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Role of soil algae on the initial stages of soil formation in sandy polluted areas

Rahmonov O., Cabala J., Bednarek R., Rozek D., Florkiewicz A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

2015

Vol. 22, nr 4

675--690

Research to evaluate the role of the soil algae in the initiation of pedogenesis in sandy areas and to establish the mineral, chemical and organic composition of soil-algal crusts was done. The investigations area is located in southern Poland in a landscape of drift sand (Bledowska Desert) formed as a result of medieval deforestation related to Ag, Pb and Fe mining activities. Fifteen species of algae (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Heterokontophyta) were identified. In the soil-algal crusts, Corg contents ranged from 0.35-2.23%, Pavail from 9-34 mg · kg−1 and Nt was variable. In investigated area the ground on which soil algae developed was acidic (pH 4.4-5.7 in KCl). Among mineral components in the crust, phases rich in Fe and K dominated (776.5(±2.3) - 2803(±31) mg · kg−1 and 230.5(±3.7) - 696(±22) mg · kg−1, respectively) and elevated concentrations of Zn, Mn and Pb occurred. Soil-crust organic matter includes aliphatic and aromatic compounds, carbohydrate derivatives, phenols, furan and pyrene structures. N compounds have significant contribution in composition of soil-algal crusts - the algae are main source of organic matter in this stage of soil formation. It could accelerate the regeneration of disturbed ecological systems.

Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu określenie roli glonów glebowych w inicjalnym stadium rozwoju gleb na obszarach piaszczystych oraz rozpoznanie składu mineralnego i chemicznego skorup glonowo-glebowych. Obszar badań leży w południowej Polsce na terenie ruchomych piasków (Pustynia Błędowska), powstałych w wyniku wycinki lasów przeprowadzonej na potrzeby średniowiecznego górnictwa Ag-Pb-Fe. Zidentyfikowano piętnaście gatunków glonów (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Heterokontophyta). W skorupach glonowo-glebowych zawartość Corg wahała się w granicach 0,35-2,23%, Pprzyswajalny - 9-34 mg · kg–1, natomiast zawartość Nt była zróżnicowana. Na obszarze badań podłoże, na którym rozwijały się glony i sinice, było kwaśne (pH 4,4-5,7 w KCl). Wśród składników mineralnych występujących w skorupach glonowo-glebowych dominowały fazy bogate w Fe i K (odpowiednio: 776,5(±2,3)-2803(±31) mg · kg–1 i 230,5(±3,7)-696(±22) mg · kg–1). Zaobserwowano w nich również wysoką koncentrację Zn, Mn i Pb. Materia organiczna badanych skorup zawierała związki alifatyczne i aromatyczne, pochodne węglowodanów, fenole, furan i piren. Znaczący udział w składzie skorup glonowo-glebowych miały też związki azotu - glony są głównym źródłem materii organicznej w badanym stadium formowania się gleby, co może się przyczyniać do szybkiej regeneracji odkształconych układów ekologicznych.

Metal resistance of soil algae (Chlorophyta) occurring in post-flotation Zn/Pb and Cu-tailing ponds

Kalinowska R., Pawlik-Skowrońska B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2008

Vol. 56, nr 3

415-430

Algae as pioneer organisms are important in extreme environments. We isolated several green algae (Chlorophyta) from Zn/Pb- and Cu-enriched ground samples of post-flotation tailing ponds, containing 17200-18400 mg Zn kg[^-1], 3017-6566 mg Pb kg[^-1] or 1420 mg Cu kg[^-1]. The algae with different morphologies belonged to following classes: Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. Their Zn-, Pb- and Cu- resistance in comparison with soil green algae (Chlorophyceae) isolated from the unpolluted control soil was evaluated under laboratory conditions on the basis of 96h-EC[50] (effective metal concentration which causes 50% inhibition of algal growth after 96 h exposure). Among isolated algae Dictyococcus cf. varians Gerneck em. Starr from the Zn/Pb-tailing pond was highly resistant both to lead (EC[50] 48 [my]M) and zinc (EC[50] 126 [my]M), but sensitive to copper (EC[50] 2 [my]M). Stichococcus minor Nageli and Chlamydomonas boldii Ettl from the Cu-tailing pond were resistant to copper (EC[50] 17.8 [my]M and 10 [my]M, respectively). Simultaneously, S. minor revealed co-resistance to Zn (EC[50] 251 [my]M), while C. boldii to Pb (EC[50] 38.9 [my]M). Geminella terricola J.B. Petersen (Chlorophyceae), isolated from the unpolluted control soil, revealed high sensitivity to the three metals (Zn-EC[50] 44.6 [my]M; Pb-EC[50] 10.2 [my]M and Cu-EC[50] 6.4 [my]M). Simultaneously, G. terricola accumulated intracellularly higher amounts of Zn (7.1 amol [my]m[^-3]) and Cu (5.5 amol [my]m[^-3]) than all the algae from the polluted ground samples (Zn: 1.2-6.4 amol [my]m[^-3] and Cu: 0.4-2.7 amol [my]m[^-3]). It also accumulated high amounts of Pb (6.0 amol [my]m[^-3]), but two-fold lower than D. cf. varians. Using cytochemical staining of metals dark pink Pb-rhodizonate complexes were detected in thick cell walls of the Pb/Zn-resistant D. cf. varians and in thick mucilage layers of the Cu/Pb-resistant C. boldii. However, in the Pb-sensitive S. minor Pb-complexes were detected inside deformed cells. Pink-orange Zn-dithizone complexes were mainly distributed inside the cells of the Zn-resistant D. cf. varians. The results obtained suggest that thick cell walls or envelopes may be partly responsible for the higher Pb-resistance of some studied algae. However, in the case of micro-nutrients like Zn or Cu other resistance mechanisms (biochemical / physiological) may be involved. It seems that algal species or ecotypes living in the grounds of metal post-flotation tailing ponds have been adapted to heavy metals present in their habitats and may be useful for remediation of such degraded environments.