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GAEC 5 Direct Payment System Implementation Challenges in Slovakia

Pipíšková Petra, Muchová Zlatica, Dežerický Dávid, Michal Peter

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

109--118

EN

The Agricultural Payments Agency (supervisory and registry authority) of the Slovak Republic has announced an erosion hazard layer to meet the requirements of GAEC5 (Minimising soil erosion. Limit soil erosion by putting in place suitable practical measures). If a farmer fails to observe the layer data, they will be fined and might lose access to direct subsidies (also known as direct payments). The layer that has been announced raises a number of questions and concerns amongst beneficiaries of direct subsidies and users of land parcels. For instance, with the Pastuchov land parcel, the uncertainties associated with the application of GAEC5 were raised. A comparison of the water erosion layer commitment for 2023 with the erosion calculated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method based on the Digital Relief Model (DRM) generated from airborne laser scanning has confirmed the uniformity in all classified categories of water erosion over a 65% land parcel area. The situation of the land user has been diminished (i.e. they have to comply with GAEC5 even when there is no reason to) over 11% of the area. The situation of the land user has improved over 24% of the area (i.e. they do not have to comply with the conditions even when there is reason to). This paper describes the problems and outlines the possibilities for the necessary adjustment of compliance with the GAEC5 conditions in Slovakia.

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Temporal Analysis of Erosion Risk Classes and Rates in the Wadi Ouergha Watershed, Northern Morocco

Naoui Basma, Titafi Asmae, Baghdad Bouamar, Chakiri Saïd, Sadiki Mohamed, Zerdeb Mohammed Amine, El Omari Mariyam, Lididi Sara

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

150--160

EN

The significance of the issue lies in the pivotal role played by Wadi Ouergha, as a major tributary of Wadi Sebou. This watercourse directly contributes to the El Wahda dam, the largest in the Kingdom of Morocco and the second largest in Africa. With its substantial storage capacity and noteworthy annual sedimentation volume, this dam’s storage capacity is notably impacted. The ongoing decline in the capacity of the El Wahda dam could potentially accelerate due to shifts in surface water mobilization rates and the worsening degradation of marl soils within the catchment, coupled with alterations in vegetation cover. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in the erosion rate within the Wadi Ouergha watershed over a span of 40 years, covering the periods 1980–2000 and 2001–2020. This comparative analysis aims to ascertain whether erosion control measures have effectively reduced the erosion rate in the region over time. To assess soil losses occurring in the Wadi Ouergha watershed, impacting the El Wahda dam, we employed the RUSLE model to determine the rate and vulnerability of the catchment to water erosion. The results indicate that erosion control measures have been effective in combating soil erosion in the potential region with high erosion risk, with a 13.83% reduction in the average erosion rate between the two periods, from 25.3 to 21.8 (tons/hectare/year). This study presents a groundbreaking contribution by unveiling, for the first time, the dynamic evolution of water erosion patterns over time. It offers a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of erosion control measures implemented within the most vulnerable zones.

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An Estimation of Soil Erosion Rate Hot Spots by Integrated USLE and GIS Methods: a Case Study of the Ghiss Dam and Basin in Northeastern Morocco

Taher Morad, Mourabit Touafik, Bourjila Abdelhak, Saadi Omar, Errahmouni Ali, El Marzkioui Fouad, El Mousaoui Mhamed

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 2

95--110

EN

Soil erosion is a major factor leading to dams’ siltation and reducing their storage capacity. This study mapped the hot spots of soil erosion areas to predict the soil erosion/siltation in the Ghiss basin/dam (northeastern Morocco). In this context, various data has been prepared in the geographical information system for the estimation of soil erosion by integrating the universal soil loss equation (USLE). The result of this study revealed that soil loss rate ranges between 0 and 19 t∙ha−1∙yr−1. Therefore, the hot spots in the soil erosion area are to be found upstream, potentially leading to dam siltation over time. To avoid Ghiss dam siltation, we suggest terrace farming and reforestation in the soil erosion area hot spots.

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Environmental Effects of Reducing Land Fragmentation in Land Consolidation at West Roztocze at the Slope Scale

Rybicki Roman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

240--248

EN

The paper presents the ecological effects of land consolidation carried out in upland loess areas. The design of a large plot of land on a slope with a gradient of up to 18% and its impact on the intensity of water erosion were investigated. The analyzed plot was created by consolidation 12 smaller plots. Before the consolidation, all plots had a cross-slope layout and direction of agrotechnical operations. Exactly the same arrangement remained after the consolidation. The WEPP simulation model was used for the comparison of the pre-consolidation and postconsolidation state. The amount of soil loss and sediment yield was estimated under different scenarios of slope management. It was found that after consolidation (creation of a plot with the width of more than 130 m), as a result of removing of terraces and sodded cross-slope scarps, the intensity of erosion increased many times. In order to restore the anti-erosion effect of cross-slope cultivation on such a slope without increasing the difficulties of agrotechnics, it is necessary to restore the sodded scarps that existed before consolidation. The simulation results show that the scarps should be located transversely to the slope (along the plot) in the middle and lower parts of the slope, in the place of the highest inclination. As advantage of the consolidation project was considered the elimination of longitudinal balks which were focuses of linear erosion on the slope.

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Spatial Modeling of the Effects of Deflation Destruction of the Steppe Soils of Ukraine

Dudiak Nataliia Vasylivna, Pichura Vitalii Ivanovich, Potravka Larisa Aleksandrovna, Stroganov Alexander Alexandrovich

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

166--177

EN

The decrease in the agricultural efficiency is associated with the influence of wind erosion, the consequence of which is a decrease in the soil fertility. Significant effects of wind erosion are typical of the arid and semi arid zones with a small amount of precipitation, high air temperature and degree of evaporation, reinforced by strong winds and low differentiation of plant protection. It has been proven that the intensity of the effects of deflation processes depends on the physical and geographical conditions of the distribution of agricultural land, systematic soil protection activities and the availability of vegetation. It has been established that the acceleration of the deflation processes occurs in the territories with increased anthropogenic pressure, which leads to ecological disturbance of the natural balance characterizing territorial ecosystems. In the course of the studies it was found that the natural processes of wind erosion are significantly enhanced by the absence of a scientifically-based and ecological land development system of agriculture, which leads to destruction of the soil cover, reduction of soil fertility, damage to the agricultural crops and, thus, the economic damage. As a result of application of the GIS and ERS technologies, the empirical-statistical model of the possible soil loss due to wind erosion in the territory of the Steppe zone of Ukraine, it has been found that in the course of the deflation processes in the territory taken by naked fallow upon the absence of the conditions for the deflation resistance activities, the value of soil loss at the epicenter of dust storms can reach about 600 t / ha. Studies proved the importance of the deflation resistant action of the vegetation cover, which tends to an increase in the erosion dangerous (favorable) areas of agricultural land by 1.7 times, which reduces the soil loss by 5.62 times. In accordance with the intensity of the effects of the deflation processes and the increase of the soil losses, the contour and land development deflation resistance activities with elements of soil protection agriculture were proposed.

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Introduction to Precipitation Runoff Process and Soil Erosion Risk Analysis in a Specific Area of Interest to Design Control Measures

Aydin Elena, Antal Jaroslav

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

44--50

EN

The knowledge on the spatial variability and hydrological behaviour of contributing areas to specific outlet is a fundamental input for developing appropriate water resource planning and management actions that take part in various areas of human activities. The aim of this contribution is to present the possibilities to assess the precipitation-runoff process and soil erosion risk in a specific area using the theoretical approaches with the simplest requirements for meteorological and surface runoff data. Considering the connectivity and behaviour of natural processes, the analysis of precipitation-runoff process and soil erosion risk is crucial prior to the design of technical water management practices and technical erosion control measures in the landscape. The characteristics of design rain, e.g. the intensity, annual frequency and duration can be determined using practical tools or according to the analysis of the cost and damages related to specific technical measure. The intensity of design rain can be estimated according to the long-term meteorological observations and intensity-duration-frequency curves developed using region specific equations (Dub’s formula, Urcikan’s formula). For the design of water management, conservation (especially erosion) or other measures for ecological stabilization and protection of the area, it is important in particular to determine the following characteristics of surface runoff: beginning of surface runoff, design discharge from the contributing area, the depth of the surface runoff, and the volume of surface runoff. Estimating the soil erosion risk by water erosion can be done according to the slope gradient or USLE calculation and subsequent comparison of estimated value with tolerable soil loss. Regardless of the location of specific areas, we have found that the design parameters of water management and technical erosion control practices, facilities and measures, including their localization can be determined by applying and modifying the existing theoretical and practical hydrological knowledge. We also found that this design cannot be executed without an analysis of the precipitation-runoff process and the erosion risk of this territory. In relation to the climate change and changing rainfall patterns in all regions worldwide, further studies should be conducted to specify the regional characteristics of precipitation, soil and its usage.

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Assessing the Threat of Erosion to Nature-Based Interventions for Stormwater Management and Flood Control in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana

Asiedu J. K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

1--13

EN

Perennial flooding has become a major feature in urban areas in developing economies generating research interest towards finding alternative approaches to stormwater management which could complement the existing systems and help address the challenge of flooding. One of such alternative approaches is nature-based stormwater management and flood control, the implementation of which could be affected by soil erosion. This paper, as part of a wider research, was developed to determine the extent of the threat of soil erosion to stormwater management in an urban area on the example of Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Accra Ghana as the focus of the research. Landsat 8 images (2014) were used in the research to prepare the Landcover maps. Daily rainfall data from 6 raingauge stations from 1972 to 2014 were utilized to prepare the rainfall erosivity factor maps, whereas DEM was used to prepare the slope and slope length (SL) factor maps. The land cover map with an overall accuracy of 73.6 and Kappa 0.7122 was combined with literature sources to prepare the vegetative cover factor map, and conservation practice factor map. A soil series map, prepared and updated with literature sources and data from the Harmonized World Soil Database on physical parameters, was used to calculate the soil erodibility factor (K factor) for each soil series. These were integrated into RUSLE model as 30 m raster maps to generate a soil loss map at tons/ha/yr. The results produced rainfall erosivity index values based on the modified Fournier index ranging between 0.058 and 23.197 which is classified as low. Low soil erodibility factor (K) ranging between 2.9×10–5 and 8.5×10–2 t ha/MJ mm indicated low susceptibility to erosion, SL factor value showing areas of low to almost flat relief with a few isolated areas of moderate slope length were generated. A soil loss of 69,5918 tons/ha/yr classified the soils as having high potential soil loss. The results showed a very low soil loss threat of 0–5.1853 tons/Ha/yr for more than 90% of the study area. Targeted intervention for source areas with high potential soil loss will contain any threat of erosion and sediment yield to the implementation of an infiltration-based stormwater management and flood control system.