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1

Land Suitability Assessment for Wheat Production Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Parametric Method in Babylon Province

Mohammed Rafal J., Suliman Abdulhalim A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

75--87

EN

This study was carried out to show the extent to which the land is productive due to the effect that climatic changes and the increase in population growth are the reasons that led to an increase in the demand for food, especially in developing countries. Therefore, a scientific way must assess the land suitability for growing crops. This research aimed to provide an integrated approach to the process of analyzing the suitability of agricultural lands for crop growth. Wheat in the Nile region of Babylon Governorate, was studied using the analytical hierarchy model (AHP) and compared with the parametric method and the actual crop in the field, as twelve soil criteria were determined (electrical conductivity, soil interaction, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium ratio, soil texture, lime, gypsum, organic carbon, drainage, soil depth, slope, flooding) and three criteria were added in the AHP method due to their importance in Iraqi soils, which are (total nitrogen, availability phosphorus, crop variety). The results were extracted and showed that all the results of the study using the parametric method within the very unsuitable class for cultivation, N2, 72.5%, with an area of 37,734.07 hectares, and the unsuitable class, N1, 27.5%, with an area of 14,312.92 hectares, either by using the method. According to the analytical hierarchy process and giving varying importance to the soil criteria above, it was found that 37.5% are very suitable S1 with an area of 19517.62 hectares, 42.5% suitable for agriculture S2 with an area of 22119.97 hectares, and 20% moderately suitable S3 with an area of 10409.4 hectares. These results were similar to the agricultural reality of the regions under study.

2

Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Enhance Bulb Yield and Alleviate the Adverse Effect of Saline Stress on Lily Plants

Byczyńska Andżelika, Zawadzińska Agnieszka, Salachna Piotr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

338--347

EN

Salinity occurring in intensively used agricultural, industrialized, and urbanized areas is one of the main factors in soil degradation. The effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on plant growth under environmental stresses is still not fully understood. Two experiments were conducted on the response of Asiatic lilies to treatment with colloidal AgNPs. In Experiment I, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of treating 'Osasco' lily bulbs with colloidal AgNPs (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 ppm) on growth, flowering, and bulb yield, as well as the production of bulblets. Compared with the control, the applied colloidal AgNPs at all concentrations caused an acceleration of flowering and an increase in bulb diameter and the fresh weight of the aboveground part of the plants and bulbs. In addition, treatment with colloidal AgNPs at concentrations of 100 and 150 ppm increased bulblets’ number and fresh weight. In Experiment II, the effects of colloidal AgNPs (100 ppm) and NaCl stress (600 mM) on the growth parameters, assimilation pigment content, and chemical composition of 'Bright Pixi' lily leaves were evaluated. As a result of the application of colloidal AgNPs, plants flowered faster and had increased height, petal width, fresh bulb weight, bulb diameter, and several scales in the bulb. Under NaCl stress, plants had reduced fresh weight of the aboveground part and bulb, bulb diameter, number of scales in a bulb, and contents of assimilation pigments, N, K, Ca, Cu, Mn and Zn. Colloidal AgNPs offset the adverse effects of salinity on bulb yield by increasing fresh bulb, bulb diameter, and the number of scales in lily bulbs. In conclusion, using colloidal AgNPs can contribute to developing new methods of bulbous plants production and an effective strategy to protect plants from ever-increasing land salinization.

3

Soil Salinity Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Radar Data in the Case from the South of Kazakhstan

Merembayev Timur, Amirgaliyev Yedilkhan, Saurov Sultan, Wójcik Waldemar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

61--67

EN

Soil salinity is one of the major impact factors on agriculture in the South of Kazakhstan. Prediction and estimation of soil salinity before planting a season usually helps to plan for the leaching of the salt. In the paper, satellite data such as radar data and machine learning algorithms, were used to classify soil salinity. Numerical results were presented for the Turkestan region, which contains more than 102 points. The machine learning algorithms, including Gaussian Process, Decision Tree, and Random Forest, were compared. The evaluation of the model score was realized by using metrics, such as accuracy, Recall, and f1. In addition, the influence of the dataset features on the classification was investigated using machine learning algorithms. The research results showed that the Gaussian Process model has the best score among considered algorithms. In addition, the results are consistent with the outcome of the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) framework.

4

A Study of the Processes of Desertification at the Modern Delta of the Ili River with the Application of Remote Sensing Data

Laiskhanov Shakhislam Uzakbaevich, Poshanov Maksat Nurbaiuly, Smanov Zhassulan Maratuly, Karmenova Nursipa Nursanovna, Tleubergenova Kenzhekey Akhmetvalievna, Ashimov Tazhihan Ashimovish

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

169--178

EN

The water regime is the main factor contributing to the formation of landscapes in the river deltas of arid zones, any fluctuations in which lead to a change in the integral hydromorphic landscape. After the construction of the Kapshagai reservoir, the anthropogenic load on the ecosystem of the Ili River delta increased, as a result of which degradation processes, such as drying out and salinization, intensified. In the short term, this phenomenon may lead to the desertification of about 1 million ha of land in the modern river delta. In this regard, the main goal of this study is to look at the processes of desertification in the modern delta of the Ili River, using remote sensing data, which allows for quick identification of the long-term dynamics of degradation processes. For this, the authors used satellite data from Landsat 1–5 MSSS and Landsat 8OLI satellites for 1979 and 2019 and soil analysis data obtained through the ground (field) surveys. Using regression analysis of space and soil data, predictors for interpreting space images were identified and maps of landscape drying and soil salinization were compiled, reflecting the changes that have occurred over the past 40 years. As a result, it was found that in 2019, compared to 1979, the area of landscapes covered with vegetation had decreased by 12% and there was a transformation of hydromorphic landscapes into salt marshes and solonetzes. Over the past 40 years, the volume of non-saline soils has decreased by 41.3% and the volume of saline soils has increased to varying degrees. That is, at present, on the territory of the modern delta, a difficult land improvement situation has developed associated with the cessation of spring and summer floods due to the intensive water use at the Chinese and Kazakh sides.

5

Wheat yield response and seasonal salt profile evolution under irrigation with saline waters in a semi-arid region

Cheraghi Seyed A. M.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 44

26--32

EN

Scarcity of fresh water resources is the major constraint for agricultural development in Iran as in many other regions with arid and semi-arid climate. With the pressure on fresh water resources, the use of un-conventional water resources including brackish, saline and sewage water has received greater attentions in recent years. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of farmers' practices using saline groundwater on wheat yield and soil salinity in a Mediterranean climate of Fars province in southern Iran. The study was carried out in several commercial wheat production regions for two years. Chemical analysis of irrigation waters, volume of applied irrigation water, electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract (ECe) and yield were measured in each field. General information on agronomic practices was also collected using a questionnaire. Results demonstrate that waters with salinities higher than what has been classified as “suitable for irrigation” are being used for the production of wheat crop. Analysis of wheat yield response to saline irrigation water showed that for water salinities up to 10.7 mS∙cm–1 (threshold value) variation in yield was relatively minor, above which wheat yield decreased at a greater rate. Root zone salinity profiles showed the effect of winter rainfall in reducing soil salinity. It is concluded that although acceptable yields are obtained with some of the highly brackish waters, over application of these waters would threaten the sustainability of crop production in the region.

6

The impact of production of silver nanoparticles using soil fungi and its applications for reducing irrigation water salinity

Yaseen Rabaa, Kotp Yousra H., Eissa Doaa

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 46

216--228

EN

In the present work, the dried biomass of soil isolated fungus Eurotium cristatum was used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape with average diameter of 16.56 nm and displayed maximum absorbance at 418. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study indicated the presence and binding of proteins with myco-produced silver nanoparticles. The optimum conditions for AgNPs biosynthesis were found to be at temperature of 40°C, pH of 8.0, substrate concentration of 500 ppm and fungal biomass wt. of 0.8 g. The AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. AgNPs was built-in thin film nanocomposite (TFNC) membrane and the impacts of nanomaterial composition on membrane properties and desalination process were studied. The AgNPs produced membrane TFNC had better filtration performances than pure thin film composite membrane TFC. The TFNC membrane had enhanced water flux (32.0 vs. 16.5 dm3∙m–2∙h–1) and advanced NaCl rejection (91.7 vs. 89%) compared to the TFC membrane. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the irrigation with desalinated water on yield and productivity of essential oil of the sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and lavender (Lavandula multifida L.). The irrigation with desalinated water reduced significantly the soil reaction, soil electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percent in rhizospheric soil, it also enhanced the growth and oil yield of both plants compared with those irrigated with salt water.

7

Environmental safety evaluation from galvanic sludge during long-term storage

Tretiakova Larissa, Mitiuk Ludmila

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2020

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Vol. 4, nr 3

105--113

EN

The article analyses the ecological state of the soil in an enterprise with a galvanic shop that produces chips and microcircuits. The problem of production waste storage in open areas is investigated. Environmental hazards during long-term storage of sludge have been identified. The composition of the sludge obtained after sewage treatment of the production of the copper line was investigated. A method for predicting the level and depth of soil salinity during long-term sludge storage is proposed. The experience of reuse of copper extracted from sludge is analysed.

8

Assessment of soil salinity from galvanic sludge during s long-term storage in open areas

Tretiakova Larisa, Mitiuk Lyudmila

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2019

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Vol. 3, nr 4

206--214

EN

The article analyzes the ecological state of the soil in an enterprise with a galvanic shop that produces chips and microcircuits. The problem of production waste storage in open areas is investigated. Environmental hazards during long-term storage of sludge have been identified. The composition of the sludge obtained after sewage treatment of the production of the copper line was investigated. A method for predicting the level and depth of soil salinity during long-term sludge storage is proposed. The experience of reuse of copper extracted from sludge is analyzed. Maximum service life of packaging made of polyvinyl chloride to save the sludge was determined.

9

The effect of de-icing roads with salt on the environment in Krakow (Poland)

Kostka Anna, Strzebońska Magdalena, Sobczyk Maciej, Zakrzewska Marta, Bochenek Anna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 3

195--205

EN

The de-icing of roads and streets in the winter season is a necessity in many European countries, where the mean day temperature drops below 0°C for long periods. Among the many chemicals used for winter road maintenance, the most popular in Poland is sodium chloride in various forms and mixtures, due to its relatively low price and availability. This agent, however, contributes to the increase of salinity in the soil environment and may lead to disturbances in soil properties and premature plant necrosis. The impact of the usage of chloride salts on the soil environment was researched in Krakow’s city centre by means of the examination of soil samples collected prior to the de-icing season (November) and afterwards (February) as well as snow samples taken in February. A general deterioration of the examined parameters (pH, conductivity, chloride concentrations, carbonate concentrations) was observed after the winter season, but still the results for most samples did not pose a serious threat to the soil environment or plants. This was mainly the result of the fact that the winter seasons in European countries have become increasingly mild and warm, which contributes to decreased usage of chloride salts. However, the state of soils in the Main Square was disturbing, as demonstrated by the clearly elevated chemical parameters of samples, despite a ban on the use of salt in this area. These results indicate the most probable reason for the withering of trees growing there, leading to them being frequently replaced.

10

Evaluation of the soil quality in the vicinity of Inowrocław soda plants

Wiatrowska K. M., Komisarek J., Marcinek J., Kozłowski M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 3

58--67

EN

The aims of this study were to assess the quality of soils affected by strongly saline waste products and to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of soil properties influenced by a soda plant. Soil samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), pH, trace element content and dehydrogenases activity. The research was conducted in the vicinity of the waste ponds of the Ciech Soda Poland S.A. company (Central Poland), where 35 groundwaters, 63 surface (0–20 cm) and 60 subsurface (80–100 cm) samples were collected. Although the waste ponds are currently not used for regular disposal of waste products, a high level of salinity of groundwater and soil, especially in the subsurface layer, is still being observed. The electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract (ECse) values varied between 0.9–15.4 and 1.0–87.2 dS·m-1 for surface and subsurface layer, respectively. Analysis of the spatial distribution of soil salinity reveals a correlation with microrelief and groundwater levels. Maps of the spatial distribution of heavy metals showed that their content in the subsurface layer was a result of chemical migration from the waste ponds, and in the surface layer by other sources (atmospheric deposition). The soil salinity did not influence dehydrogenases activity.

11

Wpływ prac wiertniczych na właściwości gleb oraz stan zdrowotny drzew w rejonie kopalni soli „Solino” S.A. w Górze k. Inowrocławia

Hulisz P., Cyzman W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2015

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nr 157 (37)

14--25

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza wpływu prac wiertniczych prowadzonych na terenie Kopalni Soli „Solino” S.A. w Górze k. Inowrocławia na właściwości gleb oraz stan drzewostanu. Badania wykazały, że prace te, głównie poprzez oddziaływanie aerozoli, miały wyraźny wpływ na wzrost zasolenia analizowanych gleb. Wartości ECe nie wykazywały jednak związku z odległością od miejsca odwiertu, co mogło sugerować okresowy wpływ płytko zalegających wód glebowo-gruntowych. Uruchomienie odwiertu przyczyniło się do pogorszenia się stanu zdrowotnego drzew w najbliższym otoczeniu wieży wiertniczej. W przylegającej do niej strefie o średnicy około 50 m większość egzemplarzy drzew cechowała się ubytkiem aparatu asymilacyjnego od 26% do nawet ponad 60% (stopień uszkodzeń średni i silny). Zawartość Na i Cl w liściach i gałązkach drzew rosnących w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie wiertni była kilkunastokrotnie wyższa niż oznaczona na powierzchni referencyjnej.

EN

This paper aimed at analysing the influence of salt drilling operation on soil properties and the state of health of trees. The study was conducted in the area of the salt mine in Góra near Inowrocław (north-central Poland). Due to the impact of aerosols, the high salt accummulation in soils in the 50 m zone around the drilling site was stated. However, the ECe values, showed no relation with the distance from that site. It could suggest seasonal influence of shallow saline ground water. The salt drilling operation contributed to the deterioration of the health condition of trees in the immediate vicinity of the borehole. Most trees were characterized by loss of assimilation apparatus from 26% to as much as over 60% (degree of damage to the medium and strong). The content of Na and Cl in the leaves and twigs of trees growing nearest the drilling site was several times higher than recorded in the reference area.

12

Rekultywacja gleby ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem terenów pokopalnianych

Kowalska A.

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2015

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Nr 2

92--99

PL

Korzystanie ze środowiska często niesie za sobą wiele negatywnych oddziaływań. Na przestrzeni ostatnich dziesięcioleci w znacznym stopniu ucierpiało wiele komponentów środowiska, w tym również gleba. Taki stan rzeczy spowodowany jest w dużym stopniu przeznaczaniem terenów na cele nierolnicze i nieleśne. Osoby, które mogą się przyczynić lub już się przyczyniły do degradacji gleby, powinny zdać sobie sprawę, jak ważną rolę odgrywa gleba, w jaki sposób może zostać zniszczona oraz jakie obecnie stosuje się metody rekultywacji.

13

Przebieg zmian zasolenia w glebach zalanych wodami nadosadowymi ze zbiornika odpadów poflotacyjnych Żelazny Most

Kaszubkiewicz J., Pora E., Cuske M., Musztyfaga E.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2014

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nr 153 (33)

23--31

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zasoleniem gleb zalanych wodami nadosadowymi w wyniku awarii podziemnego rurociągu pomiędzy miejscowościami Żuków i Bieńków. W wyniku zalania nastąpił wzrost zasolenia gleb. W celu określenia postępu odsalania badania przeprowadzono powtórnie rok po awarii.

EN

The paper presents results of research on soils flooded salinity wastewaters as a result of failure of underground pipeline between the villages Żuków and Bieńków. As a result of flooding increased the salinity of soils. In order to determine the progress of desalination research was carried out again year after the accident.

14

Zasolenie gleby a zieleń miejska (pod patronatem ZSZP)

Skórkowska A.

Zieleń Miejska

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2013

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Nr 12

27--29

PL

Od wielu już lat po każdej zimie możemy obserwować kolejne drzewa zamierające wzdłuż ulic. To, co jeszcze dwadzieścia lat temu było zdarzeniem sporadycznym, teraz ma charakter masowy.

15

The effect of Spent Mushroom Substrate field storage conditions on its leachate composition

Cebula J, Pelczar J, Loska K, Widziewicz K

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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T. 16, nr 1

93--102

EN

Passive weathering in a field is a popular method of Spent Mushroom Substrate disposal. During this process rain and snowmelt water percolates through SMS piles and a large amount of solutes is leached out. Leachate contains substantially high concentrations of inorganic salts, that contribute to soil and groundwater salinity. In order to examine to what extent salts are leached from SMS piles, laboratory-scale lysimeter study was carried out. It was performed on two SMS substrates stored in the field for 3 years (substrate “A”) and 1 year (substrate “B”) respectively. Leaching experiment was conducted for 21 days, simulating annual rainfall cycles in Poland. Effluents were controlled for changes in chemical composition. Analysis included: moisture, pH, conductivity (EC), ions concentrations: Cl−, NO3−, SO2-4 , K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) measurements. Leachate composition was dominated by Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and SO2-4 concentrations. To describe the leaching dynamics seven mathematical models were fitted to the data. For the majority of components the function that best illustrated weathering process was a quadratic function, although Ca2+ leaching was best illustrated by a power function and Cl− release by a logarithmic one. After three weeks the quantity of inorganic salts eluted from 1 kgdw of SMS reached 16.8 g for substrate “A” and 43.9 g for substrate “B”. Obtained results indicate that improper management of SMS may result in excessive soil salinity.

PL

Leżakowanie na polu jest popularną metodą zagospodarowania zużytego odpadu popieczarkowego (Spent Mushroom Substrate). W trakcie tego procesu wody opadowe oraz roztopowe przenikają przez pryzmy SMS i przyczyniają się do powstawania odcieków zawierających wysokie stężenia soli nieorganicznych, powodujących zasolenie środowiska wodno-gruntowego. W celu zbadania, w jakim stopniu składniki mineralne są wymywane ze zużytego odpadu popieczarkowego, przeprowadzono lizymetryczne badania laboratoryjne. Do badań użyto dwóch odpadów SMS, substratu „A” leżakującego przez 3 lata oraz substratu „B” składowanego w warunkach polowych przez rok. Eksperyment prowadzono przez 21 dni, symulując warunki wymywania, typowe dla opadów na terenie Polski. Zakres analiz obejmował następujące oznaczenia: wilgotność, pH, przewodnictwo właściwe (EC) oraz stężenia: Cl−, NO3−, SO2-4, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, węgla całkowitego (TC) i azotu całkowitego (TN). Skład odcieku był zdominowany przez jony: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− i SO2-4. Do opisu dynamiki wymywania tych składników użyto siedmiu modeli matematycznych. Dla większości składników przebieg wymywania najlepiej ilustrował model funkcji kwadratowej, w przypadku potasu funkcja potęgowa, a w przypadku chlorków funkcja logarytmiczna. Na podstawie krzywych wymywania stwierdzono, że po trzech tygodniach prowadzenia procesu ilość soli nieorganicznych wypłukana z 1 kg zużytego podłoża wynosiła w przypadku substratu „A” 16,8 g, a w przypadku substratu „B” 43,9 g. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że niewłaściwy sposób zagospodarowania zużytego podłoża z produkcji pieczarek może być przyczyną nadmiernego zasolenia gleby.

16

Effect of Salinity on Soil Respiration and Nitrogen Dynamics

Zeng W. Z., Xu C., Wu J. W., Huang J. S., Ma T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 3

519--530

EN

A facility of BaPS (Barometric Process Separation) and indoor incubation experiments were used to determine the effect of soil salinity on soil respiration and nitrogen transformation. The rates of soil respiration, gross nitrification, denitrification, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen concentrations and relevant soil parameters were measured. Results showed that soil respiration and nitrification and denitrification rates were all affected by soil salinity. Furthermore, the effect of soil salinity level on nitrification and denitrification rates had a threshold value (EC1:5 = 1.13 dS/m). When soil salinity level was smaller to this threshold value, the rates of nitrification and denitrification increased with soil salinity while they were reduced when soil salinity level was larger than the threshold value. Moreover, the changing law of soil respiration rate with soil salinity was similar with the nitrification and denitrification rates while the variation tendency was opposite. In addition, the transformation form urea to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen was also reduced with the increase of soil salinity and the reduced effect could be expressed by exponential functions.

PL

Proces BaPS (Ciśnieniowy Proces Separacji) oraz inkubacja pokojowa zostały wykorzystane do określenia wpływu zasolenia gleby na jej oddychanie i transformację azotu. Mierzono szybkości: respiracji gleby, całkowitej nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji, a także stężenie azotu amonowego i azotanowego oraz wartości odpowiednich parametrów gleby. Wyniki wykazały, że respiracja glebowa oraz szybkości nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji były uzależnione od zasolenia gleby. Ponadto stwierdzono, że wpływ poziomu zasolenia gleby na szybkość nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji miał wartość progową (EC1:5 = 1,13 dS/m). Gdy poziom zasolenia gleby był mniejszy od tej wartości progowej, szybkości nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji rosły wraz ze wzrostem zasolenia gleby. Jeżeli zasolenie gleby był większe od progowego, to szybkości te malały. Co więcej, zmiany charakteru zależności szybkości respiracji gleby od jej zasolenia były porównywalne z szybkością nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji, podczas gdy tendencja zmian była odwrotna. Ponadto, transformacja mocznika do amoniaku i azotu azotanowego również zmniejszała się przy wzroście zasolenia gleby, a efekt takiego zmniejszania może być wyrażony funkcją wykładniczą.

17

Zasolenie gleby wyznaczane sensorami FDR działającymi w zmiennej częstotliwości

Wilczek A., Skierucha W., Janik G., Cieśla J., Pichler V.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2012

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T. 12, z. 2

341-349

PL

Pomiar zasolenia gleby jest dokładnie opisany w literaturze, zwłaszcza przez autorów zajmujących się badaniem parametrów fizykochemicznych gleby w rejonach zagrożonych suszą. Zasolenia gleby, rozumianego jako elektryczna konduktywność ekstraktu roztworu glebowego, nie można zmierzyć w sposób selektywny. Wynika to z faktu, że na pomiar wpływa nie tylko zawartość soli w postaci rozpuszczonych jonów, ale także wilgotność gleby, temperatura i tekstura. Zatem pomiar poziomu zasolenia gleby, szczególnie w warunkach polowych, nadal wymaga prac związanych z metodyką oraz stosowaną aparaturą pomiarową. Idealny miernik zasolenia gleby powinien mierzyć chwilowe wartości wszystkich elementów istotnie wpływających na wynik pomiaru, w tym samym czasie i w tym samym miejscu. Zastosowanie sensorów dielektrycznych, tj. sensorów działających w technice TDR (ang. "time domain reflectometry") (TOPP i in. 1980) i FDR (ang. "frequancy domain reflectometry") (HILHORST, DIRKSEN 1994), umożliwiło integrację czujników wilgotności, przewodnictwa elektrycznego i temperatury gleby w jednym urządzeniu pomiarowym. W artykule przedstawiono elektryczny model sensora FDR, działającego w zakresie częstotliwości od 10-500 MHz, przeznaczonego do pomiaru stanu zasolenia gleby, określonego jako pochodna cząstkowa jej przewodnictwa elektrycznego w stosunku części rzeczywistej zespolonej przenikalności elektrycznej. Jego innowacyjność polega na zastosowaniu szerokiego zakresu częstotliwości pomiaru w celu identyfikacji czynników wpływających na zasolenie gleby, objawiających się w różny sposób przy zmianie częstotliwości sygnału badanego.

EN

Measurement of salinity of the soil is thoroughly described in the literature, especially by authors dealing with the examination of physicochemical parameters of soil in areas threatened by drought. Soil salinity, treated as electrical conductivity of the soil solution, can't be measured in a selective way. This follows from the fact that on the measurement has influence not only the salt content in the form of dissolved ions, but also soil moisture, temperature and texture. Thus, measurement of soil salinity, especially in field conditions require continued work on the methodology and measuring apparatus used. The ideal meter of soil salinity should be measured instantaneous values of all elements of significantly affecting the measurement result, at the same time and same place. The use of dielectric sensors working in the time and frequency domain reflectometry method, opened up new opportunities to integrate measurement sensors of humidity, electrical conductivity and soil temperature in one device. The article presents the electrical model of the FDR sensor designed to measure the salinity of soil as a partial derivative its electrical conductivity to relative real part of complex dielectric permittivity, working in the frequency range from 10-500 MHz. His innovation is to use a wide range of measuring frequency in order to identify factors influencing the soil salinity observed by changing the test frequency.

18

Wpływ środków chemicznych stosowanych do odśnieżania na właściwości sorpcyjne rędzin właściwych w mieście Opole

Kochanowska K., Kusza G.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2011

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R. 16, NR 1-2

41--45

PL

Zdolność sorpcyjna gleby jest jednym z podstawowych wyznaczników kształtujących jakość gleby i jej odporność na degradację. Miernikiem takiej jakości jest zawartość kationów wymiennych, występujących w kompleksie sorpcyjnym. Niewłaściwy wzajemny stosunek jonów wymiennych może przyczynić się nie tylko do zmian chemicznych w glebach, ale także będzie stanowić zagrożenie dla roślin bytujących na nich. Jednym z podstawowych czynników wpływających na równowagę w kompleksie sorpcyjnym jest wprowadzanie środków chemicznych służących do zwalczania śniegu i gołoledzi na drogach i chodnikach. Przeprowadzone w 1994 i 2009 r. badania miały na celu określenie zmian zawartości kationów wymiennych (Na+, K+, Mg2+ i Ca2+) w rędzinach właściwych miasta Opole. Zestawiając wyniki badań z analizowanego okresu, stwierdzono jednoznacznie wzrost zawartości kationów wapnia oraz magnezu, natomiast spadek stężenia potasu i sodu.

EN

A sorption capacity of soils is one of the basie indicators of the soils quality and their resistance for the degradation. The content of exchangeable cations in the soil sorption complex makes the soil quality standard. An improper mutual ratio of exchangeable ions not only does chemical changes in the soils, but may contribute to the plant development threat. One of the essential factors influencing the chemical equilibrium in the soil sorption complex is the application of deicing chemicals. Studies, carried out in 1994 and 2009 years, aimed at evaluation of changes in the content of exchangeable cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) in rendzinas in the town ot" Opole. The results obtained revealed explicitly the increase in calcium and manganese content, as well as the decrease in potassium and sodium concentrations.

19

Relationship between vegetation zonation and edaphic factors in a salt-marsh community (Black Sea Coast)

Apaydin Z., Kutbay H., Ozbucak T., Yalcin E., Bilgin A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

99-112

EN

The effects of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soluble cations (Na[^+], K[^+], Ca[^2+], Mg[^2+]), and soluble anions (HCO[3^-], Cl[^-], SO[4^2-]) on vegetation zonation in a salt-marsh community (Black Sea coast) were investigated on two localities at Black Sea Coast differing as to the altitude, community composition and zonation. Three zones (25-80 m wide) - lower, middle and upper were distinguished in each locality along 150 m transect and according to the vegetation types which were analysed with Braun-Blanquet method. The dominant species were following: Juncus acutus L., Salicornia prostrata Pall., Spergularia marina (L.) Gris, Hordeum geniculatum All., Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus, Carex capitellata Boiss. and Bal, Artemisia santonicum L. and Juncus littoralis C. A. Mey. Soil samples were taken down to 50 cm. The results of soil analysis were evaluated by using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) from winter 1999 to autumn 2000. HCO[3^-] concentration and inundation depth (2.22.21-44 cm) are the environmental variables that correlate the best with axis 1, whereas K[^+] concentration and inundation depth (2.22-21.44 cm) correlate the best with axis 2 during the study period. During winter 1999, HCO[3^-] concentration showed the highest correlation with the canonical axis 1 and associated zone was H. geniculatum. In spring, summer and autumn 2000, inundation depth (3.44-19.11 cm) was the most prominent factor correlated with the first and second axes, respectively, with associated zone of C. capitellata. EC, Na[^+] and Cl[^-] concentrations were decreased during autumn in all vegetation zones except for C. capitellata and Artemisia santonicum zones in which Na[^+] and Cl[^-] concentrations and EC, respectively were increased during autumn. The C. capitellata (Cyperaceae) zone was located on the positive site of axis 1 during autumn 2000 and followed the gradient of inundation depth. S. prostrata, S. marina, H. geniculatum and P. coronopus subsp. coronopus seems to be adapted to the most saline soils, whereas C.capitellata indicates the wettest soils in the studied salt marsh. The Juncus littoralis zone followed the gradient of maximum salinity during autumn of the year 2000, but the zone was not related to the measured increase in soil salinity during winter, summer and spring. In both localities EC, Na[^+] and Cl[^-] concentrations were tended to decrease at upper zones. Inundation regime, K[^+] concentration, and HCO[3^-] concentration are key factors affecting vegetation zonation in studied salt marshes.

20

Badanie wpływu zasolenia gleby na wzrost i rozwój wybranych gatunków roślin

Małuszyńska I., Małuszyński M. J.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2009

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Nr 21

32-39

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu zasolenia gleby na wzrost i rozwój wybranych gatunków roślin. Do badań wytypowano dwa gatunki z rodziny traw: kupkówkę pospolitą (Daetylis glomerata L.), życicę wielokwiatową (Lolium multijlorum L.) oraz dwa z rodziny motylkowatych: koniczynę łąkową (Trifolium pratense L.), wykę siewną (Vicia sativa L.). Warunki rozwoju roślin zostały zróżnicowane poprzez wprowadzenie zasolenia na poziomie O, 2, 6, 12 i 20 mS' cm-l w temp. 25°C. Dla większości kombinacji zaobserwowano obniżenie przyrostu biomasy pod wpływem zasolenia gleby u wszystkich badanych roślin. Badania wykazały, że zastosowane trawy są bardziej tolerancyjne na zasolenie niż wybrane motylkowate. Wyniki badań pozwoliły na określenie, iż z roślin należących do rodziny traw nieznacznie bardziej tolerancyjna na zasolenie jest życica wielokwiatowa. Spośród motylkowatych większą tolerancją wykazała się wyka siewna, mniejszą koniczyna łąkowa.

EN

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of soil salinity on growth and advancement of selected plant species. Two species of Poaceae and two species of Fabaceae were chosen to conduct the research. The conditions of plants growth were diversified through introduction of salinity at levels 0, 2, 6, 12 i 20 mS źcm-I. For the majority of combinations of researched plants the reduction of biomass accumulation caused by the soil salinity was observed. The results showed that the Poaceae were more tolerant to soil salinity than Fabaceae. The research results show that Lolium multiflorum L., were more tolerant to soil salinity than Dactylis glomerata L .. Out of Fabaceae Vicia sativa L. showed greater tolerance than Trifolium pretense L..