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Comparative Assessment of Gamma-Polyglutamic Acid and Bacillus subtilis cells as Biostimulants to Improve Rice Growth and Soil Quality

Ngearnpat Neti, Chunhachart Orawan, Kotabin Nuchnapa, Issakul Kritchaya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

46--59

EN

Chemical fertilizers have been widely used to improve rice production; however, their excessive use can have harmful environmental effects. Therefore, biostimulants are a sustainable option to promote rice yield and improve soil quality. This research focusses on the use of gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) and Bacillus subtilis cells as biostimulants to improve rice growth and soil quality. The sand culture technique was performed to determine germination and growth of rice seedlings, and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of rice yields. The soil quality was investigated by measuring physical and chemical characteristics. The results demonstrated that γ-PGA and B. subtilis cells were efficient biostimulants for germination by significantly increasing the seedling vigor index. γ-PGA considerably improved the growth parameters of 21-day-old rice seedlings by significantly increasing dry weight, total sugar, total free amino acids and total chlorophyll content compared to the control. In greenhouse experiments, γ-PGA had a positive influence on all physical characteristics and rice grain yield indicators compared to B. subtilis cells and controls. Furthermore, γ-PGA and B. subtilis cells had a stronger impact than controls on improving soil quality, and γ-PGA had a notable effect on soil physical properties rather than on their chemical properties. Based on these findings, γ-PGA outperformed B. subtilis cells as a natural biostimulant to increase rice productivity and improve the quality of paddy soil.

2

Effect of Application of Soil Amendments on the PAHs Level in the Fire-Affected Forest Soil

Martínez Barroso Petra, Winkler Jan, Oulehla Jan, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

26--38

EN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are introduced to the environment from anthropogenic and natural sources. The most significant natural source of PAH are wildfires and volcanic eruptions. The PAHs occurring in the soil mostly bind to the root system of plants. Phytodegradation, specifically rhizospheric degradation, can reduce the PAH levels in soil with the help of plants roots. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of application of soil amendments on the PAHs level in the burnt soil (BS). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of application of soil amendments (compost, biochar, and bentonite) on the PAHs level after performing experiment with two grass species (Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra). Biochar and compost turned out to be the most effective amendments, regardless of the used grass species. Phytomanaged BS without added amendments also demonstrated the potential for PAH dissipation, but only in the case of Festuca rubra. It has been proven that the application of soil amendments together with the test grass species induced important changes in the BS properties (alteration of soil pH with related change of Kow of individual PAHs; root system on which soil microorganisms thrive) which evoked an increased bioavailability of PAHs.

3

Comparative effectiveness of biochar derived from tropical feedstocks on the adsorption for ammonium, nitrate and phosphate

Zou Ganghua, Shan Ying, Dai Minjie, Xin Xiaoping, Nawaz Muhammad, Zhao Fengljang

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 4

25--34

EN

Biochar has been extensively studied as a soil amendment to reduce nutrients losses. However, the comparative effectiveness of biochar adsorption capacity for ammonium (NH4 -N), nitrate (NO3 -N), and phosphate (PO4-P) remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of feedstock (banana stem and coconut shell) and temperature (300, 500, and 700°C) on biochar adsorption ability for NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P were investigated and fitted by three adsorption models, viz Freundlich, Langmuir, and linear. Freundlich (R2 = 0.95–0.99) and Langmuir (R2 = 0.91–0.95) models were found suitable for adsorption of NH4 -N. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) for coconut shell biochar increased with pyrolysis temperature (Qm = 12.8–15.5 mg g-1) and decreased for banana stem biochar (Qm = 12.9–9.7 mg g-1). In the case of NO3 -N adsorption, Freundlich (R2 = 0.82–0.99) and linear model (R2 = 1.00) were found suitable while Langmuir model showed much less contribution, similarly adsorption of PO4-P, was not supported by these three models. The minimum concentrations required for adsorption of phosphate were recorded as 36, 8, and 3 mg L-1 using pyrolyzed biochar at the temperatures of 300, 500, and 700°C, respectively. These results indicate that the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, as well as aquatic nutrient concentration, were important factors for the adsorption of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus.

4

Food Waste – Challenges and Approaches for New Devices

Maxianová Alžbeta, Jakimiuk Aleksandra, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

231--238

EN

Food waste has recently received attention due to its environmental, economic and social impacts. Final processing of food waste encounters a number of technical challenges, arising from weak physical structure of food waste with weak porosity, high content of water, and low carbon-to-nitrogen relation. This study deals with the research of food waste processing in households by using an automatic device. The main objective of the study was to assess the toxicity of the end-product produced by an automatic device. The research included 10 experiments. The input foundation consisted of common food waste generated in household kitchens. Following its processing, the end-product was tested in a pot experiment for the germination capacity and biomass increase in different concentrations. The end-product was mixed with the reference soil in concentrations 5/95, 30/70, 50/50 (tested/reference substrate). The testing included three different plant species, i.e. Sinapis alba L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Cannabis sativa L. The germination capacity of plants and their increase in biomass were evaluated after 21 days. The increase in biomass was monitored by using the Before-After-Control-Impact method. The plants developed much better without the end-product additive to the soil substrate than with its small addition. The best germination capacity in the case of end-product addition was observed in the concentration ratio 30/70 in all plants. In spite of this, the highest increase in biomass was recorded in the concentration ratio 5/95. This might have caused the occurrence of mould in the pots. The test shows that the end-product made of food waste is toxic to plants; therefore, it is not recommended for direct application as a soil amendment.

5

Fire Effects on Soils – A Pilot Scale Study on the Soils Affected by Wildfires in the Czech Republic

Barroso Petra Martínez, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

248--256

EN

Fires have always been a natural component influencing ecosystems and driving their evolution; however, in recent years they have become too frequent and ecosystems are not able to cope with them anymore. Fires destroy the natural vegetation, which prevents the soil erosion, and affect the soil properties which delay the natural recovery of the fire affected area. This experiment was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of fire affected soil and to investigate whether different soil amendments can help to decrease the negative effect of fire on soil properties. The study utilised the PhytotoxkitTM test. The tested burnt soil was supplemented with 3% w/w of the following individual soil amendments: bentonite, biochar, compost and diatomite. Then, the phytotoxicity tests were carried out with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The pH and electrical conductivity of soil were measured and it was revealed that the individual soil amendments affected the values of pH and electrical conductivity diversely. The highest root growth stimulation for Sinapis alba L. was observed when diatomite was added, whereas the most favourable amendment for the stimulating root growth of Lepidium Sativum L. were compost, diatomite and biochar, respectively. This study recommended repeated testing for the amendments that show a capability to stimulate the root growth and conducting tests on a wider group of plant species.

6

Effects of Biochar Addition on Vermicomposting of Food Industry Sewage Sludge

Świątek Jakub, Spitzer Tadeáš, Grobelak Anna, Kacprzak Małgorzata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

36--45

EN

Sewage sludge (SS) is a byproduct of wastewater treatment which is commonly used as fertilizer in the world. However, due to the possible contamination with heavy metals, xenobiotics and fecal pathogens, its application on fields is not so common in Poland. A safer alternative for agricultural use is the SS produced by food industry in small „inhouse” wastewater treatment plants, as substances that are used in its production are usually less harmful. As pretreatment of industrial wastewater is required before dumping the wastewater into common stream, the SS is an abundant byproduct that needs to be managed in an environmentally friendly and cost effective manner. Because the water content in SS is usually high, the dosage and logistics are problematic and thus we propose converting the sewage sludge into solid granular fertilizer in the vermicomposting process. Not only are the weight and volume of product decreased as a result, but also the nutrients such as N, P, and K become concentrated and made more accessible for plants. The SS is also further stabilized and less prone to produce odors and becoming putrid. The aim of this study was the in-depth analysis of the SS process vermicomposting with biochar. The SS was acquired from a local soft drink factory wastewater treatment plant. The batches of SS were inoculated with 20% mature vermicompost and E. fetida worms. Instead of typical bulking agents (like woodchips or straw) powdered biochar was used in the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% as it exhibits beneficial influence on the process and increase the value of the final product.

7

Effect of Waste Rock Wools on the Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Yield and Some Soil Parameters

Kovácik P., Wiśniowska-Kielian B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 5/6

589-597

EN

The effect of two recycled waste rock wools (Nobasyp and Agrodrap) on the yield parameters of spring barley and some agrochemical soil parameters nas been studied in a pot trial conducted in a vegetation cage located at the SAU in Nitra (48°18' N, 18°05' E) on the Kaplic Luvisol (25 kg soil per pot). Achieved results have shown that the application of both kinds of rock wool had a positive but not statistically significant effect on the grain and straw yield of spring barley. The Nobasyp effect on the yield was more positive than the one of Agrodrap. Combined application of Nobasyp (20 Mg o ha^-1) and NPK fertilizers resulted in the highest grain and straw yields. On the other hand, combined application of Agrodrap and NPK fertilizers (under the use of both doses - 10 and 20 Mg o ha^-1) was not well-founded, because the yields achieved by interactive effect of NPK fertilizers and Agrodrap were lower than the ones achieved by solely use of NPK fertilizers. The rock wool + NPK fertilizers application inhibited the negative effect of nitrogen on increase of crude protein content and the decrease of starch in the barley grain. Both kinds of rock wool significantly increased the cation exchange capacity, madę the soil lighter, moderately increased pH of the soil and have had a positive effect on the total carbon content and the organie matter quality. The positive effect of Nobasyp on quantitative and qualitative parameters of spring barley and some soil parameters enables Nobasyp to be accepted not as a waste product but as a soil remediate substance, or an indirect fertilizer.

PL

W doświadczeniu wazonowym, prowadzonym w hali wegetacyjnej Słowackiego Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Nitrze (48° 18' N, 18°05' E), założonym na glebie płowej (25 kg gleby w wazonie) badano oddziaływanie dwóch odpadów wełny mineralnej (Nobasyp i Agrodrap) na parametry plonu jęczmienia jarego i niektóre agrochemiczne parametry gleby. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że stosowanie obydwóch rodzajów wełny mineralnej miało pozytywny, ale statycznie nieistotny wpływ na plon ziarna i słomy jęczmienia jarego. Wpływ Nobasypu na plon był bardziej widoczny niż ten wywołany przez Agrodrap. Łączne zastosowanie Nobasypu (20 Mg o ha^-1) oraz nawozów NPK skutkowało największymi plonami ziarna i sfomy. Z drugiej strony, łączne stosowanie Agdrapu oraz nawozów NPK (w obydwu zastosowanych dawkach - 10 i 20 Mg - ha^-1) nie było w pełni uzasadnione, ponieważ plony uzyskane w wyniku wzajemnego działania nawozów NPK i Agrodrapu były mniejsze niż te uzyskane po użyciu wyłącznie nawozów NPK. Stosowanie wełny mineralnej i nawozów NPK łagodziło ujemny wpływ azotu, który powodował wzrost zawartości białka surowego i obniżanie zawartość skrobi w ziarnie jęczmienia. Obydwa rodzaje wełny mineralnej znacząco zwiększały kationową pojemność wymienną, czyniły glebę bardziej pulchną, umiarkowanie podnosiły wartość pH gleby oraz miały pozytywny wpływ na ogólną zawartość węgla i jakość materii organicznej. Pozytywne oddziaływanie Nobasypu na ilościowe i jakościowe parametry jęczmienia jarego oraz niektóre parametry gleby umożliwia jego uznanie za substancję ulepszającą glebę lub nawóz pośredni, a nie jako produkt odpadowy.