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Heavy Metals Effects on Agricultural Soil Enzyme Activities of Fez, Morocco

Zerrari Naoual, Rais Naoual, El Ghachtouli Naima, Kouchou Aziza, Ijjaali Mustapha

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

144--154

EN

Enzyme activities in soils are influenced by soil characteristics and pollutants and could be indicator of soil quality. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between physicochemical characteristics, heavy metals contents and enzyme activities (EA) in agricultural soils in the Saiss plain (Morocco). The analysis of six agricultural soil samples (sites 1–6), collected from urban and periurban agricultural soils of Fez region, showed that soils are generally alkaline with high CaCO3 that rich 46%, EC (525–703 μS/cm), rich in organic matter (3.14–5.80%). The Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in the studied area are generally greater than the Upper Continental Crust, with a deceasing order: Zn> Cr> Pb> Cu> Ni. Geo-accumulation index showed that soils are unpolluted to moderately polluted except site 5 and site 6 that are moderately to strongly polluted by respectively Cu, Pb, Zn and Pb. Potential ecological rіsk factors were below 40, which means low potential ecological rіsk except site 5 that has moderate potential ecological risk by Cu and Pb. Soil potential ecological risk indices were found <150 indicating low ecological risk. According to this index, Cu caused more serious pollution than the other elements. The enzyme actіvities of the sіx soil samples showed almost the similar ranges of values. These EA showed the highest values in site 5.The sensіtivity of soil enzyme to heavy metals were observed UREA>PHOS>GALA. Pearson’s correlation showed significant posіtive correlatіon between studied soil EA and between these EA and heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn), and significant negative correlatіon between EA and heavy metals (Cr and Ni). The results of this study enrich and provide data base of the impact of heavy metals on soil enzyme actіvities in agrіcultural soils in the Saiss plain.

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Research on the effects of rare earth combined contamination on soil microbial diversity and enzyme activity

Jiang Ying, Wang Xuemei, Chen Yunzhu, Nengzi Lichao

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 2

227--236

EN

Soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities are important indexes to evaluate soil status. The soil pollution status was evaluated by measuring the physical and chemical properties and heavy metal content of rare earth combined contaminated soil around the Maoniuping old mining area and tailings ponds in different seasons, and measuring the number and diversity of microorganisms and the soil enzyme activities of the arable soil microecology. This research shows that the physical and chemical properties of farmland soil in old mining areas and tailings ponds in different seasons are significantly different, the concentration of rare earth combined contamination in old mines is greater than that in the tailings area, and the changes in the concentration of rare earth combined contamination cause significant changes in soil microecology. Rare earth combined contamination inhibits fungal and bacterial vital activities and promotes the growth of actinomycetes; reduces the sensitivity of sucrase to heavy metal contamination, promotes the activity of phosphatase, and the effect on urease is that of “promotion at low concentration and inhibition at high concentration”; and reduces the community’s ability to use carbon sources and, as a result, the community species are rare and distributed unevenly and the community structure is simple. These results indicate that rare earth combined contamination is potentially harmful to soil microorganisms, which can provide a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of farmland soil in mining areas.

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The Activity of Selected Soil Enzymes, and Soil Contamination with Zinc, Cadmium and Lead in the Vicinity of The Zinc Smelter “Miasteczko Slaskie”

Nadgórska-Socha A., Kandziora-Ciupa M., Ciepał R., Musialik D., Barczyk G.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 1

123--131

EN

Heavy metals are a serious source of soil pollution, especially in the vicinity of metal smelters. His study examines the effect of selected heavy metals on the activity of soil enzymes (acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease and protease) in topsoil (0–30 cm) in the vicinity of the zinc smelter “Miasteczko Slaskie”. Soil enzyme activity in the polluted site was compared with a non-polluted site in the outskirts of the Pazurek nature reserve (near Olkusz). Soil samples were collected in coniferous communities. The activity of soil enzymes were compared at distances of 0.5 km, 1 km and 1.5 km from the emitter. In the vicinity of the emitter (all distances) Cd, Pb and Zn levels in topsoil exceeded acceptable limits. Also, Pb content at a non-polluted site (Pazurek nature reserve) was higher than permissible levels. Zn (HNO 3 extracted) were the highest in the topsoil samples collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the Miasteczko Slaskie plant, Cd (HNO 3 and CaCl 2 extracted) and Pb (CaCl 2 extracted) contents were highest at the distance 1 km from the emitter. However, the pollution index in the superficial soil layer (0–10 cm) was similar at all three distances from the emmiter. The Zn, Cd and Pb bioavailable concentrations (CaCl 2 extracted) ranged: 15–220, 0.1–7.2, 2.8–55.7 mg kg –1 respectively. The greatest decreases were found for acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and protease activity at the distance of 0.5 km from the emitter. Results show that soil enzymatic activity should accompany basic chemical analysis to track disorders and adverse effects in polluted soil.

PL

Zanieczyszczenie gleby metalami ciężkim zwłaszcza w pobliżu hut metali to poważny problem. Oceniano wpływ metali ciężkich na aktywność enzymatyczną gleby. Celem badań była ocena aktywności enzymów glebowych: fosfatazy kwaśnej, dehydrogenaz, β-glukozydazy, ureazy i proteazy w wierzchniej warstwie gleby w najbliższym sąsiedztwie huty cynku Miasteczko Śląskie. Aktywność enzymatyczną gleby na stanowiskach zanieczyszczonych porównywano z aktywnością na stanowisku niezanieczyszczonym, próbki gleby pobierano również w pobliżu rezerwatu przyrody Pazurek koło Olkusza ze zbiorowisk borowych. Aktywność enzymatyczna w glebie najbliższego sąsiedztwa emitora była porównywana w odległości 0,5, 1, 1,5 km od emitora. Wykazane zawartości Cd, Pb i Zn przekraczały dopuszczalne normy przyjęte dla gleby. Zawartość Pb w próbkach gleby pobieranych w pobliżu rezerwatu Pazurek była wyższa niż dopuszczalne wartości dla gleby. Zawartość Zn (ekstrakcja HNO3) była najwyższa w odległości 1,5 km od emitora (0–10 cm), z kolei zawartości Cd (ekstrakcja HNO 3 i CaCl 2 ) i Pb (ekstrakcja CaCl 2 ) były najwyższe 1 km od emitora. Wskaźnik zanieczyszczenia wykazany dla wierzchniej warstwy gleby (0–10 cm) był na porównywalnym poziomie w glebie w sąsiedztwie emitora. Koncentracje biodostępnych form metali (ekstrakcja CaCl2) mieściły się w przedziałach odpowiednio: 15–220, 0,1–7,2, 2,8–55,7 mg kg –1 . Najniższe aktywności fosfatazy, dehydrogenazy i proteazy wykazano w próbkach gleby pobieranej w odległości 0.5 km. Badania aktywności enzymatycznej gleby obok analiz chemicznych powinny być prowadzone w celu śledzenia zmian w glebach zanieczyszczonych.

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Biodegradation of diesel fuel in soils modified with compost or bentonite and with optimized strains of bacteria. Part II. Changes in microorganisms counts and activity

Nowak A., Nowak J., Hawrot-Paw M., Telesiński A., Błaszak M., Kłódka D., Przybulewska K., Smolik B., Szymczak J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 7

607-622

EN

During diesel fuel biodegradation in the sandy and the clay soil, changes in bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi counts were determined. These determinations included also the counts of specific microorganism groups, ie diesel fuel-resistant and diesel fuel-metabolising bacteria and amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic microorganisms. Also the activity of soil enzymes, ie of urease and acid and alkaline phosphatases, was determined. The obtained results point to the increase of bacteria and fungi counts accompanying diesel fuel biodegradation, with a decrease in the actinomycetes count. A notably large increase was stated for bacteria resistant to diesel fuel and for those capable of its biodegradation, in particular in the soil modified with compost additive. Also an increase in the count of amylolytic and proteolytic microorganisms was observed in soil microflora, but the largest one in that of lipolytic microorganisms. The activity of urease increased only in the clay soil modified with compost, whereas that of acid and alkaline phosphatases increased in the two examined soils, also more distinctly when compost was added. The application of bioaugmentation treatment induced stimulation of microorganism growth, in particular of those resistant to diesel fuel and those capable of its degradation.

PL

Podczas biodegradacji oleju napędowego w glebie lekkiej i ciężkiej określano zmiany liczebności bakterii, promieniowców i grzybów, jak również różnych grup drobnoustrojów: bakterii odpornych na olej napędowy, bakterii zdolnych do biodegradacji oleju napędowego oraz mikroorganizmów amylolitycznych, proteolitycznych i lipolitycznych. Określano także aktywność enzymów glebowych: ureazy oraz kwaśnych i zasadowych fosfataz. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na zwiększenie liczebności bakterii i grzybów podczas biodegradacji oleju napędowego, przy równoczesnym zmniejszeniu liczebności promieniowców. Nastąpiło również znaczne zwiększenie ilości bakterii odpornych na obecność oleju napędowego oraz zdolnych do jego biodegradacji, zwłaszcza w glebie modyfikowanej dodatkiem kompostu. Obserwowano także zwiększenie ilości mikroorganizmów amylolitycznych i proteolitycznych, a w jeszcze większym stopniu lipolitycznych. Aktywność ureazy zwiększała się jedynie w glebie ciężkiej modyfikowanej kompostem, podczas gdy aktywność kwaśnych i zasadowych fosfataz rosła w obydwu badanych glebach, również w większym stopniu po zastosowaniu kompostu. Zabieg bioaugumentacji stymulował wzrost mikroorganizmów, zwłaszcza odpornych na olej napędowy oraz zdolnych do jego biodegradacji.