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1
Content available Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom ash from individual heating devices
Kozielska Barbara, Żeliński Jacek, Cieślar Mateusz
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
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2022
|
Nr 83
7--18
EN
Combustion of solid fuels such as coal, biomass and, contrary to the applicable law, waste in individual heating devices still remains a serious problem in Poland. It causes the generation of large amounts of pollutants and harmful substances contained not only in fly ash released into the air with smoke but also in the bottom ash, which constitutes a serious environmental problem. This paper presents the results of a comparative study on the contents of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom ash from the combustion of hard coal (HC), wood (W) and a mixture of different solid fuels including municipal waste (MW), their sums and profiles. For the bottom ash samples taken for these fuels, the share of carcinogenic congeners in the sum of PAHs, toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity equivalents have also been determined. The highest content of total PAHs, amounting to an average of 20.7 ppb, was recorded for bottom ash obtained from combustion of a mixture of solid fuels and waste. For such ash, the toxicity and carcinogenicity equivalents were approximately twice as high as for other types of ash. Bottom ash was found to be dominated by benzo[a]anthracene, and the tetracyclic congeners accounted for 60-68% of all PAHs (W
PL
Spalanie paliw stałych, m.in. węgla, biomasy, a także, mimo zakazu, odpadów komunalnych w indywidualnych systemach grzewczych stanowi w Polsce nadal poważny problem. Powoduje to powstawanie dużych ilości zanieczyszczeń i szkodliwych substancji zawartych w pyłach, które trafiają wraz z dymem do powietrza bez jakiejkolwiek kontroli, a popiół paleniskowy będący odpadem stanowi poważny problem środowiskowy. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań porównawczych zawartości 16 wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) w popiele paleniskowym pochodzącym ze spalania węgla kamiennego (HC), drewna (W) oraz mieszaniny różnych paliw stałych, w tym odpadów komunalnych (MW), ich sumy oraz profile. Wyznaczono także udział kancerogennych kongenerów w sumie WWA, równoważniki toksyczności, mutagenności i kancerogenności. Największą zawartość sumy WWA, wynoszącą średnio 20,7 ppb, odnotowano dla popiołu paleniskowego pochodzącego ze spalania mieszaniny paliw stałych i odpadów. Dla tego popiołu równoważniki toksyczności i kancerogenności były około dwa razy wyższe niż dla pozostałych popiołów. W popiołach dominował benzo[a]antracen, a czteropierścieniowe kongenery stanowiły 60–68% wszystkich WWA (W
2
Content available remote Badanie charakterystyki spalania materiałów wysokoenergetycznych w laboratoryjnym silniku rakietowym przystosowanym do badań próbek węgla kamiennego
Hebda K., Habera Ł., Frodyma A., Wilk Z., Koślik P., Hadzik J.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2018
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T. 97, nr 7
1064--1067
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań z procesu spalania wysokoenergetycznych paliw stałych (propelantów) w laboratoryjnym silniku rakietowym (LSR) zaadaptowanym do badań oddziaływania szczelinowania gazowego na próbki węgla. Spalanie propelantów generuje duże ilości gazów prochowych pod wysokim ciśnieniem, które jest w stanie wytworzyć wtórną sieć spękań w skałach, potencjalnych dróg migracji metanu. Wartości ciśnienia oraz czasu wygenerowane podczas spalania propelantów w standardowym układzie laboratoryjnego silnika rakietowego kontrolowane są przez odpowiedni dobór masy paliwa oraz średnicy dyszy. Podczas badań dyszę zastąpiono walcem węglowym, na który bezpośrednio oddziaływało ciśnienie gazów prochowych w szczelnej komorze spalania w układzie badawczym. W trakcie każdej z prób szczelinowania rejestrowano ciśnienie przez czujnik ciśnienia umieszczony w komorze spalania w LSR.
EN
Four coal samples were gas-fractured by using a high-energy solid fuel in a lab. rocket motor adapted to study the impact of gas pressure on the process efficiency. The combustion of the fuel generated large quantities of high-pressure gases, which were able to produce a secondary system of fractures in the coal samples to make paths of MeH migration. The fracturing resulted in an increase of the fracture network by 206–294%.
3
Content available Palniki wirowe na biomasę stosowane w kotłach energetycznych
Cholewiński M., Pospolita W.
Technical Issues
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2016
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nr 2
3--10
EN
Solid biomass (both forest and agricultural) is recognized as a valuable source of chemical energy, that can be transformed into electricity or heat. Biofuels are very popular in small scale energy systems, but they can also be utilized in medium and high capacity municipal and industrial power units. Therefore, dynamic development of various machines and devices, designed for efficient biomass energy conversion, is observed. One of the possible application of solid biofuels in power industry, dedicated in particular to water-tube boilers, uses individual swirl burners fed by the biomass dust. They can be used as peak load or quick stop/start devices in stoker furnaces and primary burner in flue and smoke-tube boilers as well. In this article the implementation of swirl biomass burners in high capacity power boilers was presented and described. Both technical problems, closely related with biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants, and design methodology of mentioned burners were discussed. Finally, the 3D visualization of proprietary solution of swirl burner and its description were provided.
4
Content available remote Podstawy modelowania zabiegów stymulacji otworów z zastosowaniem paliw stałych
Frodyma A., Habera Ł., Godzik E.
Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze
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2012
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R. 15, Nr 11 (175)
9--12
PL
W artykule przedstawiono model stymulacji ciśnieniem gazów prochowych, obejmujący narastanie ciśnienia na skutek spalania paliwa stałego, któremu towarzyszy tworzenie gazu ze spalania, zwiększanie ciśnienia w otworze na skutek rozprężania się pęcherza nagazowanego płynu otworowego i szczelinowanie skały, po którym następuje propagacja utworzonych szczelin.
EN
The work presents model of well fracturing with propellant gas pressure, including stages of pressure rise resulting from propellant combustion accompanied with combustion gas generation, pressurization of the well and in effect of gasified bubble of well fluid expansion and rock fracturing, followed by propagation of such created fractures.
5
Content available remote Zagospodarowanie popiołów ze spalania paliw stałych
Białowiec A., Janczukowicz W.
Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna
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2011
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Nr 11
451-456
PL
Właściwości popiołów : zagadnienia ilościowe i jakościowe. Rodzaje popiołów lotnych ze spalania węgla ,skład chemiczny popiołów ze spalania węgla kamiennego w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanego kotła. Wykorzystanie popiołów.
EN
Properties of the ashes: quantitative and qualitative issues. The types of fly ash from coal combustion, the chemical composition of ashes from the combustion of coal, depending on the type of boiler. The use of ashes.
6
Predicting Slagging/Fouling Propensities of Solid Fuels with the Aid of Experimental and Modelling Techniques
Płaza P., Ferens W., Griffiths A. J., Syred N., Rybak W.
Archivum Combustionis
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2010
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Vol. 30 nr 3
203-213
EN
A thermo-dynamic model (based on FACTSage) has been used to predict the ash behaviour of coals under the high temperature conditions existing in the pf boilers. The predicted melting characteristics have been compared with the experimental data derived from the standard ash fusion test and non-standard sintering test. Good agreement has been achieved between predicted liquid phase formation as a function of temperature and the ash fusion temperatures measured according to standard test. Based on the amount and composition of the predicted molten phase, the viscosity of the slags has been calculated and compared with the measured sintering tendency of the investigated ashes. It has been shown that the sintering tendency correlates quite well with the calculated viscosities for the types of investigated ashes. This confirmed that viscous flow and a presence of the liquid phase are dominant factors affecting the sintering of the ashes. The obtained results revealed that the thermo-dynamic model can be used to predict the ash fusion temperatures and the sintering tendency of ashes, thus the strength of deposits can be assessed which is of relevance for predicting slagging/fouling propensities of solid fuels.
7
Wykorzystanie techniki sieci neuronowych w zagadnieniach spalania paliw stałych
Kakietek S.
Systems : journal of transdisciplinary systems science
|
2004
|
Vol. 9, Sp. 2/1
461-468
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania techniki sieci neuronowej w zagadnieniach spalania paliw stałych. Główną uwagę poświecono kontroli i optymalizacji procesu spalania, żużlowaniu oraz popieleniu węgli, a także szybkości wypalenia koksu. Przedstawiono także w skrócie własne doświadczenia autora w zastosowaniu sieci neuronowych do charakteryzowania paliw stałych.
EN
In this work, a short review of the possibilities of using neural networks in combustion of solid fuels is presented 'The consideration was mainly focused on few exemplars of control and optimisation of combustion, slagging and ash deposition, and char combustion rate as well. There are shown results of using neural networks to reduce NO.S emissions up to 60% with improving heat rate up to 2% overall and reducing the un-burncd carbon in ash up to 30% in utility boilers. Also neural model for identification and control the NOx emission for given set of work parameters of the boiler was presented. The monitoring of near coal pulverized burner slag deposition with a hybrid neural network system, attempts of utilizing the neural networks for prediction coal ash fusion temperature and chars combustion rate were finished with succeed as well. There is also shown the author's experience in utilizing the neural networks for solid fuel characterisation. A combined SOFM and MLP neural network was created to classify and predict solid fuel's behaviour during its combustion based on experiments in 10-20kW test stand (Plug Flow Reactor). Five different coals and coal blends were used to train the neural network. After training the neural model was tested using sixth fuel. The model with good accuracy predicted the combustion behaviour of tested fuel and classified it into proper group.
8
Mathematical modelling of a hypothetical method to measure mass flux and stoichiometry of conversion gas. Part II.
Friberg R., Blasiak W.
Archivum Combustionis
|
2000
|
Vol. 20 nr 3-4
115-135
EN
This paper deals with mathematical modelling of a hypothetical method for the indirect measurements of some fundamental thermochemical conversion and combustion design variables, that is, conversion gas rate (mass flow of conversion gas), conversion gas stoichiometry, air factor for conversion system, and air factor for combustion system. These quantities are indirectly determined by means of mathematical models based on the three-step model and a mass-balance approach. Eleven measurands are included in the mathematical models. An uncertainty propagation analysis has been carried out on the mathematical models by means of the Monte Carlo method. It idicates that it should be possible to determine the mass flow of conversion gas and the conversion gas stoichiometry within the range of +-5% and +-7%, respectively.
9
An experimental packed-bed combustion system and the verification of the measurement method. Part III.
Friberg R., Blasiak W.
Archivum Combustionis
|
2000
|
Vol. 20 nr 3-4
137-161
EN
This paper presents a newly constructed experimental packed-bed combustion system and a verified measurement method. The experimental system is the basis for the verification of the hypothetical method presented in Part II. The measurement method aims at some quantities derived from the three-step model (Part I), such as the mass flow of conversion gas, stoichiometry of conversion gas, and the air factors of conversion system and combustion system. The measurement method has been verified in the primary air rate range of 50-150 m3n/h for both wood pellets and fuel wood. The method resulted in measurements in the range of +- 5% of the actual value predicted by the reference method, which is considered to be a very good agreement.
10
A mass flow analysis of packed-bed combustion systems in the context of three-step model - a new system theory. Part I.
Friberg R., Blasiak W.
Archivum Combustionis
|
2000
|
Vol. 20 nr 3-4
91-114
EN
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of a new system theory - the three-step model - for packed bed combustion system (PBCS), such as grate combustion technologies. Some new concepts are deduced in the context of the three-step model, for example the conversion gas, the conversion efficiency, the air factor of the conversion system, and the combustion efficiency. Equations are developed for the determination of conversion and combustion efficiency, which are key parameters for the optimisation of PBCSs. These key parameters can be used as design and diagnostic tools for control and reduction of emissions and improving thermal efficiencies of PBCSs. However, to quantify these key parameters measurements need to be carried out on the specific PBCS of interest.
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