of the scenarios such as collection and treatments of separately collected waste are excluded from the system boundaries. The modeling of the environmental impact is done by the EASETECH model, employing EDIP 2003 methodology. The final results are expressed in person equivalent (PE) units. Both scenarios have negative impacts on the environment, however the impact for incineration is much lower than for landfilling. In respect of landfilling, the significant impact categories are photochemical ozone formation, global warming, eutrophication and human toxicity. Regarding incineration, significant impact categories include eutrophication, photochemical zone formation, acidification and human toxicity.

16

Selektywna zbiórka papieru i tektury w Polsce

Lewandowska A.

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2015

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R. 71, nr 10

573--578

PL

Podstawowym elementem w dobrze zaprojektowanym systemie gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi jest segregacja odpadów, w tym papieru i tektury. Celem pracy jest zatem analiza i ocena ilości zebranego selektywnie papieru i tektury w Polsce w latach 2004-2013 oraz ukazanie jej zróżnicowania w ujęciu regionalnym (według województw). Badanie wykazało m.in., że ilość zebranego papieru i tektury w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu w Polsce systematycznie wzrasta, większość selektywnie zebranego papieru i tektury pochodzi z gospodarstw domowych oraz istnieje duże zróżnicowanie regionalne w poziomie recyklingu odpadów celulozowych.

EN

The basie element in a well-designed system of municipal waste management is waste segregation, incl. paper and board. The paper presents the analysis and evaluation of the amount of separately collected paper and board in Poland in 2004-2013 and also indicates a significant diversity in the spatial distribution. The study showed, inter alia, that the amount of paper and board collected in the last decade in Poland systematically grew, most of separately collected paper and board came from households and there were large regional differences in the level of recycling of cellulosic waste.

17

Problematyka modelowania matematycznego procesów termicznego przekształcania odpadów stałych

Jaworski T

Piece Przemysłowe & Kotły

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2015

|

Nr 1

8--14

PL

Modelowanie procesu transportu masy na rusztach urządzeń do spalania odpadów stanowi bardzo istotną tematykę, która warunkuje prawidłowe podejście do zagadnień modelowania całego bloku spalania odpadów, jaki stanowi komora wyposażona w ruszt ruchomy (posuwisty, posuwisto-zwrotny lub walcowy). Dotychczas stosowane metody opierają się na nieuwzględnianiu mieszania mechanicznego wywołanego głównie przez ruchome części rusztu materiału odpadów oraz stopnia dyspersji, próbując zastąpić te parametry: prędkością rusztu, współczynnikiem poślizgu czy efektywnym współczynnikiem transportu tylko nie liczne modele uwzględniają współczynnik mieszania wstecznego. W pracy przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania analogii: komora spalania z rusztem ruchomym – reaktor chemiczny i na tej podstawie zaproponowano wyjaśnić i opisać zjawiska transportu masy na różnych systemach rusztów, co stanowi nowatorstwo i znaczne rozwinięcie dotychczas stosowanych modeli matematycznych procesu spalania w konwencjonalnych spalarniach odpadów stałych.

EN

Modelling of the mass transfer process on the grates of waste incineration equipment constitutes a very important issue that determines the correct approach to the problems of modelling the entire waste incineration unit which is a chamber equipped with a (travelling, reciprocating, or cylindrical) movable grate. Methods that have been used so far rely on not considering the mechanical friction caused chiefly by the movable parts of the waste material grate and the degree of dispersion, while attempting to substitute these parameters with grate speed, the slip factor or the effective transfer coefficient, and only few models take into account the back-mixing coefficient. The present study uses the movable grate combustion chamber – chemical reactor analogy and on this basis explains and describes the phenomena of mass transfer on different grate systems, which constitutes an innovation and a considerable extension of the currently used mathematical models of the process of combustion in conventional solid waste incineration plants.

18

Use of flow parameters in the modelling of the combustion process in thermal waste processing equipment (waste incineration plants)

Jaworski T. J.

Archivum Combustionis

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2015

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Vol. 35 nr 1

1--8

EN

Group of problems addressed in the study is related to the aiding of numerical modelling of flow processes and combustion in the grate chambers of solid waste thermal processing equipment. In particular, the aiding comprises the following: - an innovative integration of two models: the bed combustion model and the FLUENT CFD software model, - introducing the following to the methodology of parametrization of the porous body model, which is the movable waste material layer on the grate: the porosity calculated from the author's formula for the longitudinal dispersion factor, being dependent on the grate type, operational and material parameters and their use in Ergun's equation; the permeability and Forchheimer (inertia loss) factors, as determined based on the test results and literature data, - using the flow parameters and the results of their multi-variant examination for setting down boundary conditions in the FLUENT CFD Software numerical model.

19

Zastosowanie reaktora kompaktowego do fermentacji metanowej odpadów komunalnych

Sidełko R., Chmielińska-Bernacka A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 1

683--693

EN

The concept of construction and operation of the compact biological reactor designed to methane fermentation conventionally referred to the organic fraction extracted from municipal waste is reserved in a patent application (UP no. 398238). Presented idea can be defined as innovative in the context of first, construction related directly to the type of machinery responsible for the conduct of individual processes integrated with the bioreactor which is the essence of the complementary device. The second, course of action based on the implementation processes of the vaccination, handling, mixing, heating, and removal of the mass during fermentation process. Thirdly, develop principles of selection of the device with a description of the parameters to make a reliable technical-economic assessment depending on the desired effect in terms of the quantity of biogas and consequently the electricity production.

20

Zakłócenia procesu wypalania klinkieru przy zwiększonym udziale paliw alternatywnych

Kalinowski W., Janecka L.

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2013

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R. 6, nr 15

30--44

PL

Obok korzystnych efektów spalania paliw alternatywnych w piecach cementowych, wynikających głównie z utylizacji odpadów oraz obniżenia kosztów produkcji, występują zauważalne, a przy tym w większości niekorzystne, efekty technologiczne. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na podstawowe zagrożenia dla technologii wypalania klinkieru związane z oddziaływaniem zwiększonego udziału paliw alternatywnych na kinetykę spalania paliw oraz obiegi składników lotnych.

EN

Beside beneficial effects of combustion of alternative fuels in cement kilns resulting mainly from the utilization of waste and the reduction of production costs, there are noticeable, and at the same time mostly unfavorable, technological effects. The article draws attention to the fundamental danger to the clinker burning technology associated with the impact of an increased share of alternative fuels to fuel combustion kinetics and to volatile matter cycle.