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1

Contamination of the Šar Mountains Aquatorium – Kosovo with Depleted Uranium

Stanojević Nenad Z., Đokić Jelena V., Lazarević Đorđe R., Nikezić Dušan P., Osmokrović Predrag V.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

1--8

EN

The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of the Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed since, in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed; based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is particularly important as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Therefore, soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the broader area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains

2

Wpływ dawnego górnictwa rud polimetalicznych w Czarnowie na wybrane elementy środowiska przyrodniczego w świetle badań geochemicznych

Januszewska Anna, Siuda Rafał, Dembicz Iwona

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

179--183

EN

The exploitation of mineral resources can lead to the migration of potentially harmful substances into the natural environment, resulting in environmental degradation and pollution. The mining of polymetallic ores can have severe consequences due to the release of toxic elements such as arsenic (As) and heavy metals. Among the areas contaminated with toxic elements is the village of Czarnów in the Rudawy Janowickie mountains, where mining activities related to copper, arsenic, and gold extraction were likely initiated in the Middle Ages. This study aimed to investigate the geochemical anomalies of arsenic and heavy metals in the soil and their uptake by plants in this region. Portable XRF spectrometry was used to perform geochemical soil analyses in the former mining sites. The results showed clear geochemical anomalies in the arsenic and heavy metal content of soils, with concentrations exceeding permissible standards. The highest concentrations of As were found in the mining dumps, exceeding 100 000 ppm. Phytogeochemical analyses were conducted on raspberry leaves (Rubus idaeus) to determine the content of arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper using the ICP-MS method. The findings indicated that the high levels of individual elements found may pose a risk to the environment. The study demonstrates that even abandoned mining sites can be a source of pollution, and long-term monitoring of these areas is essential to mitigate their potential environmental impact.

3

Cadmium Immobilization in the Rice – Paddy Soil with Biochar Additive

Thi Khac Vu, Lan Phuong Dinh Thi, Hang Nga Nguyen Thi, Thanh Hoa Nguyen

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

85--95

EN

Cadmium (Cd) is toxic for humans, but its effects on the yield and quality of rice under contaminated irrigation conditions remain uncertain. In this study, paddy soils in the Red River Delta (Vietnam) were selected for experiments with the purpose of understanding the effects of Cd contaminated irrigation water on growth, yields, and grain Cd accumulation. In addition, biochar was produced from rice husk (BRH) and rice straw for preventing Cd infiltration into rice was also studied in this experiment. A field experiment was established with applicated BRH and straw into polluted paddy soil, as a result the Cd content in grains reduced significantly. The Cd contaminated soil was added to the BRH and rice straw (RS) with six ratios, including: (1) RS 2.5%, (2) BRH 2.5%, (3) RS-BRH: 1.25–1.25%, (4) RS 5.0%, (5) BRH 5.0%, (6) RS-BRH: 2.5–2.5%, (w:w). Besides, three content levels 0.01–0.05–0.5 mg/L of Cd in irrigation water were applied throughout crop season. The results showed that the Cd accumulation in rice was in the following order: roots > stems > seeds. With 3 contaminated irrigation levels which were applied, the Cd concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L affected plant height and yield. However, the Cd content in grains under contaminated soil condition can be controlled from 82.47–83.94% by applying a BRH ratio from 2.5–5% (w:w).

4

Soil contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB and HCB) in the coastal area of Västernorrland, Sweden

Lindh Per, Lemenkova Polina

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2022

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T. 38, z. 2

147--168

EN

This paper presents an experimental study on the leaching of heavy metals, toxic chemicals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) – PAH, PCB and HCB – from soil dredged from the coastal area of Västernorrland in northern Sweden. The soil was stabilized with cement/slag. Samples were subjected to modified surface leaching and shake tests using technical standards of the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI). The experiments were performed using different blends of binding agents (30/70, 50/50, 70/30) and binder quantities (120 and 150 kg/m3) to analyze their effects on leaching. Soil properties, tools, and workflow are described. Binders included Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Samples were tested to evaluate the min/max contents of pollutants (μg/l) for heavy metals (As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, S, V, Zn) and the hydrocarbon fraction index in the excess water. The leaching of heavy metals and POPs was assessed in sediments after the addition of the binder. The comparison was made against the two mixes (cement/slag in 30/70% and high/low binder with low/high water ratio). The results showed that 70% slag decreases the leaching of heavy metals and POPs. The equilibrium concentrations of DOC and heavy metals at L/S 10 (μg/l) were measured during the shake experiments to compare their levels in the groundwater that was used as a leachate. The leached content was assessed at L/S 10 in the upscaling experiments using four samples for PAH, PCB and various fractions of hydrocarbons: C10–C40, C10–C12, C12–C16 and C35–C40. The shake test showed a decrease in the leaching of heavy metals and POP substances from the soil subjected to stabilization by a higher amount of slag added as a binder. A binder blend with 30% cement and 70% of GGBFS showed the best performance.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia eksperymentalne badania dotyczące wymywania metali ciężkich, toksycznych chemikaliów i trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych (TZO): WWA, PCB i HCB z pobranej gleby na obszarze przybrzeżnym Västernorrland w północnej Szwecji. Gleba była stabilizowana cementem/żużlem. Próbki poddano zmodyfikowanym próbom wypłukiwania powierzchniowego i wstrząsom z zastosowaniem standardów technicznych Szwedzkiego Instytutu Geotechnicznego (SGI). Eksperymenty przeprowadzono przy użyciu różnych mieszanek środków wiążących (30/70, 50/50, 70/30) i ilości środka wiążącego (120 i 150 kg/m3) w celu przeanalizowania ich wpływu na ługowanie. Opisano właściwości gleby, narzędzia i przebieg pracy. Spoiwa obejmowały cement portlandzki i mielony granulowany żużel wielkopiecowy (GGBFS). Próbki zostały przetestowane w celu określenia min/max zawartości zanieczyszczeń (μg/l) dla metali ciężkich (As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, S, V, Zn) i wskaźnika frakcji węglowodorowej w nadmiarze wody. Wymywanie metali ciężkich i TZO oceniano w osadach po dodaniu lepiszcza. Porównania dokonano dla dwóch mieszanek (cement/żużel w 30/70% i spoiwo o wysokiej/niskiej zawartości z niskim/wysokim stosunkiem wody). Wyniki wykazały, że 70% żużel zmniejsza wymywanie metali ciężkich i TZO. Stężenia równowagowe DOC i metali ciężkich przy L/S 10 (μg/l) mierzono podczas eksperymentów z wytrząsaniem w celu porównania ich poziomów w wodzie gruntowej stosowanej jako odciek. Zawartość wyługowaną oszacowano na poziomie L/S 10 w eksperymencie upscalingu (zwiększenia skali) przy użyciu 4 próbek WWA, PCB i różnych frakcji węglowodorów: C10–C40, C10–C12, C12–C16 i C35–C40. Próba wstrząsowa wykazała zmniejszenie wymywania metali ciężkich i substancji TZO z gleby poddanej stabilizacji większą ilością żużla dodawanego jako spoiwo. Najlepszą wydajność wykazała mieszanka spoiwowa zawierająca 30% cementu i 70% GGBFS.

5

Monitoring of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Impact on Environment in Poltava Region, Ukraine

Pysarenko Pavlo, Samojlik Maryna, Taranenko Anna, Tsova Yurii, Horobets Maksym, Sergii Filonenko

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 5

54--60

EN

Municipal solid waste landfills are mostly bordering on rural areas and may to cause the environmental degradation. Therefore, the issue of monitoring and assessment of negative landfill impact on bordering areas, including agricultural land, is relevant. The aim of the study is monitoring and assessment of landfill impact on air pollution, soil contamination, pollutants content of leachate from landfills. Monitoring of air pollution was measured on the soil sites situated at the landfill, at the border between landfill and agricultural areas, at the distance of 200 m from the landfill. The following pollutants were investigated: CO2 , NO2 , NH3 , H2S, C7H8, C8H10 dust. Monitoring of soil contamination was measured at the border between landfill and agricultural areas; at the distance of 50, 100, 200 and 500 m from the landfill. The following pollutants were investigated: Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, petroleum products. Monitoring of leachate pollution was conducted by following pollutants: NO2-, NO3-, NH4, SO42-, Cl-, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, PO43-, petroleum products, surface active substance. Sampling of the leachate was carried out at the territory of the landfill. The results of our study show that 90% of studied landfills are in close proximity to agricultural land and have technogenic impact on the bordering areas. The assessment of landfill impact on atmospheric air established the exceeding of MPC of all investigated pollutants at the border between landfill and agricultural land. Exceeding of the MPC of pollutants in atmospheric air at a distance of 200 m and more have not been established. The assessment of landfill impact on soil contamination established the exceeding of MPC of heavy metals and petroleum products at the border between landfill and agricultural land and at a distance of 50 m and 100 m from landfills. Exceeding of the MPC of heavy metals and petroleum products in the soil at a distance of 200 m and more has not been established. The results of the assessment of leachate from landfill sites show the exceeding of MPC of investigated pollutants for 60% studied areas. This creates an additional chemical load on groundwater, soils and can lead to decreasing the quality of agricultural products which grown in technogenic pressured areas. Thus, our research confirmed the existence of a threat to environmental and food security on areas, bordering on the landfills.

6

Procedure for detoxication of linuron contaminated soil based on ozonation and fluidization process

Józefczyk Radosław, Antos Piotr, Pieniążek Marcin, Balawejder Maciej

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 3

48--56

EN

The linuron contaminated soil was subjected to remediation using ozone as an oxidant. The experiments were performed both in laboratory and pilot plant installations. Kinetics of linuron degradation was determined for both systems. Moreover, main linuron metabolites were identified, and possible degradation pathway was proposed. The soil remediation was found to be successful, which was verified by chemical and biological tests. The half-life time of linuron in the pilot scale installation was no more than 7.5 h. To verify the efficiency of soil detoxification, a toxicity test was performed, which utilized Eisenia foetida earthworm. The test organisms were exposed for 14 days to the linuron contaminated soil prior and after the remediation procedure. It was observed that in the control group and the group of organisms exposed to the ozonated soil, the survivability was 100%, whereas the earthworms exposed to the linuron contaminated soil that was not ozonated did not survive at all.

PL

Zanieczyszczoną linuronem glebę poddano remediacji z użyciem ozonu jako utleniacza. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono zarówno w instalacji laboratoryjnej, jak i instalacji pilotażowej. Dla obu systemów wyznaczono kinetykę degradacji linuronu. Ponadto zidentyfikowano główne produkty rozkładu linuronu i zaproponowano możliwy szlak degradacji. Remediacja gleby okazała się skuteczna, co zweryfikowano testami chemicznymi i biologicznymi. Okres półtrwania linuronu w instalacji w skali pilotażowej nie przekraczał 7,5 godziny. W celu sprawdzenia skuteczności detoksykacji gleby przeprowadzono test toksyczności, w którym wykorzystano dżdżownicę Eisenia foetida. Organizmy testowe były wystawione na działanie gleby skażonej linuronem przez 14 dni przed i po procedurze remediacji. Zaobserwowano, że w grupie kontrolnej i grupie organizmów narażonych na kontakt z glebą poddaną remediacji przeżywalność wyniosła 100%, natomiast dżdżownice narażone na kontakt z glebą skażoną linuronem nie przeżyły.

7

Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination assessment and characterization of three quagmire soils in the Gassi El Agreb oil field (Hassi Messaoud, Algeria)

Kout Samia, Ala Abdessemed, Belahmadi Mohamed Seddik Oussama, Hassaine Amina, Bordjiba Ouahiba, Tahar Ali

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 4

3--12

EN

The aims of the current study are the physicochemical characterization, spatial assessment and monitoring of hydrocarbon contamination in quagmire of three sites (Agreb, Gassi and Zotti) in the Hassi Messaoud region (Algerian Sahara), as a result of the presence of an important oil industry rejecting industrial wastewater. Samples were obtained from three different depths for each site. Total Hydrocarbons (THC) were determined by a gravimetric method, and the four (F1:C6-C10), (F2:C10-C16), (F3:C16-C34) and F4>C34) hydrocarbon fractions and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-benzene and Xylene) were determined by using gas chromatography (FID). The results obtained show a high contamination with hydrocarbons in different sites and depths. The concentrations of THC, four hydrocarbon fraction and BTEX recorded on Agreb site in different depth were in this order: 51200–120000 mg/kg d.w.;

8

The minimization of impact of oil pollution on soils in the area of railways using glauconite

Chayka Oksana, Petrushka Igor, Ruda Maria, Paranyak Nadiya, Matskiv Olena

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 49

79--84

EN

The analysis of ecological hazards on soil pollution by oil products has been provided in the impact zone of the railway. The results of oil product migration in soils in the area of influence on section Lviv–Khodoriv are given. To study this problem, a method was used to take soil samples according to the standard DSTU ISO 10381-4: 2005. To determine the content of petroleum products used the method MVV No. 081/12-0116-03 Pochvy. Based on the results of the study it was found that contamination with petroleum products in the study area exceeds the norm in the area of influence of the railway at a distance of 5 to –50 m on average 3.5 times. It is proposed to make management decisions to prevent violations of the sanitary protection zone of the railway and the placement of agricultural plots on it. For rehabilitation of contaminated soils, it is advisable to use a natural sorbent – glauconite, which is widespread in the bowels of Ukraine. The adsorption capacity of glauconite relative to diesel fuel has been experimentally established. According to our experiments it is proved the high efficiency of the proposed sorbent, which is 90%. Therefore, in the future it is necessary to periodically monitor the condition of the soil in the area to prevent pollution. This study proves that this practice is necessary.

9

Study of the Effect of Rocket Fuel on Plant Communities Growing at Sites of Launch Vehicles Separating Parts Fall

Atygayev Anuar Bulatovic, Mukanova Gulzhanat Amangeldykyzy, Bazarbayeva Tursynkul Amankeldievna, Kurbatova Natalia Vladimirovna, Zubova Olga Aleksandrovna, Yerekeyeva Svetlana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

172--181

EN

The article presents the results of a study of synthesis and accumulation of heptyl in the plants growing on the soil contaminated with rocket fuel. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions of al-Farabi Kazakh National University. The results of the experiments confirmed that certain concentrations of a rocket fuel-heptyl (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, UDMH) are not toxic for the crested wheatgrass, Agropyron pectiniforme Roem.et Schult., Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and tarragon, Artemisia terraе-albaе Krasch., although they can cause anatomical and morphological changes in the roots and leaves of the plants grown on the soil contaminated with UDMH. The changes in the morphological structure of plants under the influence of UDMH (in particular, in the outer tissue that protects the plant organs from drying out, temperature effects, mechanical damage and other adverse factors) can lead to an imbalance in water metabolism and gas exchange, a deterioration in the absorption and release of water, and the cessation of intake from the soil of both beneficial and harmful substances.

10

Determination of the Dependence of the Plant Growth Characteristics on the Concentration of Petrochemicals in the Soil

Cherniak Larysa, Mikhyeyev Oleksandr, Madzhd Svitlana, Lapan Oksana, Dmytrukha Tetyana, Petrusenko Valentyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

226--233

EN

The peculiarities of sanitary and hygienic rationing of the oil products content in environmental components were analyzed. It was established that the general ecological situation in our country and abroad is unsatisfactory and the issue of finding modern methods of standardizing the quality of environmental components, which would cover the indicators and criteria of their composition and properties, is becoming increasingly urgent. Together, it would ensure ecologically sustainable development of the biosphere in all hierarchical levels of its organization. It was established that such an assessment system does not exist today and therefore, there is no generally accepted universal method for assessing the quality of the environmental components. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop a methodology, in particular a method of biotesting, which will provide a generalized qualitative assessment of the ecological state of the environment, without being based on the quantitative characteristics of the MPC. The possibility of applying a new method of phytotesting of soil that was artificially contaminated with different types of petrochemicals in different concentrations per unit volume of soil using flax seedlings (Linum usitatissimum L.) was investigated. The growth characteristics of the test plants grown on artificially contaminated soil with petroleum products were presented. In the course of research, the possibility of studying the effect of petrochemicals on plants directly in artificially contaminated soil was confirmed. On the basis of the analysis of the obtained results, it was found that when the soil is contaminated with oil products, the aviation fuel has a greater impact on the shoots, whereas gasoline and diesel fuel have a lower impact on the roots in lower concentrations. At higher concentrations, their depressant effect is almost equal.

11

Wpływ przemysłu hutniczego na akumulację wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) w glebie

Chaber Paulina, Gworek Barbara

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 11

1660--1663

PL

Pobrano próbki gleby z 4 miejsc zlokalizowanych w pobliżu huty i składowiska odpadów hutniczych. Próbki pobrano z głębokości 0–20, 20–40 i więcej niż 40 cm i po wysuszeniu ekstrahowano dichlorometanem. Skład pozostałości analizowano na zawartość 13 wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) za pomocą HPLC-FLD. Oznaczono równoważniki toksyczności sumy WWA oraz wskaźniki diagnostyczne identyfikujące źródła emisji zanieczyszczeń. Źródłem WWA zakumulowanych w glebie było nie tylko składowisko odpadów hutniczych, ale również lokalna komunikacja i emisja zanieczyszczeń z huty.

EN

Soil samples were collected from 4 locations near smelter and metallurgical waste landfill. Samples were taken from 3 depths of 0–20, 20–40 and more than 40 cm, then dried and extd. with CH₂Cl₂. The compn. of the residue was detd. for the content of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the HPLC-FLD method. The toxicity equivs. of the sum of PAHs and diagnostic indicators identifying the sources of pollutant emissions were detd. The source of PAH accumulation in the soil was not only the smelting waste landfill, but also local communication and the emission of pollutants from the smelter.

12

Polichlorowane bifenyle w glebach o zróżnicowanym sposobie użytkowania

Gabryszewska Marta, Gworek Barbara

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 12

1780--1783

PL

Oceniono wpływ źródeł uwalniania polichlorowanych bifenyli (PCB) na ich zawartość w glebach i roślinach na obszarach o zróżnicowanym użytkowaniu oraz oceniono przemieszczanie się PCB w głąb profilu glebowego. Zbadano zależności pomiędzy zawartością PCB w glebie i ich zawartością w roślinach z uwzględnieniem źródła emisji. Akumulacji w glebach i roślinach ulegały przede wszystkim kongenery PCB 28 i PCB 52. Nisko chlorowane PCB przemieszczały się w głąb profilu glebowego na głębokość ok. 40 cm. Stwierdzono istotną statystycznie zależność pomiędzy zawartością PCB w badanych roślinach a ich zawartością w glebach.

EN

Soil samples were collected from 3 areas with diversified use and from layers of different depth (0–200 cm) as well as samples of plants growing in these areas. The content of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in soils and plants was detd. by GC/ECD method. The PCB accumulation in soils and plants was mainly caused by PCB 28 (3 Cl atoms) and PCB 52 (4 Cl atoms) congeners. Low chlorinated PCBs moved deep into the soil profile to the depth of about 40 cm. A statistically significant relationship was found between PCB content in the tested plants and their content in soils.

13

An Innovative Process for Efficient Data Evaluation in an Atmospheric Geochemical Survey of Contaminated Soil

Eskvarekova Erika, Wittenberger Gabriel, Senova Andrea, Bakalar Tomas, Harcarufka Rastislav

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

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Vol. 30, no. 4

173--187

EN

The article focuses on the field of innovative trends for efficient data processing in the conduct of research of organic soil pollution using a soil air analyzer for surveys of soil contamination in situ at industrial enterprises in Slovakia. The content of the article is a discourse of theoretical knowledge from the field of the geological environment; the authors’ own survey to monitor the processing and evaluation of the measured values obtained (e.g., CO2, CH4, NEL, BTEX). Currently, standard data processing procedures using the software that is supplied have basic or limited functionality, and the processing time is several hours, including manual and repetitive tasks. As we present in the article, the new Windows PowerShell tool is being used more efficiently, reducing the data processing time which represents an 86% time saving. There is currently no suitable or faster way of evaluating the measured data in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

14

Transfer metali ciężkich w układzie gleba-roślina

Niesiobędzka Krystyna

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2019

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R. 24, nr 2

18--25

15

Ocena zanieczyszczenia gleby na Lubelszczyźnie na podstawie badań monitoringowych

Malec Agnieszka, Borowski Gabriel

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2019

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R. 24, nr 1

32--38

16

Toxic Elements in Mountain Soils (Little Beskids, Polish Carpathians)

Jaguś Andrzej, Skrzypiec Mariusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

197--202

EN

The research consisted in the analyses pertaining to the occurrence of elements regarded as toxic (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Hg), the presence of which in the environment is mainly associated with economic-industrial activities in mountain soils. The research area of about 5 sq. km. included the hilltops and south-western slopes of the Magurka Wilkowicka massif. The massif is situated on the western edge of the Little Beskids near the area of Bielsko-Biała city. The concentrations of elements were measured in 50 soil samples taken from three zones: at the foothill of the massif (arable fields), on its slopes (forest areas) and on the hilltop (grassland). Additionally, the pH of the soil samples was determined. The research showed that zinc and, to a lesser degree, copper and nickel, occurred in the highest concentrations at the foot of the massif, near built-up areas, while the highest concentrations of arsenic and lead were detected in the hilltop part of the grassland. The concentrations of chromium, cadmium and mercury did not differ spatially. The analysed elements, especially zinc and lead, often occurred in the concentrations higher than those regarded as natural. It is a disturbing fact combined with serious acidity of the analysed soils (almost 60% of the samples were very acid soils), which may increase mobility of metals. The research shows that the soil environment of the Polish Carpathians may be contaminated with toxic elements not only in the neighbourhood of built-up areas, but also in the undeveloped land.

17

Study of Oil Migration Processes in Meadow Soils

Sivkov Yuriy, Nikiforov Artur, Fefilov Nikolay

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 5

23--26

EN

The paper presents the results of field and laboratory studies aimed at studying the processes of oil transformation in the soil under the influence of natural biological processes during a two-year period on artificially created old spills. The soil of the study area was characterized as meadow. The high toxic effect of oil was confirmed, which was expressed in the complete extinction of soil flora and fauna. Despite the low oil content in the soil (less than 5%), soil self-purification processes were not observed. Moreover, the high sorption properties of the soil, the violation of the water regime and the lack of aeration led to the “conservation” of oil and significantly slowed down the natural processes of its biodegradation. This was confirmed by a slight change in the content of oil products a year after the start of the experiment, as well as the presence of free oil in the pore space of the studied soil.

18

Immobilisation of selected bacteria for remediation on various media

Kowalska A., Grobelak A.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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T. 21, nr 4

461--472

EN

Soil degradation generates the need for reclamation measures. Bioaugmentation represents a promising method to treat degraded soils. The introduction of microorganisms into the soil often requires immobilisation. Porous media, such as biochar, have been used for the purpose. The introduction of individual bacteria into the soil requires the choice of a suitable medium to ensure high bacterial survival rate and effective bioaugmentation. The possibility of immobilization of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azospirillum brasilense and a bacterial consortium by means of encapsulation in alginate with the addition of biochar, nanosilica, perlite or vermiculite was analysed in the study. The best effects of B. subtilis immobilization were obtained with alginate with 5 ml of biochar, P. fluorescens - with 25% (v/v) perlite and vermiculite, while A. brasilense - with 25% (v/v) alginate and 50% (v/v) perlite. The most effective immobilization of the bacterial consortium was achieved using alginate with addition of 50% (v/v) of biochar.

PL

Degradacja gleb generuje konieczność podjęcia działań rekultywacyjnych. Bioaugmentacja stanowi obiecującą metodę oczyszczania gleb zdegradowanych. Wprowadzenie mikroorganizmów do gleby bardzo często wymaga zastosowania immobilizacji. Do tego celu wykorzystuje się porowate nośniki, takie jak biowęgiel. Wprowadzenie poszczególnych bakterii do gleby wymaga doboru odpowiedniego nośnika zapewniającego wysoką przeżywalność bakterii oraz umożliwiającego efektywną bioaugmentację. W niniejszej pracy określono możliwość immobilizacji Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azospirillum brasilense oraz konsorcjum bakteryjnego poprzez kapsułkowanie w alginianie z dodatkiem biowęgla, nanokrzemionki, perlitu lub wermikulitu. Najlepsze efekty immobilizacji B. subtilis uzyskano z zastosowaniem alginianu z dodatkiem 5 ml biowęgla, P. fluorescens z wykorzystaniem 25% (v/v) perlitu i wermikulitu, natomiast A. brasilense 25% (v/v) alginianu i 50% (v/v) perlitu. Najefektywniejszą immobilizację konsorcjum bakteryjnego uzyskano z wykorzystaniem alginianu z dodatkiem 50% (v/v) biowęgla.

19

Wpływ oleju napędowego i naftalenu na początkowy wzrost i rozwój kostrzewy czerwonej (Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata)

Gmitrzuk N., Dąbrowski P., Pietrzyk K., Pawluśkiewicz B.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2017

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Vol. 26, No. 3

361--372

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu oleju napędowego (ON) na początkowy wzrost i rozwój Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata odmiany Musica oraz naftalenu (Nf) na te same cechy odmiany Nimba. Stwierdzono m.in., że badane parametry istotnie różniły się w stosunku do kontroli, ale w większości przypadków brak było różnic między nimi. Naftalen spowodował w większym stopniu ograniczenie wzrostu korzenia zarodkowego, ale w mniejszym niż olej napędowy hamował wzrost części nadziemnych. Zdolności kiełkowania badanych odmian były podobne i wynosiły: dla odmiany Musica i ON 23 i 21% odpowiednio do dawek, a dla odmiany Nimba i Nf – 25 i 23%.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of diesel fuel (ON) on the germination of seeds and seedlings condition of Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata variety Musica and naphthalene (Nf) on the same characteristics of the variety Nimba. It was concluded, the test parameters were significantly different in comparison to the control, but in most cases, there was no difference between them. Naphthalene caused more root embryo growth limitation, but less than diesel, inhibited the growth of aboveground parts. Germination capacity tested varieties were similar and were as follows: for Musica and ON 23 and 21% respectively to doses, and to Nimba variety and Nf – 25 and 23%.

20

Ocena składu zanieczyszczeń gleb skażonych TPH i WWA pod kątem opracowania technologii ich bioremediacji

Steliga T., Kluk D.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2017

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nr 215

1--211

PL

Realizowaną pracę rozpoczęto od dokonania przeglądu literaturowego osiągnięć w zakresie oczyszczania gruntów skażonych substancjami ropopochodnymi oraz produktami ubocznymi pirolizy, jako źródłami zanieczyszczenia gleby węglowodorami TPH i WWA. Na podstawie danych literaturowych dotyczących technologii oczyszczania terenów skażonych substancjami ropopochodnymi wytypowano etapy postępowania zmierzające do redukcji zawartości TPH i WWA w skażonych glebach. W ramach realizacji pracy wykonano analizy fizykochemiczne gleb pobranych z terenów zanieczyszczonych substancjami ropopochodnymi, a mianowicie z: − gazowni klasycznej, wyłączonej z eksploatacji, położonej na północy Polski. Próbki do badań pobrano w pobliżu starych (częściowo zlikwidowanych) dołów ze smołą pogazową, z głębokości 0–0,5 m p.p.t. (gleba GK-1); − dołu urobkowego, w którym składowano odpady wiertnicze zanieczyszczone substancjami ropopochodnymi – gleba zaklasyfikowana do odpadów o kodzie ex 17 05 03* (gleba i ziemia zawierająca substancje ropopochodne). Próbki do badań pobrano z głębokości 0–0,5 m p.p.t. (gleba DU-1). Analiza fizykochemiczna wykazała, że gleba z terenu gazowni klasycznej charakteryzowała się dużą zawartością WWA i stosunkowo niewielką TPH. Natomiast gleba z terenu dołu urobkowego zawierała duże ilości TPH i stosunkowo niewielkie WWA. Jako że fundamentalnym celem realizowanej pracy było badanie procesów biodegradacji TPH i WWA w glebie, dlatego wskazane było uzyskanie gleby o istotnych zawartościach TPH oraz WWA. Nadmiernie wysokie zawartości w glebie jednocześnie WWA i TPH mogą hamować przebieg jej oczyszczania, dlatego do badań procesu biodegradacji węglowodorów, prowadzonych w warunkach ex situ, jako materiał badawczy stosowano mieszaninę gleb: GK-1:DU-1 w stosunku 2:1. Z uwagi na ukierunkowanie badań na oznaczenie zawartości węglowodorów TPH oraz WWA w glebie – w ramach realizacji pracy dostosowano metodykę chromatograficznego oznaczania zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA). W kolejnym etapie utworzono stanowisko do badań biodegradacji zanieczyszczeń prowadzonych w skali półtechnicznej, w warunkach ex situ, metodą pryzmowania. Omówiono wyniki prac dotyczących badań optymalizacyjnych prowadzenia procesu biodegradacji, obejmujących: modyfikację struktury gleby w celu zwiększenia biodostępności mikroorganizmów i substancji odżywczych do węglowodorów ropopochodnych, bioremediację podstawową stymulowaną poprzez biowentylację i wzbogacanie środowiska odpadu w składniki biogenne wspomagające rozwój mikroflory autochtonicznej oraz bioaugmentację, polegającą na inokulacji wstępnie oczyszczonej gleby biopreparatami, których skład został opracowany w Zakładzie Mikrobiologii Instytutu Nafty i Gazu – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego. Doboru substancji biogennych do oczyszczanej gleby dokonano na podstawie wyników badań respirometrycznych (przeprowadzonych za pomocą zestawu OxiTop® Control) mierzących postęp samoistnej i wspomaganej biodegradacji tlenowej substancji ropopochodnych zawartych w badanym gruncie o różnej zawartości substancji biogennych. Etapowy proces oczyszczania gleby w drodze bioremediacji podstawowej stymulowanej substancjami biogennymi oraz bioaugmentacji w warunkach ex situ prowadzono przez 300 dni. Przebieg procesu kontrolowano za pomocą rozbudowanego monitoringu obejmującego fizykochemiczne oraz toksykologiczne badania gleby, które wykonano, opierając się na mikrobiotestach typu ToxKit (Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit, Spirodela Duckweed ToxKit), Microtox, test oceny ryzyka środowiskowego MARA oraz test oceny genotoksyczności Amesa. Równie istotnym elementem pozwalającym na szersze spojrzenie na przebieg procesu biodegradacji zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych i określenie efektywności kolejnych etapów oczyszczania była analiza chromatograficzna, pozwalająca na ilościowe i jakościowe oznaczenie poszczególnych węglowodorów wchodzących w skład zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych. Umożliwiała ona zaobserwowanie w glebie zmian zawartości poszczególnych n-alkanów i WWA w trakcie realizowanych etapów oczyszczania. Ponadto wprowadzane wskaźniki stopnia biodegradacji n-alkanów w postaci stosunków zawartości n-C17/Pr i n-C18/F w sposób bardzo widoczny obrazowały efektywność realizowanych kolejnych etapów opracowanej technologii oczyszczania odpadów z zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych. W celu opracowania modelu matematycznego biodegradacji zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych w odpadach wiertniczych zastosowano normalizację stężenia analitów za pomocą wprowadzonego biomarkera – C30-17β(H),21β(H)-hopanu, który umożliwił pełną ocenę stopnia biodegradacji węglowodorów ropopochodnych. Obliczone stałe biodegradacji pierwszego rzędu (k) pozwoliły na prześledzenie i porównanie kinetyki przebiegu biodegradacji poszczególnych grup zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych (TPH, Σ n-C8–n-C22, Σ n-C23–n-C36) oraz WWA (3-, 4-, 5- i 6-pierścieniowych WWA) w kolejnych etapach oczyszczania odpadów. Ponadto na podstawie przedstawionych stałych biodegradacji przeprowadzono porównanie efektywności działania wykorzystywanych biopreparatów. Opracowana technologia oczyszczania gleb należy do pewnych i bezpiecznych dla środowiska naturalnego oraz uzasadnionych ekonomicznie do zastosowania w warunkach przemysłowych metod likwidacji substancji ropopochodnych na zanieczyszczonych terenach.

EN

The executed work was started by performing a review of literature regarding the achievements in the field of remediation of lands contaminated with petroleum derivative substances and by-products of pyrolysis as sources of contamination of the soil with TPH and PAH hydrocarbons. On the basis of literature data regarding technologies for remediation of lands contaminated with petroleum derivative substances, one selected process stages aimed at reducing the content of TPH and PAH in the contaminated soils. As a part of the execution of the work, one performed physico-chemical analyses of soil collected from areas contaminated with petroleum derivative substances, namely from the area of: − a decommissioned conventional gas plant, located in the north of Poland. Test samples were collected near old (partially eliminated) gas pitch pits, from a depth of 0–0.5 m below terrain level (GK-1 soil), − a mining spoil pit, wherein drill waste contaminated with petroleum derivative substances were kept – soil classified for waste, with an ex code of 17 05 03*. The test samples were collected from a depth of 0 - 0.5 m below terrain level (DU-1 soil). A physico-chemical analysis indicated that the soil from the area of the conventional gas plant was characterized by a high content of PAH and a relatively small content of TPH. Whereas the soil from the area of the mining spoil pit contained large amounts of TPH and relatively small amounts of PAH. Since the fundamental goal for the executed work was to study the processes of TPH and PAH degradation in soil, it was recommended to obtain soil with significant amounts of both TPH and PAH. Excessively high amounts of both PAH and TPH in the soil may hamper its remediation process. That is why the following distribution of soils was used as test material for examining the process of biodegradation of hydrocarbons, performed in ex-situ conditions: GK-1:DU-1 in a ratio of 2:1. Due to the orientation of the studies towards determining the content of TPH and PAH hydrocarbons in the soil, as a part of the execution of the work, one adapted the method of chromatographic determination of petroleum derivative contaminations with a particular focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In the subsequent stage, one created a station for testing the biodegradation of contaminations, conducted on a semi-technical scale in ex-situ conditions using the compost heap method. One discussed the results of works pertaining to optimization tests for the conduct of the process, including: modification of the structure of the soil in order to increase the bioavailability of petroleum derivative hydrocarbons to microorganisms and nutrients, basic bioremediation stimulated by bioventilation and saturating the waste surroundings with biogenic ingredients supporting the development of indigenous microflora, and bioaugmentation, involving the inoculation of the initially remediated soil with biopreparations developed in Zakład Mikrobiologii INiG – PIB (Microbiology Department of the Oil and Gas Institute - National Research Institute). The selection of biogenic substances for the remediated soil was made on the basis of the results of respirometric tests, measuring the progress of spontaneous and assisted aerobic biodegradation of the petroleum substances contained in the tested soil with varying content of biogenic substances. These tests were performed using the OxiTop®Control kit. The staged process of soil remediation through basic bioremediation, stimulated by biogenic substances and bioaugmentation in ex situ conditions, was carried out for a period of 300 days. The course of the process was controlled using a comprehensive monitoring system, covering soil tests, both physico-chemical and toxicological, performed using ToxKit (Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit, Spirodela Duckweed ToxKit) and Microtox type tests, the MARA environmental risk assessment test and the Ames genotoxicity test. An equally relevant element, allowing for a broader approach to the course of the process of biodegradation of petroleum derivative contaminations, and determination of the effectiveness of subsequent stages of remediation, was the chromatographic analysis, allowing for a quantitative and qualitative determination of individual hydrocarbons contained in petroleum derivative contaminations. It allowed to observe changes in the content of individual n-alkanes and PAHs during the remediation stages. Furthermore, the introduced n-alkane biodegradation degree indexes in the form of n-C17/Pr and n-C18/F content ratios very visibly illustrate the effectiveness of subsequently executed stages of the developed technology for removal of petroleum derivatives from waste. In order to develop a mathematical model for the biodegradation of petroleum derivative contaminations in drill waste, one utilized normalization of the concentration of analytes using the introduced biomarker – C30-17β(H), 21β(H)-hopan, which allowed for a complete assessment of the degree of biodegradation of petroleum derivative hydrocarbons. The calculated constants for first-order biodegradation (k) allowed to monitor and compare the kinetics of the course of the biodegradation of individual groups of petroleum derivative contaminations (TPH, Σ n-C8–n-C22, Σ n-C23–n-C36) and PAH (3-, 4-, 5- and 6-cyclic PAHs) in subsequent stages of waste treatment. Furthermore, on the basis of the presented biodegradation constants, one can compare the effectiveness of operation of the biopreparations used. The presented technology is one of the methods of treatment of petroleum derivative contaminants in areas contaminated with petroleum derivative substances, that are tried and environmentally safe, and economically justifiable for use under industrial conditions.