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1

Susceptometer in soil magnetic susceptibility studies

Janas Sławomir, Magiera Tadeusz, Szumiata Tadeusz

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 1

127--142

EN

This work presents a method for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of soil samples based on interactions of magnetic particles contained in a tested sample with a weighed permanent magnet placed in the balance mechanical design. The MYA 2.4Y microbalance manufactured by Radwag Wagi Elektroniczne, Poland, was used to perform mass measurements. The weighing system was adjusted for mass indication using a certified mass standard, and for magnetic susceptibility indication using a certified magnetic susceptibility standard. The volume of each analysed soil sample was 3.93 cm3 and was similar to the volume and the size of the magnetic susceptibility standard. The research was carried out for 10 soil samples with a magnetic susceptibility range varying from 20 to 1600x10-8 m3 kg-1. The soil samples contained technogenic magnetic particles and particles of natural magnetite of geogenic origin. The study was performed for a field of 2 mT.

2

Measuring Equivalent Cohesion Ceq of the Frozen Soils by Compression Strength using Kriolab Equipment

Lemenkov Vasiliy, Lemenkova Polina

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 2

63--84

EN

Current paper presents the results of the experimental analysis on permafrost uppermost soil samples with various physical properties (moisture, porosity) tested with varied external pressure and time. The aim of this work is to test properties of the soil samples intended for the construction of buildings, railways and objects of civil infrastructure by modeled external pressure, data visualization and analysis. Variations in the soil samples were studied by analysis of the equivalent soil cohesion (Ceq) in frozen soil samples. Methods include integrated application of the laboratory experiments, methods of the statistical data analysis and 3D plotting performed by the selected LaTeX packages. Laboratory experiments were performed using KrioLab equipment ‘Sharikovy Stamp PSH-1’. The 15 series of experiments have been tested. Models of the soil strength are graphically presented and statistically analyzed showing the results of the experiment.

3

Selection of the test method and its influence on the obtained results of soil strength parameters

Pietrzak Alina, Jura Jakub

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2021

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Vol. 10 Nr 2

119--126

EN

The paper presents issues related to the methodology of measuring soil strength parameters. The laboratory methods for determining the shear strength of soil are described, with particular emphasis on the measurement of soil strength using the direct shear method and the triaxial compression apparatus. An attempt was made to determine the impact of the research methodology on the quality of the obtained strength parameters of the soil.

4

Lead and Zinc in Soils Around a Zinc-Works – Presence, Mobility and Environmental Risk

Kicińska Alicja

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

185--198

EN

The aim of this paper was to analyse the impact of long-term operation of a zinc-works on the soil environment based on 20-year observations. The study material comprised the surface soil samples and soil profiles collected in close vicinity of the zinc-works in Miasteczko Śląskie (Southern Poland) and in the locations within certain distance from the plant. The total content of Pb and Zn in the surface soil samples collected in the vicinity of the zinc-works in 2018 ranged from 3,975 to 26,200 mg/kg for Pb and from 3,358 to 21,867 mg/kg for Zn. These values were considerably higher than those recorded 20 years earlier (i.e. 601–11,939 mg/kg and 1,009–13,924 mg/kg for Pb and Zn, respectively). The mineral composition was dominated by quartz, feldspars and carbonates (e.g. calcium carbonate). Additionally, iron hydroxides (lepidocrocite), lead sulphates (anglesite) and zinc silicates (hemimorphite) were found. The bioavailable quantities of Pb and Zn in the soil samples collected in 2018 amounted to 30% of the total content in the case of Pb and 34% of the total Zn content. Twenty years earlier, the mean values were 66% (Pb) and 44% (Zn), respectively. The acidity of the soil samples collected in the vicinity of the zincworks indicated their very good buffering capacity, as well as the capacity to release 58-60% of the total Pb and Zn contents to the environment, with a pH decrease of only 3 units. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) calculated based on the Pb and Zn cations in the exchangeable positions and bound with carbonates indicates that even after 20 years, there is still a high environmental risk related to the presence of those metals in soils. This paper also demonstrates that presently the major factors contributing to the pollution of soil are deflation and suffosion of small particles from the old, unprotected mining and industrial waste dumps.

5

Wpływ zakwaszonej gnojowicy na skład chemiczny gleby trwałych użytków zielonych

Barwicki Jan, Kierończyk Marek, Mazur Kamila, Romaniuk Wacław, Borek Kinga, Wardal Witold

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2019

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T. 19, z. 3

5--13

PL

Przedstawiono wpływ stosowania gnojowicy zakwaszonej na skład chemiczny gleby trwałych użytków zielonych. Próby gleby pobierano zgodnie z polską normą z głębokości 0–30 cm, czyli z całego profilu glebowego. Wykorzystanie stężonego kwasu siarkowego do zmniejszania pH gnojowicy, a tym samym zatrzymywania azotu w glebie i w dalszej kolejności wykorzystywania go przez rośliny uprawne daje podwójną korzyść – ogranicza straty azotu i obniża koszty nawozów mineralnych, które należałoby zakupić. Aplikowanie surowej gnojowicy pod powierzchnię gleby przynosi korzyści w postaci ograniczenia emisji amoniaku, ale nie ma wpływu na stosowanie nawozów z dodatkiem siarki, przeciwnie niż stosowanie gnojowicy zakwaszonej. Ograniczenie emisji amoniaku do otoczenia w przypadku, gdy w pobliżu pól uprawnych nawożonych gnojowicą znajdują się osiedla mieszkaniowe, wywiera pozytywny wpływ na mieszkańców, ponieważ ograniczony jest przykry odór gnojowicy.

EN

The state of soil in Poland was presented in the aspect of the necessity of pouring liquid manure onto arable fields and preventing of ammonia to escape into the atmosphere. The use of concentrated sulfuric acid to lower the pH of the slurry and thus retain nitrogen in the soil and then use it by crops gives a double benefit, reduces nitrogen losses and reduces the cost of mineral fertilizers that should be purchased. Injecting raw slurry beneath the soil surface has some benefits in the form of reducing ammonia emissions, but it does not affect the use of fertilizers with the addition of sulfur, which is ensured in the case of slurry acidification.

6

Miedź, nikiel, ołów i cynk w strefach wpływu eksploatacji złóż miedzi Dolnego Śląska

Duczmal-Czernikiewicz Agata, Hoska Natalia, Zimny Marcin, Zimny Daniel

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

154--155

EN

Base metals (Cu, Zn and Pb) as the main resources of the Lower Silesian copper deposits have significantly been influenced by different enviromentalfactors. In this paper, changes in metal concentrations on the surface in relation to deeper layers of the sediments were examined. The concentration ofmetals in the whole sediment, and in selected grain fractions was studied. The contents of these metals in the soils of areas adjacent to the deposit are diverse and are in the range of: 3.0-1082.9 mg/kg Cu; 3.5-106.1 mg/kg Pb; 27.6-49.3 mg/kg Zn, and 1.33-23.0 mg/kg Ni in the old deposit district and Cu 0.91-1655.0 mg/kg Pb; 10.0-1792.0 mg/kg Zn; 3.38-1129.0 and 0.47-32.7 mg/kg Ni in the new deposit district. The increase of metal concentration in the finefractions has been observed. Moreover, the decrease in the metal content with depth was observed in all investigated profiles.

7

Trace Elements in Consumer Plants

Wiater Józefa, Wojciula Ada

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 10

252--256

EN

The aim of this study was to estimate the content of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb) in soils and consumer plants grown under and without the influence of traffic. The species such as lettuce, raspberry, beetroot, apple, carrot, chives and onion were selected for the study. The samples were mineralized and the heavy metal content in plants and soils was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The content of heavy metals in the soil from municipal allotments was higher than in the soil from the Saniki Colony. For both samples, the permissible soil content was not exceeded. The amount of trace elements in plants varied depending on species, but the place of vegetables and fruits origin was also important. Most of trace elements occurred in larger amounts in the plants from allotments, and in smaller amounts in the plants from Saniki Colony.

8

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Apple Tissues Grown in the Soils of Industrial Area

Imeri Resmije, Kullaj Endrit, Millaku Lulzim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

57--66

EN

The exposure of heavy metals in the Drenas site – Kosovo has risen dramatically in the last 30 years because of mining and smelting activities. The study investigated the heavy metal in soil, accumulation in different parts of apple trees near the industrial sites of Drenas. The accumulation ratio values of heavy metals were calculated to assess the potential health risks. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil were in the following order of magnitude Ni > Zn > Fe > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd > As, while that in the apples were in the order of magnitude Ni > Cr > Fe > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd > As, in the leaves – Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd > As and in the shoots – Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd > As. Compared to control, the contents of analyzed metals from plant tissues of apple trees in the contaminated area were significantly higher (p<0.001). The concentration of Ni, Pb, Cr, Fe etc. in the apple tissue increased along with the heavy metal content in soils in the polluted area. The high accumulation ratio values for Pb (1.1), Cd (0.62), Cr (0.93) and Ni (0.46) were characteristic for the investigated species and indicate the accumulation ability.

9

Agrochemiczne właściwości gleb użytkowanych rolniczo

Lipiński Wojciech

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

1--12

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia badań agrochemicznych w oparciu o praktyczne doświadczenia prowadzone na terenie istniejących w Polsce stacji chemiczno-rolniczych. Przedstawiono wyniki prowadzonych badań gleb użytkowanych rolniczo w latach 1955-2017. Badania gleby prowadzi się na potrzeby doradztwa w zakresie stosowania nawozów w gospodarstwach rolnych w celu intensyfikacji produkcji roślinnej. Wyniki tych badań służą także do opracowania map odczynu i zasobności gleby w przyswajalne formy P, K i Mg, które systematyczne publikowane są w rocznikach statystycznych GUS. Efektem prac jest określenie stanu zanieczyszczenia gleb użytków rolnych metalami ciężkimi i wyznaczenie klas zagrożeń tymi pierwiastkami w uprawie roślin. Stwierdzono ponadto podwyższone zawartości siarki w glebach Polski oraz wyznaczono strefy zagrożeń tym składnikiem. Oznaczono także stężenia fosforu, żelaza i glinu co pozwoliło na wyznaczenie wskaźnika stanu fosforowego gleby, który charakteryzuje stopień wysycenia gleby albo jej zdolności sorpcyjnych. Przedstawione prace przynoszą efekty zmniejszenia wpływu działalności rolniczej na środowisko, w połączniu z poprawą jakości produkowanej żywności.

EN

The article presents the problems of agrochemical research based on practical experience conducted in the existing chemical and agricultural stations in Poland. The results of research on soils used for agriculture in the years 1955-2017 are presented. Soil testing is carried out for the needs of advising on the use of fertilizers on farms in order to intensify plant production. The results of this research are also used to develop maps of pH and abundance of soil in absorbable forms P, K and Mg, which are systematically published in the statistical yearbooks of the Central Statistical Office. The result is to determine the state of contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals and to determine the hazard classes for these elements in the cultivation of plants. In addition, increased sulfur content in Poland’s soils was found and hazard zones were identified for this constituent. The concentrations of phosphorus, iron and aluminum were also determined, which allowed to limit the soil phosphorus indicator, which is characterized by soil saturation or sorption capacity. The presented works takes of reducing the impact of agricultural activity on the environment, in connection with the improvement of the quality of produced food.

10

Wielkość wymywania rtęci z próbek gruntów i odpadów różnego pochodzenia

Klojzy-Karczmarczyk Beata, Mazurek Janusz

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

85--92

PL

Zawartość rtęci w różnego rodzaju odpadach i gruntach jest wyraźnie zróżnicowana, zależna od charakteru materiału. W warunkach laboratoryjnych wymywalność związków rtęci z materiału stałego (grunty, osady, odpady) kształtuje się na poziomie od kilku do kilkunastu procent zawartości całkowitej. Zanieczyszczone grunty, osady denne czy odpady wprowadzane do środowiska mogą zatem stanowić, w sprzyjających warunkach, potencjalne ognisko zanieczyszczenia zarówno dla wód powierzchniowych, jak i podziemnych. Badań dotyczących określenia poziomu uwalniania rtęci jest nadal niewiele. Należy więc dążyć do zwiększenia liczby badań i obejmować nimi kolejne obszary środowiska. W prezentowanej pracy do analizy zawartości całkowitej rtęci oraz wielkości jej wymywania z materiału przeznaczono 84 próbki środowiskowe o różnym pochodzeniu: odpady wydobywcze górnictwa węgla kamiennego (skała płonna, muły węglowe, odpady z nieczynnej hałdy), grunty piaszczyste (z otoczenia południowej obwodnicy Krakowa), osady denne (pobrane bezpośrednio przy linii brzegowej rzek Rudawa, Prądnik, Chechło). Zestawiono wyniki badań wielkości wymywania rtęci z próbek, zrealizowanych w latach wcześniejszych oraz dodatkowo rozszerzonych o nowe, kolejne doświadczenia. Celem było wykazanie związku pomiędzy poziomem wymycia rtęci a specyfiką środowiska, z którego pobrano materiał. Nie prowadzono analizy petrograficznej czy mineralogicznej analizowanych próbek. Przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań zawartości całkowitej oraz wielkości wymywania rtęci z próbek pobieranych na przestrzeni kilkunastu lat. Wymywanie prowadzono metodą statyczną z użyciem testu wymywalności 1:10 (faza stała / ciecz = 1 kg/10 dm3, L/S = 10 dm3/kg), zgodnie z Polską Normą PN-EN 12457-2. Do wykonania oznaczeń rtęci wykorzystano spektrometr absorpcji atomowej AMA 254 Altec. Na podstawie zawartości całkowitej i wielkości wymywania określono udział formy wymywalnej w całkowitej zawartości pierwiastka, czyli poziom uwalniania rtęci z materiału (poziom wymycia). Charakterystyka wymywania jest odmienna dla różnych grup badanego materiału, co świadczy o odmienności procesów kształtujących uzyskane wartości.

EN

The content of mercury in different types of waste and soils is clearly differentiated, depending on the nature of the material. The leaching of mercury from solid material (soils, bottom sediments, mining waste) ranges from a few to a dozen or so percent of the total content in laboratory conditions. Therefore, contaminated soils, bottom sediments or waste, introduced into the environment, may constitute, under favourable conditions, a potential source of pollution for both surface water and groundwater. The number of tests for determining the level of mercury release is still insufficient. It is necessary to increase the number of tests to perform them in other areas of the environment. In our study, 84 environmental samples of various origins were analysed for the total mercury content and the amount of leaching from the following materials: coal mining (extractive) waste (gangue, coal sludge, waste from a heap), sandy soils (from the southern Kraków bypass) and bottom sediments (taken directly at the shoreline of the Rudawa, Prądnik and Chechło rivers). The results of mercury leaching tests from samples, made in previous years and additionally extended with new, subsequent experiments, are summarized. The aim was to show the relationship between mercury leaching and the specificity of the environment from which the material was collected. No petrographic and mineralogical analyses of the samples have been carried out. Analysis of the results of total mercury and mercury leaching from samples collected over several years was performed. The leaching was carried out using the batch test 1:10 (solid / liquid = 1 kg/10 dm3, L/S = 10 dm3/kg), in accordance with the Polish Standard (PN-EN 12457-2). The AMA 254 Altec atomic absorption spectrometer was used to determine the mercury content. Based on the total content and amount of leaching, the proportion of the leaching form in the total element content was determined, i.e. the level of mercury release from the material (level of leaching). The leaching characteristics are different for different groups of the material tested, which indicates different processes that affected the obtained values.

11

The potential impact of land use changes on heavy metal contamination in the drinking water reservoir catchment (Dobczyce Reservoir, south Poland)

Zemełka Gabriela, Kryłów Małgorzata, Szalińska van Overdijk Ewa

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 2

3--11

EN

To investigate and assess the effects of land use and its changes on concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Fe) in the tributary of drinking water reservoir catchment, soils of different land use types (forest, arable land, meadows and pastures, residential areas), suspended sediment and bottom sediment were collected. Heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The metal distribution pattern was observed, where Zn and Cd could be considered as main metal contaminants. The variation in the concentration level of Zn and Cd in studied soils showed the impact of pollution from anthropogenic activities. Also some seasonal variations were visible among the suspended sediment and bottom sediment samples which could be associated with land agricultural practices or meteorological conditions. The sediment fingerprints approach used for determining sources of the suspension in the catchment showed (Kruskal-Wallis H test, p˂0.05), that only Mn and Ni were not able to be distinguished among the potential sediment sources. A multiple linear regression model described the relationship between suspended sediment and 4 types of soil samples. The results related suspended composition mostly to the samples from the residential land use. Considering the contemporary trend of observed changes in land use resulting in conversion of agricultural areas into residential and service structures these changes can be essential for the contamination of aquatic environment. This situation is a warning sign due to the rapid industrialization, urbanization and intensive agriculture in this region what can significantly affect the drinking water quality.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena wpływu użytkowania gruntów i ich zmian na stężenia metali ciężkich (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Fe) w dopływie zlewni zbiornika wody pitnej. Do badań pobrano próbki gleb z różnych typów użytkowania gruntów (las, grunty orne, łąki i pastwiska, tereny zabudowane), rumowiska unoszonego oraz osadów dennych. Metale ciężkie oznaczono za pomocą Atomowej Spektroskopii Absorpcyjnej (ASA). W badanych próbkach zaobserwowano zmienność stężeń metali w zależności od sposobu użytkowania gruntów. Otrzymane wyniki świadczą również, że główne zanieczyszczenie metaliczne w zlewni stanowią Zn i Cd. Wśród próbek rumowiska unoszonego oraz osadów dennych widoczne były pewne wahania sezonowe, które mogły być związane z działalnością rolniczą lub warunkami meteorologicznymi. Zastosowana do określania źródeł zawiesiny w zlewni metoda sediment fingerprints (test Kruskal-Wallis H test, p˂0.05), ) wykazała, że spośród badanych metali jedynie Mn i Ni nie umożliwiają rozróżnienia potencjalnych źródeł pochodzenia rumowiska unoszonego. Pozostałe metale zostały zatem wykorzystane do opisania zależności między rumowiskiem a 4 typami próbek gleb za pomocą modelu regresji wielokrotnej. Model ten wykazał związek zanieczyszczenia próbek rumowiska metalami z zanieczyszczeniem gleb z terenów zabudowanych. Biorąc pod uwagę zaobserwowany współczesny trend zmian w użytkowaniu gruntów, prowadzący do przekształcania obszarów rolniczych w obszary mieszkalne i usługowe, może on istotnie wpływać na zanieczyszczenie środowiska wodnego i jakość wody pitnej. Taka sytuacja jest znakiem ostrzegawczym ze względu na szybkie uprzemysłowienie, urbanizację i intensywną gospodarkę rolną w tym regionie.

12

Kartograficzne badania geochemiczne w Polsce

Pasieczna A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 6

344--352

EN

At the beginning of the 1990s, both in Poland and in the world, the field of applied geochemistry was extended to issues related to the protection of the Earth’s natural environment due to the growing social interest in this problem and the requirements of the existing legislation. Geochemical studies in Poland were carried out in three stages, proceeding from the review scale (1:500,000 -1 stage) through regional research (on a scale from 1:250,000to 1:50,000 -stage II) to detailed research (on a scale of1:25,000 to 1:10,000 -stage III). The first stage of the geochemical mapping allowed for quick and relatively inexpensive assessment of the geochemical background diversity of soils, sediments, and surface water throughout the country, as well as the indication of the most polluted regions. The regional research (II stage) was focused primarily on issues related to the explanation of the origin of the identified geochemical anomalies detected in the first stage of research. They were taken in selected urban-industrial areas. In the most polluted Silesian-Cracow region a detailed geochemical study is being carried out (III stage).

13

Heavy Metal Concentrations along the Banks of the Sitnica River and in Four Types of Herbaceous Plants

Abazi A. S., Sallaku F., Bytyçi P., Spahiu M. H., Millaku F.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

1--9

EN

This paper presents the results of the heavy metals accumulation (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) in soils and plants (Typha angustifolia L., Urtica dioica L., Ranunculus sardous Crantz and Rumex Crispus L.) collected along the banks of the Sitnica River, which flows through various cities of Kosovo and is quite stressed due to the discharges of urban, industrial, and agricultural pollutants. The aim of this research was to verify the accumulation of heavy metals in water, soil and plants, since vegetables that used as food are cultivated in the vicinity of sample collection. The analyses were conducted with applied methodology in the analytic laboratory of Kosovo Agriculture Institute by using MP-AES 4200 for Cd and Cr, ASS-Scientific for Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb in plant samples, whereas 4100 MP-AES was used for determination of metals in soil. The results show variations in different metal values found in the samples of the analyzed soils and plants. The lowest values accumulation of the metals analyzed were recorded at A1 (Devetak Station) near the river source and did not contain anthropogenic influences, whereas the highest values were recorded at A3 (Kuzmin Station), which belongs to the middle flow of the Sitnica River that is polluted by wastewater (urban) discharges.

14

Agroecological Substantiation for the Use of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation of Agricultural Land

Vasilyev S., Domashenko Y.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

48--54

EN

The objective of this work is the agroecological substantiation of the use of treated wastewater for irrigation of agricultural land. As the result of the experimental research, it was established that the soil microflora plays an essential role in strengthening or weakening the biological activity of soil. Therefore, with an irrigation rate of 250 m3/ha of wastewater, a 1.5 times increase in the number of microbiota colonies is observed on average both in hog farms and cattle breeding complexes; with a rate of 350 m3/ha – a 2-fold increase; with a rate of 450 m3/ha – a 3.5–4-fold increase. An increase in nitrifying soil features has also been observed. Thus, if the value on the control in the soil layer from 0 cm to 60 cm is 27.2 mg of nitrate per 1 kg of arid soil, in the version with wastewater irrigation it reaches 46.7 mg. According to the research results, the use of defecate, the waste of sugar production, in the treatment of wastewater of livestock farms does not have a negative agroecological impact on the soil. Therefore, the method of wastewater treatment of pig-breeding complexes and farms can be recommended for use in irrigation reclamation, which includes treatment of wastewater with burnt defecate in the dose of 50–200 mg/dm3, with the pH value varying in the range of 7.5–8.5. After settling-out of the obtained mixture in settlers, it is divided into a transparent liquid fraction and the sediment, i.e. an organomineral fertilizer. Afterwards, the fluid body is fed to irrigation of agricultural land, and its excess is discharged into waterways and reservoirs. The sediment is fed to the vortex layer equipment with mobile ferromagnetic particles or thermolized, where their complete disinfection takes place.

15

Comparison of Enrichment Factors for Heavy Metals in Urban Street Dust and Air Aerosols

Kantor P., Svedova B., Drozdova J., Raclavska H., Kucbel M., Raclavsky K.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2018

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R. 19, nr 1

209--216

EN

The article deals with the possibility of comparison of enrichment factors in air aerosols (PM10) and in the street dust, which is influenced by air pollution. For Pb and Sb, the same value of enrichment factor for both matrices was determined. The highest enrichment index (> 100) in air aerosols was found for Cd, Sb, and As, and also for Pb, and Zn (approximately 100). Enrichment factor shows significant differences in the summer and winter period, for Cd, Sb, As, Pb, and Zn it is > 2x higher in winter. Enrichment factor in street dust was also evaluated using geochemical background of soils from Olomouc. It was found that the highest value of enrichment factor is achieved by Cu, which comes from transport (probably bus operation).

16

Hg contents and environmental characteristics of soils and Taraxacum officinale plants of the SW part of Lublin

Huber M., Skupiński S., Iakovleva O.

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

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2018

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Vol. 21

38--41

EN

This article compares the results of the study of the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf and soil samples collected in the SW part of Lublin. Common dandelion is a plant that begins to release fresh shoots relatively early. It is also spread enough that it can be found in many places, not only in Lublin, but also in other cities, from around the polar regions to the Mediterranean. The purpose of this work was to show the degree of contamination of the plant surface and Hg content in soil samples. The analysis were performed in spring after the snow cover ceased. The presence of dust containing small amounts of NaCl, iron oxides, hydroxides, titanium, and relatively low Hg contents was revieled.

17

Новый многоцелевой полиминеральный композит и области его применения

Itriashvili L. A., Iremasvili I., Hosrosvili E., Ujma A.

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2018

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Vol. 7 Nr 1

77--82

RU

Разработан новый экологически чистый полиминеральный композит - гидрогель ПМК и технология его производства. На базе ПМК и различных местных грунтов и инертных дисперсных материалов были разработаны нетрадиционные, технологически простые, высокоэффективные материалы, а также технологии, технические и конструктивные решения, обеспечивающие эффективные и экономически выгодные решения следующих проблем: увеличение водо-аккумулятивной, водоудерживающей способности, эрозионной устойчивости и улучшение агромелиоративных свойств почв; гидроизоляция элементов, узлов и повреждений сооружений.

EN

A new ecologically clean polymineral composite - hydrogel PMK and its production technology have been developed; an enterprise has been organized and commercial manufacture of PMK has been carried out. On the basis of PMK and various local grounds and inert disperse materials, non-traditional technologically simple high-effective materials and composites as well as technologies and technical and constructive designs ensuring effective and economically profitable solutions of the following problems have been developed: increase in water-accumulative water-retaining capacity and erosion-preventive stability and improvement of agroreclamative properties of soils; hydroinsulation of water-accumulative water-transmitting and other installations, their elements, units and/or damages.

18

Stress-dilatancy for soils. Part IV: Experimental validation for simple shear conditions

Szypcio Z.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2017

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Vol. 39, nr 1

81--88

EN

This paper validates the frictional state theory using published experimental data from simple, direct and ring shear tests. Simple shear is treated as a special case of plane strain conditions. In order to define complete stress and strain, additional assumptions are made: in the direct shear and ring shear tests, simple shear is assumed to occur in the shear band. For Φ° = Φ’ϲϑ = Φ’r, the stress-dilatancy relationship obtained from the frictional state theory is similar to the relationships proposed by Taylor and Bolton. Further experiments, especially those that use a hollow cylindrical shear apparatus, are necessary to fully validate the frictional state theory in simple shear conditions.

19

Bar, miedź, cynk i ołów w glebach strefy hipergenicznej Radzimowic w Górach Kaczawskich

Swęd M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 8

487--495

EN

The paper presents chemical investigations of barium, copper, zinc and lead contents in soils formed on weathering wastes of the abandoned Radzimowice deposit in the Kaczawa Mountains. These soils are classified to technosoils. The mud-clay fraction was subject to chemical investigations. The amount of metals were compared with the allowable values provided in the regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 2002, and with the geochemical background values accepted in this paper as average amounts of metals in unpolluted soils in Poland. The concentrations of lead and zinc are higher than the concentration of copper which is the main component of this deposit. The concentrations of these metals were analyzed on the background of the distribution of the individual fractions in soil profiles.

20

Stress-dilatancy for soils. Part I: The frictional state theory

Szypcio Z.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2016

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Vol. 38, nr 4

51--57

EN

An unconventional subdivision of volumetric strains, the newly formulated frictional and critical frictional states and some of energetic and stress condition assumptions result in new stress-plastic dilatancy relationships. These new stress-plastic dilatancy relationships are functions of the deformation mode and drainage conditions. The critical frictional state presented in this paper is a special case of the classical critical state.