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Abundance and diversity of soil microarthropod communities related to different land use regime in a traditional farm in Western Norway

Gulvik M., Błoszyk J., Austad I., Bajaczyk R., Piwczyński D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2008

Vol. 56, nr 2

273-288

Acari and Collembola are the dominant groups within the mycophagous arthropods linked to fungal-based food webs in undisturbed soils. Studies on soil microarthropod communities in old, traditional, multifunctional farmland, and studies on secondary succession following marginalization and abandonment of traditional farmland are lacking in Europe. Thus, we studied patterns of microarthropod communities related to different land use regimes in a traditional farm in Western Norway. Soil mesofauna communities were analysed at four sites: site OM - old, herb rich, open hay meadow in traditional use; site F1 - abandoned hay meadow with pollarded trees (first fallow); site F2 - deciduous woodland (abandoned hay meadow with old pollards, heavily overgrown, second fallow); and site RM - restored hay meadow with scattered, newly pollarded trees. The abundance of the taxa varied considerably between habitats (for instance: total microarthropods - from 112.4 [plus or minus] 11.4 to 29.2 [plus or minus] 3.4, Acari - from 83.9[plus or minus] 10.2 to 15.6[plus or minus] 1.8 and Oribatida - from 68.6[plus or minus] 9.5 to 8.2[plus or minus] 1.3 x 10[^3] m[^-2], for OM and RM sites respectively). The abundance of total Acari, total Oribatida, Oribatida adults and juveniles differed significantly between OM-F1, OM-RM, OM-F2 and RM-F2 sites and it was significantly correlated with continuity of land use and/or tree cover. Oribatida was the group with the highest densities and percentage dominance (except RM site). The percent contribution of total Oribatida in Acari abundance was negatively correlated with the percentage of Actinedida. Nine Ptyctimina species, six Nothroidea species and four Uropodina species were detected, but most of them occurred as single individuals. Abundance of three Ptyctimina [Atropacarus (Atropacarus) striculus (C.L. Koch), Phthiracarus ferrugineus (C.L. Koch), P. globosus (C.L. Koch)], and two Uropodina [Trachytes pauperior Berlese and Dinychus perforatus Kramer] species differed significantly between some sites. The percentage similarity (Renkonen index) has a high indicative value for measuring the distance between ecosystems with apparently similar communities of Uropodina. The OM and RM sites differed most and site pairs - F1-F2 and F1-RM were the most similar. The densities of some taxa were about two- or three-fold greater for the F1site than the RM site. Ratios of Acari to Collembola, total Oribatida to Collembola and total Oribatida to Actinedida were highest on OM site (3.2, 2.6, 11.8 respectively) and decreased in the following order: F2>F1>RM (as an example, total Oribatida to Actinedida ratios were 9.8 on F2 site, 6.2 on F1 and 3.1 on RM). These ratios differed significantly between the OM and RM sites. The lowest ratios on RM site are probably an effect of recent disturbance (change of land use) of this site. Our results suggest that soil in OM site, despite constant disturbance during long time (scything, hay raking and sheep grazing), has probably a stable mesofauna community with the highest abundance of Oribatida. Our results have provided new knowledge about ecosystems in traditional farmland and can be used in monitoring programmes of post-arable land.

Polowy system monitorowania wilgotności gleby

Skierucha W., Wilczek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

2007

R. 53, nr 9 bis

342--345

Znajomość parametrów fizyko-chemicznych gleby takich jak wilgotność, zasolenie oraz temperatura umożliwia dokonanie analiz zasobów wodnych, zawartości składników odżywczych roślin i ich przemieszczania w profilu glebowym oraz ocenę pojemności cieplnej gleby. Monitoring wilgotności gleby w obecnym czasie staje się bardzo poważnym zagadnieniem w świetle zmniejszania się zasobów wodnych. W czasie, gdy coraz częściej mamy do czynienia z anomaliami pogodowymi związanymi z nadmiarem wody albo jej długotrwałym brakiem, monitorowanie jej zawartości w wierzchnich warstwach gleby i profilu glebowym zaczyna odgrywać decydującą rolę umożliwiającą modelowanie oraz weryfikację modeli i dostarczając informacji potrzebnych do interpretacji zdjęć satelitarnych. W pracy przedstawiono polowy system monitoringu wilgotności, elektrycznej konduktywności oraz temperatury gleby mierzonych za pomocą zintegrowanej sondy reflektometrycznej. Pomiary przenikalności dielektrycznej realizowane są w częstotliwości z zakresu kilkuset kiloherców, dzięki czemu unika się wpływu zasolenia gleby. Obecnie prace nad rozwojem systemu koncentrują się na ulepszaniu istniejących czujników przez wprowadzenie możliwości identyfikacji, przetwarzania sygnału mierzonego i zwiększenia możliwości obliczeniowych w bezpośredniej bliskości obiektu mierzonego, jak również wyposażeniem tych czujników w moduły komunikacji bezprzewodowej na krótkż odległość.

Knowledge of the soil physico-chemical parameters, such as moisture, salinity and temperature enables evaluating water reserves, plant nutrients and their movement in the soil profile as well as soil heat capacity. Monitoring of soil moisture becomes a vital issue at the moment, when weather anomalies connected with the abundance or shortages of water are reported. The monitoring of the amount of water content in the upper soil layer together with other soil parameters, that do not change rapidly in time, allows modelling and validation of existing models of mass and energy transport in the soil and it is necessary for interpretation of satellite data. The study presents a field monitoring system of soil moisture, electrical conductivity (salinity) and temperature measured by an integrated reflectometric probe. This probe measures dielectric permittivity of surrounding medium in the frequency of hundreds of megahertz and therefore the results are not influenced by soil salinity. At present work on the system concentrates on improving existing sensors by introducing identification, conversion and computation facilities to the measured object as close as possible, as well as providing the sensors with a short range wireless communication.