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1

The Use of Spatial Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for Determination of Humus Content in the Soils of Southern Ukraine

Lykhovyd Pavlo

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

223--228

EN

Spatial normalized difference vegetation index finds various applications in crop monitoring and prediction. Although this index is mainly aimed to represent the state of vegetation cover, it is suggested that it could be utilized for other remote monitoring purposes, for example, soil humus content monitoring. The study was carried out in 2022–2023 fallow-field period in Kherson oblast, the South of Ukraine, to establish the relationship between the values of bare-soil normalized difference vegetation index and content of humus in the soils of the region. Statistical modeling was performed using the best subsets regression analysis in BioStat v.7 and artificial neural network with back propagation of error algorithm in Tiberius XL. The best performance was recorded for the combined model of cubic regression and artificial neural network, with moderate fitting quality (coefficient of determination is 0.29), and good prediction accuracy (mean average percentage error is 13.22%). The results approve the suggestion of possibility of spatial vegetation index use in soil state monitoring, especially, if further scientific work enhances the fitting quality of the model.

2

Changes in the Quality of Vegetation Cover and Soil of Pastures in Semi-Deserts of West Kazakhstan, Depending on the Grazing Methods

Nasiyev Beybit, Shibaikin Vladimir, Bekkaliyev Askhat, Zhanatalapov Nurbolat Z., Bekkaliyeva Aidyn

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

50--60

EN

The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of grazing methods on the indicators of vegetation and soil cover of pastures located in the semi-desert zone in the West of Kazakhstan. The experiment was carried out on 3 pastures with different grazing methods, and a reference plot with no grazing served as a control variant. Transects measuring 100*50 m were laid on pastures, where all regime observations of herbage indicators were carried out. Soil samples were taken in layers of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm with 3-fold repetition. The lowest indicators of yield (0.38 t/ha), projective coverage (45%), species composition (12 pieces), and herbage height (22 cm) were established on pastures with intensive grazing. Intensive grazing also reduced the quality of the soil, where a low content (0.83 percent) and reserves of humus (34.19 t/ha) and phosphorus (0.65 mg/100g) were found, and the soil compacted to 1.38 g/cm3, its structure decreased to 53.15%, the soil degraded to the 3rd degree and became moderately solonetzic. High values of vegetation and soil cover indicators were obtained on pastures with rotational grazing. In the rotational grazing variant, the yield difference compared to the control variant amounted to 0.41 t/ha, and the yield of feed units (0.07 t/ha), digestible protein (0.011 t/ha), and exchange energy (1.08 GJ/ha) had increased. A higher content of available phosphorus (0.95 mg/100g of soil), agronomically valuable structural aggregates (67.55%), a looser density (1.24 g/cm3), and weak salinity were found in the soil cover of rotational grazing pastures.

3

Contamination of Soils with Heavy Metals in the Urban Ecosystem of the City of Rivne

Melnyk Vira, Malovanyy Myroslav, Lukіanchuk Nelia, Sternik Vita

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 6

61--69

EN

The paper analyzes the problem of soil cover contamination of the urban ecosystem with heavy metals. The work is based on the authors own long-term monitoring studies. The main sources of soil contamination are identified – industrial enterprises and motor transport. The content of total and mobile forms of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Zn in the soils of the city territory was found out. The concentration factors (Cf ) of heavy metals and their total contamination indexes (TCI) were determined. The highest Cf values for the total form of heavy metals belong to zinc (up to 25.1). At 61.1% of the study sites, the Cf values of zinc are above 9.0. At 83.3% of the sites, the Cf values for the total form of copper content are in the range of 6.0–22.1. The results of the studies indicate high average Cf values for lead and chromium at the majority of the sites. The highest maximum and average Cf values for the mobile form for all heavy metals were found at test-site No. 4. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average values of the total contamination indexes for the total form of heavy metals exceed the permissible level by 1.6–2.7 times. For the mobile form of heavy metals, the average values of the TCI are within the permissible limits, except for test-site No.4, where an excess of 3.7 times is recorded. It is found that the soils of the northern and southern parts of the city are the most contaminated, the least contaminated are soils of the eastern part of the city.

4

Ocena wpływu zmienności kierunku wiatru oraz innych czynników na prędkość przemieszczania się frontu pożaru pokrywy gleby

Szajewska E

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 5

1508-1513

PL

W pracy przedstawiono główne czynniki wpływające na prędkość rozprzestrzeniania się pożaru pokrywy gleby. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono wpływowi zmienności kierunku wiatru, oraz wtórnej emisji promieniowania podczerwonego. Wskazano, ze w przypadku pożaru ścierniska, zmiana kierunku wiatru ma istotny wpływ na przyrosty powierzchni spalonej a, prędkość przemieszczania się frontu pożaru pozostaje bez zmian.

EN

The paper presents the main factors affecting the speed of soil cover fire spreading. Particular attention was paid to the influence of the variability of wind direction and secondary emission of infrared radiation. It was pointed out that in case of stubble fire, change of wind direction has a significant impact on growth of the burnt area, while the speed of the fire front remains unchanged.

5

Wpływ warunków siedliskowych na kształtowanie się i trwałość biocenoz rezerwatu "Jezioro Martwe"

Pawluczuk J., Kaczyński J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2006

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T. 6, z. 1

307-318

PL

Rezerwat "Jezioro Martwe" o powierzchni 17,73 ha, położony w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim, w Leśnictwie Kiwajny, utworzono w 1970 r. w celu ochrony maliny moroszki (Rubus chamaemorus L.). Na terenie rezerwatu zarejestrowanych jest obecnie 116 gatunków roślin: 7 wątrobowców, 24 mchów i 85 roślin naczyniowych. W rezerwacie występuje 7 gatunków roślin objętych ochroną gatunkową, w tym 3 - ochroną ścisłą. Tereny chronione obejmują północno-wschodnią część lokalnego obniżenia, z jej najniższymi partiami wokół zbiornika wodnego. Przy granicy rezerwatu od strony wschodniej i południowej rzeźba terenu jest pagórkowata, natomiast po stronie zachodniej i północnej - płaska. Główną zlewnią jest zlewnia Jeziora Martwego o powierzchni 2,61 ha. Sieć hydrologiczna obiektu jest w znacznym stopniu zarośnięta i zamulona. Utrzymuje się wysoki poziom wody gruntowej. Rezerwat prawie w całości znajduje się na torfowisku. Na części powierzchni obiektu dominują utwory mezo- i oligotroficzne. Na obrzeżach Jeziora występuje torfowisko wysokie, które w południowej części rezerwatu ma strukturę kępkową. W miejscach ze słabym przepływem wód gruntowych wykształciły się torfowiska przejściowe, zajmujące powierzchnię 7,93 ha (55,3%). W miejscach z silniejszym przepływem wód gruntowych występują gleby torfowo-murszowe. Miąższość złoża torfu wynosi ok. 4 m w rejonie Jeziora i stopniowo się spłyca, zanikając na obrzeżach niecki. Torfy zalegają na glinie zwałowej oglejonej w warstwach stropowych. Lasy w rezerwacie zajmują 14,34 ha, a tereny nieleśne - 0,78 ha. W lasach występuje drzewostan sosnowo-świerkowy, w siedlisku boru mieszanego bagiennego (85% powierzchni leśnej rezerwatu) i lasu mieszanego bagiennego (15%).

EN

The "Jezioro Martwe" Reserve located in the province of Warmia and Mazury within the Forestry Administration of Kiwajny covers an area of 17.73 ha. It was created in 1970 to protect Rubus chamaemorus L. There are 116 plant species currently registered within the reserve, including 7 liverworts, 24 moss species and 85 vascular plant species. The reserve protects 7 plant species including 3 species under strict control. The protected area covers north-eastern part of a local depression and its lowest sites around the water body. Along the eastern and southern border of the reserve the terrain relief is hilly, whereas along the western and northern border it is flat. The Lake Martwe catchmant, of an area of 2.61 ha, is the main catchment area. The hydrologic network within the reserve is considerably overgrown and silted. Ground water is maintained at a high level. Almost the entire reserve is placed on peat-land. Part of the reserve is dominated by meso- and oligotrophic formations. Around the lake banks, there are raised peat bogs which, in southern part of the reserve, are characterized by a tufty structure. Transitional peat-land formed in places of low ground water flow occupies an area of 7.93 ha (55.3%), while peat-muck soils occur in places with higher ground water flow. The thickness of peat deposit is approx. 4 m in the lake region and becomes gradually thinner outside to disappear at the borders of the depression. The peat is lined by boulder clay gleyed in the roof rock. The reserve forests cover 14.34 ha, while the non-forest areas cover 0.78 ha. Lake Martwe, included in the reserve, covers an area of 2.61 ha. The tree stand is built of pine-spruce trees growing in a habitat of mixed palustrine coniferous forest (85% of the forest area of the reserve) and mixed palustrine forest (15%).

6

Wpływ skali mapy i sposobu kartograficznej prezentacji na odzwierciedlenie struktury pokrywy glebowej

Ostrowski J., Mościcka A. K., Wrochna A.

Prace Instytutu Geodezji i Kartografii

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2006

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T. 52, z. 110

59-73

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę sposobu odzwierciedlenia zmienności i zróżnicowania pokrywy glebowej w zależności od skali mapy oraz sposobu kartograficznej prezentacji. Eksperyment przeprowadzono dla map w skalach: 1:250000, 1:500000 i 1:2500000. W badaniach wykorzystano informacje zgromadzone w dwóch rastrowych bazach danych: regionalnej i ogólnokrajowej. Zaprezentowano wyniki prac oraz fragmenty opracowanych map.

EN

Authors present in the article analysis of the way of reflecting variability and differentiation of soil cover, dependent on map scale and method of cartographic presentation. Experiment was done for soil maps of Poland at scales 1:250 000, 1:500 000 and 1:2 500 000, covering area of swietokrzyskie voivodship. Information stored in two databases: regional and national database has been used in this study. Results of the works and fragments of the prepared maps were presented in the article. The presented analysis and interpretation of the results of the study leads to conclusion, that generalization of soil map contents at a regional scale to the level adequate for national scale allows for presentation of soil properties on the regional map with greater spatial precision. Visual evaluation of soil cover structure obtained through generalization and transformation of raster map a scale of 1:250 000 to its vector form enables to draw conclusion, that change of presentation from raster to vector form facilitates perception of map contents. However, this process implies area generalization, which makes structure of soil cover more coarse, still keeping its regional specific features.

7

Mikromorfologiczne cechy pokryw glebowych obszaru o najwyższych opadach na świecie - Cherrapunji, Wyżyna Meghalaya, Indie

Budek A., Prokop P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 4

293--298

EN

The paper presents the results of micromorphological analyses concerning soil covers near Cherrapunji with mean annual rainfall of 12 000 mm. Two soil profiles representing typical land use: grass formation (Cherrapunji–1) and natural evergreen forest (Cherrrapunji–2) have been choosen. Processes leading to formation of Dystric Cambisols predominate in both profiles. However they have different weathering features. Soil cover under grass has more weathered quartz and contains less feldspars compared to soil cover in the forest area. Soils are characterized also by a large volume of pores which is typical for the tropical humid areas. The rapid infiltration of large amounts of water protects forest soil from surficial erosion. In case of soils under grass vegetation, micropores are filled with fresh organic matter (fine roots and plants tissue). Since both profiles are located on similar substratum (Paleogene sandstones) and under the same climatic conditions, it is assumed that the micromorphological differences are due to long-term (several centuries) differences in local land use.

8

Sustainable management of mineral resources, soil cover and geosites in Estonia

Raukas A., Tavast E.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2004

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Vol. 13

191-197

EN

Nature conservation and protection of geological heritage have long traditions in Estonia. Already in 1910 the first nature reserve was established, and in 1935 the first nature protection law approved. In 1995, the Parliament of Estonia adopted the Act of Sustainable Development and in 1996, the Estonian Environmental Strategy was approved by the Government. Although small in area, Estonia is relatively rich in mineral resources (oil shale, phosphorites, peat, building materials, etc.), which together with large forested areas (about 50% of the territory) and high productivity agriculture have been and will be the basis for economy, and account for a substantial share in the Gross National Product. During the Soviet occupation, the soil cover of Estonia was subjected to severe degradation. About 1.9% of Estonian territory was used for military objects and these sites are still highly contaminated. Sharp increase in the exploitation of mineral resources has caused ever worsening impact on the environment. In the independent Republic of Estonia, nature conservation and mineral wealth protection gained importance of the first rate and the situation has improved.

PL

Konserwacja przyrody i ochrona dziedzictwa geologicznego mają już długą tradycję w Estonii. Pierwszy rezerwat przyrody został ustanowiony w 1910 r. W 1935 r. przyjęto pierwszą ustawę o ochronie przyrody. W 1995 r. parlament Estonii przyjął ustawę o zrównoważonym rozwoju, a w 1996 r. rząd zatwierdził Estońską Strategię Środowiskową. Chociaż niewielka, Estonia jest stosunkowo bogata w zasoby mineralne (łupki bitumiczne, fosforyty, torf, materiały budowlane itd.). Surowce te, wraz dużymi obszarami leśnymi (około 50% terytorium kraju) oraz wysoko produktywnym rolnictwem, będą podstawą gospodarki i wniosą duży wkład do dochodu narodowego. Podczas okupacji sowieckiej gleby Estonii poddane były poważnej degradacji. Około 1,9% terytorium Estonii wykorzystywane było na obiekty militarne. Tereny te są nadal silnie zanieczyszczone. Silny wzrost wydobycia surowców mineralnych także spowodował niekorzystny wpływ na środowisko. W niepodległej Republice Estonii konserwacja przyrody i ochrona bogactw mineralnych uzyskały pierwszorzędne znaczenie i ich sytuacja uległa poprawie.