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1

A Low-cost Automatic System for Long-term Observations of Soil Temperature

Zaszewski Daniel, Gruszczyński Tomasz

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 1

75--101

EN

The description of the physical parameters characterizing heat transport in the soil medium, especially on a regional scale, requires long-term and high frequency observations of temperature changes in soil profiles. This paper presents a project for a multi-channel, modular and universal data logger for temperature distribution data collecting in the soil profile, based on open electronic components, such as Arduino microcontroller systems and DS18B20 thermometers. The data logger tests were carried out in two profiles. The seven-month tests did not show any errors in the functioning of the measurement set. The presented device requires an average current of 320 µA, which allows for its stable operation on one battery set for about 300 days in temperate climate conditions. The DS18B20 thermometers allow for accurate and stable temperature measurement (the mean absolute error after laboratory calibration was 0.02°C). The cost of a single measurement-registration device was approximately 76 EUR, representing a competitive price in comparison with commercial data loggers. This allows, with relatively low expenditure, the creation of extensive observation networks for the analysis of the heat flow process in high temporal and spatial resolution.

2

The efficiency of waste hot water utilisation to improve the temperature conditions for growing plants

Turcheniuk Vasil, Rokochinskiy Anatoliy, Kuzmych Lyudmyla, Volk Pavlo, Koptyuk Roman, Romanyuk Ivan, Voropay Galyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 54

94--100

EN

One of the rational ways of energy saving is to use the heat of wastewater from energy companies for open ground heating and cultivation crops. The most significant sources of heat are thermal and nuclear power plants that produce low-thermal waters of 28-35°C. Heating of the ground with the use of circulating warm water allows to increase temperature at all points of the soil profile. The maximum thermal effect from heating ground is observed at the depth of pipe heaters (7.3- 11.1°C). Ground heating allows to extend the growing season for crops by 3-4 weeks, which can expedite harvesting and thus maximise the harvest. In natural moisture conditions, ground heating does not lead to significant reduction of moisture reserves in the active layer throughout the growing period. There is a redistribution of moisture in a soil profile. It decreases in the zone of pipe heaters and redistributes toward the top. The formation of the nutrient regime changes, the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium, and nitrate nitrogen increases, whereas the content of ammonia nitrogen is reduced. Ground heating is a new special heat reclamation technique. It allows not only to control temperature of the agricultural crop environment, but also to dissipate heat in the ground, and promote the utilisation of waste heat and the stabilisation of the environment.

3

A Technological System for Using Waste Warm Water from Energy Facilities for Effective Agriculture

Turcheniuk Vasil, Rokochinskiy Anatoliy, Kuzmych Lyudmyla, Volk Pavlo, Koptyuk Roman

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2022

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Vol. 69, nr 1

13--25

EN

The waste warm waters from power plants, owing to their temperature regime (25–38°C) and the volumes of discharge, allow for their use for heating of open ground areas in agriculture. Underground heating by such water is a new, special heat and irrigation method which enables not only purposeful regulation of temperature conditions of the crop growing environment, but also dissipates heat in the soil, thus cooling the water for its reuse. This makes it possible to reduce the thermal pollution of water sources.

4

Numerical Analysis of the Impact of the Cooling Cycle Length in Vegetable Cold Stores on the Heat Exchange with Soil

Sokołowski Paweł, Nawalany Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

162--170

EN

The paper includes an analysis of the impact of the cooling cycle length in vegetable cold stores on the heat exchange with soil. The scope involves the analysis of indoor and outdoor air temperature as well as soil temperature under the cold store and in its vicinity, specification and adaptation of the cold store-soil heat exchange model, model validation by comparison of the calculation results with experimental studies, choice of calculation variants, calculations for the used variants in non-stationary conditions, and a comparative analysis of the cold store-soil heat exchange for the used variants and of the soil temperature at selected solutions. The paper used the results of the field tests conducted in a vegetable cold store located in southern Poland. The building was used to store carrots from 1 October to 30 June. Four calculation variants were used for the in-depth study of the impact of selected factors on the heat exchange between the cold store and the soil. The calculations were performed based on the elementary balances method, using WUFI®plus software. The calculation model validation was based on the field measurements of indoor and outdoor air temperature as well as soil temperature in 5 measurement lines at the depth of 0.05, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 m. The obtained validation results showed a very good correlation between the measured and calculated data, in addition to an absence of significant differences. The calculation results for the 4 calculation variants showed significant differences in the heat exchange with soil.

5

Biochar and Biochar with N Fertilizer Impact on Soil Physical Properties in a Silty Loam Haplic Luvisol

Horák Ján, Šimanský Vladimír, Igaz Dušan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

31--38

EN

Recently, a lot of studies focused on the effects of biochar application to agricultural soils and its influence on the soil properties. However, only limited information is available on the simultaneous impact of N-fertilizer combined with biochar to soil physical propersies such as: soil moisture, soil temperature, bulk density and waterfilled pore space. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the soil physical properties of a silty loam Haplic Luvisol affected by the biochar application and its combination with N fertilizer during the years 2014–2016 (Experimental site of SUA-Nitra, Dolná Malanta, Slovakia). The field experiment was carried out in 2014 with different biochar application doses (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and different rate of N fertilization (0, 1st and 2nd level of N fertilization). The results showed that the both biochar amendment and biochar with N fertilizer increased the soil moisture in the range of 1 to 15%, on average. The higher rate of biochar resulted in higher soil moisture in all treatments with biochar in the following order B0 (14.9) < B10 (15.1) < B20 (16.2) as well as in biochar in combination with N fertilization: B0N1 (14.6) < B10N1 (15.7) < B20N1 (16.2) as well as B0N2 (14.8) < B10N2 (15.8) < B20N2 (16.0) during the years of 2014–2016. A positive trend of water-filled pore space increase by the time in all studied treatments was observed. No significant changes in the average soil temperature were observed between the biochar and biochar with N fertilization treatments during the growing seasons of individual years. The higher rate of biochar resulted in lower soil bulk density in all treatments with biochar in combination with N fertilization in the following order: B0N1 (1.49) > B10N1 (1.47) > B20N1 (1.44) as well as B0N2 (1.51) > B10N2 (1.47) > B20N2 (1.39) during years the studied period (2014–2016).

6

The influence of temperature on the moisture potential in sod-podzolic soil in the autumn and winter periods of the year

Muromtsev Nikolay, Mazhayskiy Yury, Semenov Nikolay, Anisimov Kirill, Vityazev Viktor, Chernikova Olga

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2019

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Vol. 8 Nr 2

53--61

EN

The formation features of the potential and temperature dynamics at different levels of soil profile are revealed. The influence of soil temperature in the range of its high positive values on the dynamics of soil moisture potential is established. All lowering of the moisture potential occurs due to an increase in the moisture content. The increase in its content occurs due to precipitation and by pulling moisture from the underlying layers. In winter and in periods with negative temperatures, the moisture content is effected by diffusion of vaporous moisture, and in thawed soil, in liquid form.

PL

Opisano dynamikę potencjału wilgotności i temperatury na różnych poziomach profilu glebowego. Ustalono wpływ temperatury gleby w zakresie jej wysokich dodatnich wartości na dynamikę potencjału jej wilgotności. Wzrost wilgotności występuje w związku z opadami atmosferycznymi i poprzez odciąganie wilgoci z warstw leżących poniżej. W okresie zimowym oraz w okresach ujemnych temperatur występuje dyfuzja pary wodnej, a przy dodatnich temperaturach przepływ wody.

7

Потенциал влаги в условиях фазового перехода почвенного раствора в дерново-подзолистой почве

Muromcev N. A., Anisimov A. B., Mazhayskiy Yu. A., Semenov N. A.

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2018

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Vol. 7 Nr 1

57--66

RU

Установлено новое явление резкого скачкообразного повышения потенциала влаги при переходе положительных значений температуры почв через ноль в область отрицательных величин. Процесс протекает в условиях фазового перехода почвенного раствора при стабильном состоянии всех других параметров среды, за исключением температуры почвы. Понижение потенциала влаги (при постоянной влажности) в условиях повышения температуры объясняется возрастанием подвижности и активности ионов влаги. Понижение температуры обусловливает возрастание потенциала в связи с понижением активности и подвижности ионов воды. Данное явление аналогично снижению содержания влаги в почве. Суточные изменения температуры почвы и потенциала почвенной влаги незначительны и лежат в пределах 0,1÷1,9°С и 2÷3 кПа соответственно.

EN

A new phenomenon of a sharp jump - like increase of the moisture potential is established in the transition of positive soil temperature values through zero to the region of negative values. The process proceeds under conditions of a phase transition of the soil solution with the stable state of all other soil parameters. The decrease of the moisture potential (at constant humidity) under conditions of temperature increase is explained by the increase in mobility and activity of moisture ions. The decrease in temperature causes an increase in the potential due to a decrease in the activity and mobility of water ions. This phenomenon is similar to reducing the moisture content in soil. Daily changes in soil temperature and soil moisture potential are insignificant and is in the range 0.1÷1.9°C and 2÷3 kPa respectively.

8

Związek temperatury gleby z temperaturą powietrza w warunkach jurajskiej doliny rzecznej

Wojkowski J., Skowera B.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 1

18--26

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie związku pomiędzy temperaturą powierzchni czynnej i gleby a temperaturą powietrza w warunkach jurajskiej doliny rzecznej. W badaniach wykorzystano materiał obserwacyjny z lat 1991– 2006 pochodzący ze stacji meteorologicznej w Ojcowie. Stacja ta położona jest w południowej części Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej na dnie jurajskiej doliny. Obliczono średnie dobowe, miesięczne i roczne temperatury gleby oraz jej miesięczne i roczne amplitudy. Do oceny związku pomiędzy temperaturą gleby na różnych głębokościach, a temperaturą powietrza, opadami atmosferycznymi oraz pokrywą śnieżną posłużono się współczynnikiem korelacji rang Spearmana. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że najsilniejsze związki temperatury powietrza z temperaturą gleby występowały w okresie wiosny i jesieni. Wzrost opadów atmosferycznych wiosną i jesienią powodował osłabienie związku temperatury powietrza z temperaturą gleby. W okresie lata związki temperatury powietrza z temperaturą gleby były słabsze i statystycznie istotne tylko do głębokości 20 cm. Wykazano ponadto, że opady atmosferyczne w lecie mogą powodować wzrost temperatury gleby. Zimą, ze względu na pokrywę śnieżną, związki temperatury powietrza z temperaturą gleby były najsłabsze i w większości przypadków statystycznie nieistotne. Stwierdzono również, że różnica temperatury powierzchniowej warstwy gleby pokrytej śniegiem i gleby bez pokrywy śnieżnej zależy przede wszystkim od grubości zalegającego śniegu.

EN

The paper presents the results of research on thermal conditions of the soil and active surface. The main aim of the research was to evaluate the relation of active surface and soil temperature with air temperature. In this evaluation, data from the period 1991–2006 from meteorological stations in Ojców were used. The meteorological station is situated in the southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in the bottom of the Jurassic valley. For all the depths, daily, monthly and annual soil temperature was calculated. To evaluate the relation between soil temperature and air temperature, precipitation and snow cover the Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The strongest relation between the air temperature and soil temperature was observed in spring and autumn. The rise in the precipitation in spring and autumn made the relation of air temperature and soil temperature weaker and in summer the relation between the air temperature and soil temperature and statistically significant only to 20 cm deep. It was also proved that the precipitation in summer may lead to higher soil temperature. In winter, because of the snow, the relation between air temperature and soil temperature was the weakest and in most cases statistically not significant. It was also found that the differences in the temperature of the surface covered with snow and the soil without any snow cover depends primarily on the snow cover thickness.

9

Analysis of annual temperature distribution inside the experimental embankment

Bukowska-Belniak B., Dwornik M., Leśniak A.

Computer Science

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2017

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Vol. 18 (4)

385--397

EN

The aim of this paper is analysis of temperatures distribution inside experimental embankment from August 2015 to September 2016. Analysis was carried out in order to interpretation of the results of the flood experiments performed on the experimental embankment. The reference for year temperature changes in the embankment at various depths was obtained. A simplified model of temperature changes depending on the depth was made. The model parameters which can be used for modelling the temperatures in the embankment during the experiments were estimated.

10

Decomposition of Fine Woody Debris from Main Tree Species in Lowland Oak Forests

Ostrogović M. Z., Marjanović H., Balenović I., Sever K., Jazbec A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 2

247--259

EN

Decomposition is an important carbon flux that must be accounted for in estimates of forest ecosystem carbon balance. Aim of this research is to provide estimate of fine woody debris decomposition rates for different tree species and sample sizes also taking into account the influence of specific microsite meteorological conditions on decomposition rates. In this paper we present results of the first two years of the experiment designed to last six years. Study was conducted in managed lowland oak forest in central Croatia. Decomposition rates (k) of fine woody debris (diameter 0.5–7 cm) for four species (Querus robur L., Carpinut betulus L., Alnus glutinosa Gaernt., Fraxinus angustifolia L.) in four size classes were estimated using litter bag method and mass loss equation of Olson (1963). Overall average k in our study was 0.182 ± 0.011 year-1. Results indicate that decomposition rate is affected by the size of the debris, with the smallest diameter branches (<1 cm) decomposing is significantly faster (k = 0.260 ± 0.018, P <0.05) than the larger one. Tree species from which debris had originated also affected decomposition, although to a lesser extent, with hornbeam samples having significantly (P <0.05) higher average decomposition rate (0.229 ± 0.028), compared to that of ash samples (0.141 ± 0.022). Proportion of variability in k explained by variables ‘species’ and ‘size class’ was assessed with general linear model (R2 = 0.644) also taking into account variables like soil temperature and soil water content. Sample size class explained 22.2%; species explained only 9.4%, while soil water content and temperature combined explained 32.8% of the variance of k. Rate constants obtained within this study might be useful in modelling ecosystem carbon balance for similar lowland forest ecosystems in Europe.

11

Comparison of the Variation of Soil Respiration in Carbon Cycle in Temperate and Subtropical Forests and the Relationship with Climatic Variables

Shi Z., Zhang Y., Chen B., Zhou W., Du E., Fang J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

365--376

EN

Forest soil respiration (SR) has become a vital issue in global change ecology because of its critical role in global warming processes. However, SR remains the least understood component of the terrestrial carbon cycle because of its high spatial-temporal variability, inaccessibility of the soil substrate, and the high cost of measurement equipment. This study investigated the spatial and temporal variations of SR in six temperate and subtropical forest sites in eastern China. Seasonal variations of SR, the relationship between SR and soil temperature (ST) and volumetric water content (SW) were analyzed. Mean monthly SR varied seasonally and peaked in summer. SR varied temporally with ST (R2 = 0.43∼0.79) in different sites and varied spatially with latitude (R2 = 0.68). The responses of SR to the changes of SW varied across different sites and forest types. Their relationships were simulated by piecewise functions in the north three sites. The modules of ST and SW showed that ST is the dominant environmental factor in regulating seasonal dynamics of SR. This study is the first to examine the temporal and spatial variations of SR using a consistent method in situ in temperate and subtropical forests in eastern China. The results provide a scientific basis for accurately assessing future soil CO2 efflux as a result of climate changes, and aid predictions of the changes of forest SR.

12

The relationship between dissolved organic carbon and hydro-climatic factors in peat-muck soil

Jaszczyński J.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2015

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no. 24

27--33

EN

The object of this study was the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution related to groundwater table, soil temperature, moisture, redox potential and intensive storm rain and their changes during ten years (2001–2010). The studies were localized in drained and agriculturally used Kuwasy Mire situated in the middle basin of the Biebrza River, north-eastern Poland. The study site was situated on a low peat soil managed as intensively used grassland. The soil was recognized as peat-muck in the second stage of the mucking process. DOC concentration was determined by means of the flow colorimetric method using the Skalar equipment. Mean in the whole study period DOC concentration in soil solution was 72 mg·dm–3. A significant positive correlation was observed between DOC concentration and soil temperature at 30 cm depth. The highest DOC concentrations were observed from July to October accompanied by the lowest ground water level. The DOC concentration in soil solution showed also a significant correlation with soil redox potential at 20 cm depth – a border between muck and peat layers. This layer is potentially most active with respect to biochemical transformation. There was no relationship between DOC concentration and soil moisture. However, the influence of torrential rains on the intensity of DOC removal was demonstrated in this study.

PL

Przedmiotem badań było stężenie rozpuszczalnego węgla organicznego (RWO) w roztworze glebowym na tle poziomu wody gruntowej, temperatury i wilgotności gleby, jej potencjału elektrycznego oraz intensywnych opadów deszczu. Badania zlokalizowano na terenie zmeliorowanego i rolniczo użytkowanego Torfowiska Kuwasy, usytuowanego w środkowym basenie Biebrzy, w północno-wschodniej Polsce. Stanowisko badawcze zlokalizowano na glebie wytworzonej z torfów niskich (MtIIcb) użytkowanej jako intensywna łąka kośna. Stężenie RWO określono za pomocą kolorymetru przepływowego Skalar. Badania prowadzono w latach 2001–2010. Średnie z całego okresu badawczego stężenie RWO w roztworze glebowym wyniosło 72 mg C·dm–3. Zaobserwowano istotną dodatnią korelację między stężeniem badanego składnika i temperaturą gleby na głębokości 30 cm. Największe stężenie RWO występowało od lipca do października, kiedy to notowano również najniższy poziom zwierciadła wody gruntowej. Stężenie RWO wykazywało również istotną zależność od potencjału elektrycznego gleby notowanego na głębokości 20 cm, gdzie występowała warstwa przejściowa torfu murszejącego, charakteryzująca się potencjalnie największą intensywnością przemian biochemicznych. Nie wykazano natomiast zależności między stężeniem RWO a wilgotnością górnych partii badanej gleby. Stwierdzono również istotne nasilenie przemieszczania się RWO z kompleksu glebowego do roztworu na skutek obfitych opadów deszczu.

13

Temperatura gruntu jako czynnik wpływający na straty ciepła miejskiego systemu ciepłowniczego

Bartnicki G., Wiśniewska H.

Instal

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2015

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nr 6

4--9

PL

W uproszczonych obliczeniach strat ciepła sieci ciepłowniczych ułożonych w gruncie przyjmowana jest przybliżona wartość temperatury gruntu (8°C). Artykuł opisuje rezultaty badań wpływu wartości temperatury gruntu na wynik obliczeń strat ciepła sieci ciepłowniczej. Analizę przeprowadzono dla miejskiego systemu ciepłowniczego średniej wielkości (sumaryczna moc osiągana ok. 115 MW). Porównano również wybrane metody wyznaczania rzeczywistej temperatury gruntu, odszukane w literaturze.

EN

The simplified calculations of heat losses from buried district heating is assumed to be approximate value of the soil temperature (8°C). The article describes the results of studies focused on the soil temperature influence on the calculation of district heating heat losses. The analysis was performed for the medium size district heating system (total achieved power approx. 115 MW). The chosen method for determining the actual temperature of the soil, traced in the literature was also compared.

14

The application features geothermal ventilation of the passive house in the cold season

Zhelykh V., Savchenko O., Matusevych V.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2015

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z. 62, nr 3/II

509--515

EN

To maintain permissible parameters in a passive house must be installed mechanical ventilation system. To previous preheat outside air for ventilation system is advisable to use low potential energy of the Earth. Currently, the implementation using ground-air heat exchanger requires extensive parametric studies, development and implementation of engineering calculation methods, a comprehensive study of the possibilities of effective exploitation. Technical prerequisites of use ground-air heat exchanger of geothermal ventilation and the results of analytical studies determining the temperature of the soil at different depths during the year are shown in the article. The graphical dependences of soil temperature during cold season for different values of depths of the heat exchanger laying are obtained. According to the research the recommended depth of laying of ground-air heat exchangers for Lviv was determined.

PL

Zachowanie wymaganych parametrów domu pasywnego jest możliwe jedynie przy zainstalowaniu mechanicznych systemów wentylacyjnych. Do wstępnego podgrzania zewnętrznego powietrza dla systemu wentylacyjnego, wskazane jest użycie niskiej energii potencjalnej Ziemi. Obecnie, stosowanie wymiennika ciepła ziemia-powietrze wymaga szeroko zakrojonych badań parametrycznych, rozwoju i wprowadzenie inżynierskich metod obliczeniowych, oraz wszechstronnych badań nad możliwościami skutecznego ich wykorzystywania. W artykule zostały przedstawione techniczne warunki wstępnego wykorzystania wymiennika ciepła geotermalnej wentylacji ziemia-powietrze i wyniki badań analitycznych określających temperaturę gleby w ciągu roku przy różnych głębokościach. Określono zależność temperatury gleby podczas sezonu zimnego na poziom układania wymiennika ciepła. Na podstawie badań została określona zalecana głębokość układania wymienników ciepła ziemia - powietrze dla miasta Lwowa.

15

The geothermal ventilation of passive house

Zhelykh V., Savchenko O., Pashkevych V., Matusevych V.

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2015

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nr 2(16)

145--150

EN

Reduction of dependence on expensive imported energy resources causes the need to use energy-saving technologies at construction of the new and renovation of existing buildings. Thermal insulation of facades and the use of sealed windows are widely used to reduce the load on the heating system now. However, the lack of supply of fresh air through leaks in the outer fence negatively affects the hygiene indicators of indoor air. Design of supply-exhaust ventilation is a must for maintaining regulatory of air quantity and improving air quality in rooms of passive houses. Reduce of the load of the ventilation system allows the use of thermo ground-air heat exchangers. This article describes the possibility of using geothermal ventilation in the passive house by the ground-air heat exchangers.

PL

W celu zmniejszenia kosztów za import energii zaleca się stosowanie energooszczędnych technologii w nowo powstałych, a także istniejących modernizowanych budynkach. Dobra izolacja cieplna elewacji i szczelne okna przyczynią się do zmniejszenia zużycia ciepła w użytkowanym obiekcie. Jednak brak świeżego powietrza ma ujemny wpływ na jakość powietrza w pomieszczeniach. Stąd też zastosowanie wentylacji nawiewno-wyciągowej jest gwarancją poprawy jakości powietrza w budynkach pasywnych. W artykule opisano możliwość zastosowania wentylacji geotermalnej z wykorzystaniem gruntowych wymienników ciepła w budownictwie pasywnym.

16

Porównanie średniej dobowej temperatury gleby porośniętej trawnikiem mierzonej i obliczanej metodami standardową i automatyczną

Kajewska-Szkudlarek J., Rojek M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2014

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Vol. 23, No. 3

250--260

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy średnich dobowych wartości temperatury gleby mierzonej termometrami rtęciowymi i czujnikami elektronicznymi w okresie 2000–2009 na terenie Obserwatorium Wrocław-Swojec. Średnie dobowe według metody klasycznej były obliczane na podstawie trzech dziennych pomiarów terminowych, natomiast według metody automatycznej w dwojaki sposób: z tych samych terminów, w których wykonywano obserwacje manualne oraz z 24 godzin. W celu odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy zmiana sposobu obliczania średnich dobowych wartości temperatury gleby może spowodować zmniejszenie różnic pomiędzy obiema metodami jej pomiaru, wykorzystano analizę regresji, częstość i istotność różnic oraz analizę szeregów czasowych (tj. analizę autokorelacji i dekompozycję sezonową).

EN

The study presents the results of an analysis of mean daily values of soil temperature measured with mercury thermometers and electronic sensors during the period 2000–2009 in Wroclaw-Swojec Observatory. Daily averages were calculated from three measurements a day with standard devices and in two ways from automatic data: from the same terms and from all 24 hours. Linear regression, frequency and significance of differences, time series analysis (i.e. autocorrelation analysis and seasonal decomposition using the additive model) were performed to determine whether a change in the method of calculating mean daily values might decrease the differences between the two methods.

17

Seedling survival and dynamics of upper timberline in Central Apennines

Catorci A., Scapin W., Tardella F., Vitanzi A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

79-94

EN

Despite several studies on the timberline dynamics in Europe were carried out in the last decades, very few papers refer to mountain areas where the timberline is composed of broadleaved trees, and no research was conducted on the dynamics of Apennine beech timberline in relation to seedling survival. The research aim was to analyse the beech wood timberline dynamics in the central Apennines, with reference to seedling survival. Furthermore, factors affecting seedling survival were identified. To assess the forest ecotone dynamics, vegetation layer cover, rock fragment cover and information about forest management and krummholz occurrence were collected in sampling plots placed over 1,600 m a.s.l., on north-facing slopes. The beech seedlings occurring in Brachypodium genuense-dominated stands above the timberline were counted and monitored along two growing seasons. Soil temperature, soil moisture, and photosynthetically active radiation available for seedlings (PHAR) in grasslands above timberline were measured. The research outputs indicate that timberline is not a natural boundary and that there is no evidence of its extension upwards. The greatest number of beech seedlings was recorded in late spring. The one-year mortality rate ranged from 71 to 100%. None of the seedlings still alive in the early autumn of the first year were recorded in the following spring. The competitive exclusion by Brachypodium genuense individuals, which limit the incident PHAR, and the low soil moisture during summer, were identified as the main factors that account for the high mortality of seedlings and affect beech regeneration above timberline. The effect of competition is probably intensified by the lack of pioneer shrubs which could otherwise serve as nurse plants for beech seedlings and protect them from browsing by wild ungulates. Thus, both the current and the past land use may be considered as driving forces in timberline dynamics. Probably, also the trend of global warming, that in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean climatic context would determine the increase of summer drought stress, could worsen the effect of competitive exclusion of beech seedlings, so that it can be hypothesized that the expansion upwards of the upper timberline in the Apennines could be totally blocked.

18

Wykorzystanie szeregów czasowych do oceny różnic wartości temperatury gleby mierzonej dwiema metodami

Kajewska J., Rojek M.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2011

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T. 11, z. 4

149-160

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów temperatury gleby na głębokości 10 cm pod powierzchnią gleby pod trawnikiem i gleby nieporośniętej. Porównywano dane uzyskane metodą standardową (rtęciowe termometry kolankowe) i za pomocą stacji automatycznej Campbell CR23X. Wykorzystano wartości dobowe z pomiarów wykonanych w Obserwatorium UP Wrocław-Swojec w latach 2000-2009. Średnią dobową temperaturę gleby, mierzoną metodą standardową, obliczano na podstawie 3 terminów pomiarów: godz. 7, 13 i 19 CET. Wartości ze stacji automatycznej były średnią arytmetyczną z 24 raportów godzinnych. Przeprowadzono analizę autokorelacji i autokorelacji cząstkowej wartości różnic dobowych. Analiza autokorelacji cząstkowej potwierdziła istnienie sezonowości. Dekompozycję szeregów czasowych przeprowadzono wykorzystując model addytywny. Wyizolowano składnik sezonowy, trend, wahania długookresowe oraz składnik losowy. Otrzymany wskaźnik sezonowości wynosił -0,8°C oraz 0,8°C, w zależności od pory roku i rodzaju powierzchni. Spośród wszystkich składowych szeregów czasowych, największe wartości uzyskano dla składnika losowego. Wykazano, że skutecznym sposobem sprawdzania homogeniczności serii obserwacyjnych jest ocena częstości występowania różnic między wynikami pomiarów wykonanych za pomocą obu rodzajów stacji. Sezonowość różnic dobowych wartości temperatury gleby wyrażała się wzrostem wielkości różnic w okresie letnim w przypadku temperatury gleby pod powierzchnią nieporośniętą i ich spadkiem w tej samej porze roku pod powierzchnią trawnika; w okresie zimowym zależności były odwrotne.

EN

The paper presents the results of soil temperature measured at a depth of 10 cm under the bare soil and under the lawn. Compared data were obtained from standard methods (mercury thermometers) and using the automatic station Campbell CR23X. Daily measurements were taken at the Observatory UP Wroclaw-Swojec in the period 2000-2009. Standard mean daily soil temperature was calculated based on three terminal measurements: at 7, 13 and 19 CET. Daily value according to the automatic station was the arithmetic mean of the 24-hour reports. An analysis of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation of daily differences was conducted. Partial autocorrelation analysis confirmed the seasonality. The decomposition of time series was carried out using an additive model. Seasonal component, trend, long-term fluctuation and irregular component were isolated. Obtained seasonal index amounted to -0.8 and 0.8°C, depending on season and the type of surface. From among all time series components, the highest values were obtained for the random component. Performed analysis proved that the assessment of the frequency of differences between results of measurements with both types of stations was an effective way to check the homogeneity of observation series. Seasonality of differences in daily values of soil temperature manifested itself by increasing differences in the summer under bare soil and decreasing differences at the same time under the lawn, in the winter period the relation was reversed.

19

A distributed soil temperature measurement system with high spatial resolution based on BOTDR

Gao L., Shi B., Zhu Y., Wang K., Sun Y., Tang C.

Optica Applicata

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2011

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Vol. 41, nr 3

607--616

EN

This paper presents a new, recently developed, distributed soil temperature measurement sensor system, with high spatial resolution, based on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR). The process of developing the distributed soil temperature sensor is introduced in detail, including the principle, materials, installation, instrumentation and calibration. The new distributed soil temperature sensor improves the spatial resolution from 100 cm to 3.3 cm, and has some other unique advantages, including long distance measurement capability, a longer life cycle, galvanic isolation, EMI immunity, good stability and ease of integration. Finally, an in situ comparison test was carried out, where results from the new sensor were compared to data measured using a standard point-mode system. This test proves that the newly developed distributed sensor is both accurate and has the capability to measure continuously the distribution of the soil temperature along the whole borehole depth, indicating that this new measure technique has a wide and powerful application potential.

20

The evaluation of global warming's effects on soil temperature - case of Tlemcen (North Africa)

Boukli Hacene M. E. A., Chabane Sari N. E.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2011

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no. 15

145-155

EN

The average temperature of the Earth as a whole is not stable but varies with time, as evidenced by analysis of geological layers. Our planet was colder by ten degrees Celsius 20 000 years ago, during the height of the last ice age. These variations are still very slow, and the temperature has fluctuated by only 0.2 degrees between the year 1000 and the late nineteenth century (ESSLINGER, 2009). The fact that worries the international community at present is the acceleration of the phenomenon, which now occurs at a rate unmatched in the past. Thus, since the late nineteenth century the average global temperature rose by 0.6 degrees. Worse, the computer simulations suggest that warming will accelerate and the average temperature could therefore increase by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees by the end of the century. This phenomenon is called global warming. In this study, global warming effects on soil temperature of Tlemcen (North of Africa), was evaluated by the analysis of spatial and temporal variations of the soil temperature data. The aim of this study is to set an equation, which introduces the ground temperature field as a function of depth, time, and ground thermal properties in an area where the local warming is known. To achieve this goal, numerical solution of general heat conduction equation and a special programme were used. The integration of derived function could be used to determine the heat accumulation in the ground as a result of global warming.

PL

Średnia temperatura Ziemi jako całości nie jest stała i zmienia się w czasie, czego dowodzą analizy warstw geologicznych. Dwadzieścia tysięcy lat temu, w apogeum epoki lodowcowej, nasza planeta była chłodniejsza o 10°C. Zmiany zachodzą jednak powoli, a temperatura między rokiem 1000 a końcem XIX w. wahała się nie więcej niż o 0,2°C (ESSLINGER, 2009). Obecnie, międzynarodowa społeczność zaniepokojona jest faktem, że zjawisko to nabiera przyspieszenia i osiąga szybkość niespotykaną w przeszłości. Od końca XIX w. średnia temperatura globu wzrosła o 0,6°C. Ponadto, komputerowe symulacje sugerują, że ocieplenie może przyspieszyć, a średnia temperatura może wzrosnąć o 1,4 do 5,8°C do końca bieżącego stulecia. To zjawisko nazwano globalnym ociepleniem. W przedstawionych badaniach wpływ globalnego ocieplenia na temperaturę gleby w Tlemcen (północ Afryki) oceniono na podstawie analizy przestrzennej i czasowej zmienności temperatury gleby. Celem badań było sformułowanie wzoru, który ujmowałby temperaturę gleby jako funkcję głębokości, czasu i cieplnych właściwości gruntu w obszarze, dla którego znane jest lokalne ocieplenie. Aby osiągnąć ten cel użyto numerycznego rozwiązania ogólnego równania przewodnictwa cieplnego i specjalnego programu. Całka otrzymanej funkcji może służyć do oznaczenia akumulacji ciepła w glebie jako efektu globalnego ocieplenia.