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1

Wpływ aplikacji pulpy siarkowej na plonowanie i skład chemiczny kukurydzy

Lisowska Aneta, Filipek-Mazur Barbara, Kulig Bogdan

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 1

143--148

PL

Doświadczenie polowe prowadzono w latach 2018-2019 w Stacji Doświadczalnej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie. W pierwszym roku doświadczenie obejmowało 5 obiektów: obiekt kontrolny bez nawożenia, obiekt z nawożeniem pulpą siarkową oraz obiekty z nawożeniem pulpą siarkową w połączeniu z materiałami organicznymi. W drugim roku doświadczenie kontynuowano celem oceny dwóch strategii nawożenia: ponownego zastosowania materiałów i nawozów wprowadzonych w pierwszym roku badań i wyłącznego nawożenia mineralnego NPK, w celu określenia następczego działania materiałów wykorzystanych w pierwszym roku badań. W odniesieniu do obiektu kontrolnego zastosowane nawożenie prowadziło do istotnego zwiększenia plonu suchej masy części nadziemnych kukurydzy. Rośliny nawożone badanymi materiałami cechowały się porównywalną lub większą zawartością azotu ogółem i porównywalną lub mniejszą zawartością siarki ogółem niż rośliny obiektu kontrolnego.

EN

In a two-year field expt., corn was grown and fertilized with S pulp or mixts. of S pulp with org. substances or without fertilizer in order to det. the yield efficiency of the dry matter of the aboveground part. In the second year of the expt., the assessment of re-fertilization using materials and fertilizers introduced in the first year of the study and exclusive NPK mineral fertilization was continued in order to det. the residual effect of the materials used in the first year. The applied fertilization significantly increased the dry matter yield of the above-ground parts of corn compared to the control treatment. Plants treated with S materials showed comparable or higher total N content and comparable or lower total S content compared to control plants.

2

Kształtowanie się wybranych właściwości gleby jako efekt aplikacji pulpy siarkowej z materiałami organicznym

Filipek-Mazur Barbara, Lisowska Aneta, Kulig Bogdan

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 9

984--989

PL

Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2018-2019 w Stacji Doświadczalnej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie. W I roku badania obejmowały 5 obiektów: obiekt kontrolny bez nawożenia, obiekt z na wożeniem pulpą siarkową oraz obiekty z nawożeniem pulpą siarkową w połączeniu z materiałami organicznymi. W II roku doświadczenie kontynuowano celem oceny dwóch strategii nawożenia: ponowne go zastosowania materiałów i nawozów wprowadzonych w I roku badań i wyłącznego nawożenia mineralnego NPK, w celu określenia następczego działania materiałów wykorzystanych w I roku badań. Zastosowane nawożenie miało niewielki wpływ na wartość pH gleby i zawartość węgla organicznego ogółem i korzystny wpływ na zawartość siarki siarczanowej w testowanym materiale glebowym.

EN

In the two-year field expt., the soil under corn cultivation was fertilized in the first year with S pulp or mixts. of S pulp with org. materials or not fertilized (control) in order to det. the effect of fertilization on soil parameters. In the second year, the expt. was continued to evaluate 2 fertilization strategies: reapplication of materials and fertilizers introduced in the first year of the study and exclusive mineral NPK fertilization, in order to det. the subsequent effect of materials used in the first year of the study. The applied fertilization showed a minor effect on the soil pH value and the content of total org. C, and beneficial impact on sulfate S content.

3

Badania migracji gazu ziemnego w kontekście oddziaływania na środowisko

Kluk Dorota

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 4

218--229

PL

Zaostrzenie w ostatnich latach wymogów ochrony środowiska powoduje potrzebę działań zmierzających do minimalizacji niekorzystnego wpływu zjawisk towarzyszących pozyskiwaniu węglowodorów. Jednym z takich zjawisk są ekshalacje gazu ziemnego, które mogą zachodzić zarówno naturalnie, jak i być skutkiem antropopresji wynikającej z eksploatacji węglowodorów. W artykule zaprezentowano badania składu gleby oraz powietrza glebowego z obszarów prowadzenia działalności wydobycia węglowodorów. Na obszarach tych wytypowano lokalizacje, w których zamontowano sondy do poboru powietrza glebowego celem prowadzenia badań monitoringowych jego składu. Podczas montażu sond pobrano próbki gleby z różnych interwałów głębokościowych. Glebę analizowano pod kątem zawartości substancji określonych w obowiązujących przepisach prawnych (Dz.U. z 2016 r. poz. 1395). Ponadto, dla pełnego obrazu wpływu na środowisko gruntowo-wodne, w okolicach złóż węglowodorów przeprowadzono badania toksykologiczne. Do testów toksykologicznych gleb wytypowano organizmy żyjące w środowisku gruntowo-wodnym i wodach słodkich, a kryterium wyboru było ich zróżnicowanie wobec zależności troficznych poszczególnych poziomów – producentów, konsumentów i reducentów. Wybrane do badań toksykologicznych bioindykatory wykorzystane są w komercyjnie dostępnych mikrobiotestach typu ToxKit: Ostracodtoxkit F (konsumenci), Phytotoxkit (producenci) oraz Solid Phase Microtox®SPT (reducenci). Dla właściwej interpretacji uzyskanych wyników równolegle z prowadzonymi badaniami na obszarze potencjalnie zagrożonym wyciekiem gazu wykonywano tożsame badania okolicznego terenu (bez wpływu wydobycia) w celu ustalenia lokalnego tła geochemicznego. Wieloaspektowy monitoring, tj. badanie składu powietrza glebowego, parametrów fizycznych i chemicznych gleby oraz jej oddziaływania na organizmy żywe (bioindykatory) w okolicach potencjalnych źródeł migrującego gazu w odniesieniu do wyników lokalnego tła, umożliwia rejestrację mikrowycieków gazu. Uzyskane rezultaty badań w połączeniu z rozpoznaniem skali ekshalacji gazu ziemnego przyczynią się do podejmowania skutecznych działań na rzecz ograniczenia tego zjawiska do dopuszczalnych standardów stężeń emitowanych zanieczyszczeń.

EN

The tightening of environmental protection requirements in recent years has necessitated actions aimed at minimizing the adverse impacts of phenomena associated with the extraction of hydrocarbons. One such phenomenon is the exhalation of natural gas, which may occur both naturally and as a result of anthropopressure resulting from the exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits. The article presents research on the composition of soil and soil gas from hydrocarbon extraction areas. In these areas, locations were selected where soil air sampling probes were installed in order to conduct monitoring studies of its composition. During the installation of the probes, soil samples were taken from various depth intervals. The soil was analysed for the content of substances specified in applicable legal regulations (Polish Journal of Laws 2016, item 1395). Moreover, toxicological tests were carried out to provide a complete picture of the impact on the soil and water environment near hydrocarbon deposits. Organisms living in the soil-water environment and freshwater were selected to carry out soil toxicological tests, and the selection criterion was their diversity in relation to the trophic relationships of individual levels – producers, consumers, and decomposers. Bioassays were performed using commercially available microbiotests such as ToxKit Ostracodtoxkit F (consumers), Phytotoxkit (producers) and Solid Phase Microtox®SPT (reducers). For the proper interpretation of the obtained results, in parallel with the research carried out in the area potentially at risk of gas seepage, identical research was carried out on the surrounding area to determine the regional geochemical background. Multi-aspect monitoring, i.e., examination of the composition of soil air, physical and chemical parameters of soil, and soil impact on living organisms (bioindicators) in the vicinity of potential migrating gas outlets to the local background enables the identification of gas microseepage. The connection of the obtained research results with the recognition of the scale of natural gas exhalation will contribute to the implementation of effective actions aimed at limiting this phenomenon to permissible standards of concentrations of emitted pollutants.

4

Variability of Soil Microorganism Numbers in Response to Exogenous Organic Matter and Water-Absorbing Substrate

Truba Milena, Sosnowski Jacek, Wróbel Barbara, Krasnodębski Piotr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

223--233

EN

The aim of the research was to determine the variability of the total numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi under stress associated with the presence of exogenous organic matter in the soil. Additonaly, the ratio of the total number of bacteria and actinomycetes to the number of fungi was calculated. Another goal of the experiment was to observe the effect of substrates absorbing water and minimizing drought stress on the number of soil microorganisms. Organic waste materials applied to the soil did not significantly affect the number of microorganisms, i.e. bacteria, actinomycetes or the ratio of bacteria and actinomycetes on the one hand to fungi on the other. The results of the research prove the possibility of utilizing organic matter produced by sewage treatment plants, waste treatment plants or mushroom farms as substances enriching the soil of urban green areas.

5

Short-Term Effects of Controlled Heathland Burning on Macro-and Microelements Accumulation in Calluna vulgaris

Parzych Agnieszka, Piskuła Paulina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

340--351

EN

In order to protect, improve the condition and renew the heathland, foresters recommend controlled burning aimed at eliminating competing species, removing dead shoots, and stimulating Calluna vulgaris to grow. The aim of the research was to assess the impact of heath burning on the accumulation of nutrients in the shoots and roots of C. vulgaris. The results of our research indicate that the fire did not cause statistically significant changes in active acidity and exchangeable acidity in the surface layers of the soil compared to the control area. The heathland soils were nutrient-poor, with phosphorus being the most deficient element. The acidic pH of soils (pH<5.0) limited the bioavailability of macronutrients to plants. Spring burning of the heathland caused statistically significant differences in the content of N, P, K, Mg, Ca and Mn in the surface layer (A), N, P, K, Cu and Fe in the B layer and P, Mg, Cu and Fe in the C layer of the soil compared to the control surface. The macronutrient content in live shoots and roots was very low, except for calcium. The high content of Ca resulted from the functioning of C. vulgaris under stress conditions related to phosphorus deficiency in the soil and aging of the heath. In the short-term assessment, controlled burning of the heathland caused statistically significant differences in the content of N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn in shoots (p<0.01) and Mn in roots (p<0.05). The fire significantly (p<0.01) changed the values of the ratios between important nutrients (N/P, K/Mg and Fe/Mn) in the shoots of C. vulgaris compared to the control area.

6

Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Germination and Initial Growth of Selected Lawn Grass Species in Soil Polluted with PAHs

Gawryluk Adam, Krzyszczak Jaromir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

175--186

EN

Grasses are often used to recultivate areas contaminated during shale gas extraction. This is due to the fact that they adapt very well to unfavorable soil conditions such as: high pH, salinity, water deficit or the presence of harmful substances. Additionally, the grass root system releases enzymes into the soil that increase the activity of microorganisms and bacteria that decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are the main component of drilling waste. In turn, assessment of initial growth and development (germination tests) is a cheap and quick method to assess the sensitivity of the tested plants to pollutants. Young plants are more susceptible to harmful substances. The study aimed to determine the effect of drilling waste, containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the initial growth and development of selected grass species, with a specific focus on germination energy and capacity, as young plants are more sensitive to harmful substances compared to older plants. Among the tested species, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra showed the highest energy and germination ability, while Poa pratensis showed the lowest. The experiment showed that of the tested grass species, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra were the least sensitive to the effects of PAHs, with the smallest reductions in root length and seedling height observed in these species. Additionally, the highest concentration of PAHs was found in soil seeded with Lolium perenne, while the lowest was found in soil seeded with Poa pratensis.

7

Analysis of Soil Salinization as an Environmental Issue in Latin America

Calderon Pincay Jose Manuel, Pincay Cantos María Fernanda

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

146--152

EN

A systematic review was conducted in this study with the aim of analyzing soil salinization in Latin America. Manuscripts published in the region over the past ten years in both English and Spanish that had undergone blind peer review in journals indexed in the databases of Copernicus Publications, Nature, Science Direct, Scielo, and Redalyc were taken into consideration. Soil salinity was discovered to be a growing environmental limitation in at least 9 of the 32 countries that make up the Latin American region. Secondary salinization spreads as a result of changes in land use brought on by the expansion of the agricultural frontier, poor irrigation management using low-quality water, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers, among other things.

8

Evaluation of the effect of using sewage sludge as a fertilizer on the concentration of heavy metals in soil and the economic implications of its application

Petryk Agnieszka, Ryczek Marek, Guzdek Sylwia

Economics and Environment

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2024

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No. 1

art. no. 647

EN

The costs of fertilising the soil with sewage sludge were reduced to the operating time of the equipment and the working time of the labourers operating the equipment in the two main operations (manure spreading and ploughing), for three sewage sludge application doses, namely 50, 100 and 200 Mg·ha-1. The costs were calculated using the Katalog Nakładów Rzeczowych nr 2-21: Tereny zielone/Ministerstwo Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Budownictwa (2009) and the current prices from Sekocendbud (2023). The effectiveness of fertilisation was assessed by studying the level and change in heavy metal content after the soil was fertilised with sewage sludge at three proportional doses, namely 50, 100 and 200 Mg·kg-1. The sewage sludge used for fertilisation complied with the sanitary requirements for sludge to be utilised for natural purposes (Regulation, 2015). The estimated total cost of sludge application ranged from PLN 12646.19 to PLN 20456.73 per 1 ha for doses from 50 to 200 Mg per 1 ha. The results of the estimation confirmed the hypothesis that the unit cost of fertilisation with stabilised sewage sludge increases with the dose of sludge in relation to the area of fertilised soil and decreases with the increase of the mass of sludge deposited in the soil. Optimising fertiliser costs, therefore, requires selection - increasing the sludge dose per unit area. No contamination of the soil with copper, cadmium, lead and zinc was found despite an obvious increase in the content of these metals when mixed into the soil. The application of sewage sludge, even in multiple doses, did not result in exceeding the permissible limit for the content of these elements in the soil, as defined in the Minister of the Environment Regulation of 2015 (Regulation, 2015).

PL

Celem artykułu było określenie zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach po aplikacji do nich osadu ściekowego jako źródła i sposobu nawożenia oraz próba oszacowania kosztów tego procesu. Koszty związane z nawożeniem gleby osadami ściekowymi, sprowadzono do czasu pracy sprzętu oraz robotników obsługujących sprzęt w dwóch podstawowych etapach prac (rozrzucanie obornika i orka), dla trzech wysokości dawek osadów ściekowych: 50, 100 oraz 200 Mg·ha-1. Kalkulacja kosztów została wykonana na podstawie Katalogu Nakładów Rzeczowych nr 2-21: Tereny zielone / Ministerstwo Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Budownictwa (2009) oraz aktualnych cen z bazy danych Sekocendbud (2023). Skuteczność nawożenia została oceniona przez zbadanie poziomu i zmiany zawartości metali ciężkich po zasileniu gleby osadami ściekowymi w proporcjonalnych, trzech dawkach: 50, 100, 200 Mg·ha-1. Zastosowane do nawożenia osady spełniały wymagania sanitarne stawiane osadom, które mają być wykorzystane w celach przyrodniczych (Regulation, 2015). Oszacowane koszty całkowite aplikacji osadu, wyniosły od 12646,19zł do 20456,73zł na 1 ha, odpowiednio dla dawek od 50 do 200 Mg na 1 ha. Wyniki szacunku potwierdziły założoną tezę, a mianowicie: koszty jednostkowe nawożenia ustabilizowanymi osadami ściekowymi rosną wraz z dawką osadu w odniesieniu do powierzchni nawożonej gleby a maleją wraz ze wzrostem masy zdeponowanych w glebie osadów. Optymalizacja kosztów nawożenia wymaga zatem doboru – zwiększania dawki osadu na jednostkę powierzchni. Nie stwierdzono skażenia gleby miedzią, kadmem, ołowiem i cynkiem pomimo oczywistego zwiększenia zawartości tych metali po ich zmieszaniu z glebą. Stosowanie osadu, nawet dawki wielokrotnej, nie wpłynęło na przekroczenie dopuszczalnego progu zawartości tych pierwiastków w glebie, określonej w Rozporządzeniu Ministra Środowiska z 2015 r. (Regulation, 2015).

9

The Effect of Fertilizers on the Extraction of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Soil by Plant Biomass

Kholikulov Shodi, Bobobekov Isomiddin, Abdurakhimov Mingjigit, Abdumalikov Jasurbek, Yakubov Tursunboy

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

227--237

EN

According to the data given in the article, the soil around the Samarkand chemical plant is strongly contaminated with heavy metals. The greatest pollution is noted within a radius of 1500–2000 meters from a chemical plant in the western and northern directions. In areas subject to the influence of heavy metals and arsenic, the use of mineral and organic fertilizers reduced the content of mobile forms of these elements in the soil and improved the growth and development of plants. As a result, crop yields increase, and the transfer of heavy metals into plants is reduced. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers in soils contaminated with these elements, along with increasing the yield of cotton, reduced the amount of element removed by the crop by 25–80% compared to the control variant. That is, in the variant where mineral and organic fertilizers were applied together (N250P175K125 + cattle manure, 30 t/ha), the largest reduction in the removal of these elements by the cotton crop was found in the cobalt (80%) and the lowest in the copper (25%).

10

Mapping Soil Clay Content and Hydraulic Properties over an Agricultural Semiarid Plain Using Remote Sensing and Interpolation Techniques

Nassah Houda, Younes Fakir, Salah Erraki, Said Khabba, Bernard Mougenot

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

164--179

EN

Clay content is an important parameter governing hydrodynamics property of soils and consequently crucial to environmental management and agricultural development. The present study aims to use the textural middle infrared index (MID index) product of Landsat-8 Operational Land Images to map clay content over the Haouz plain (Central Morocco). The clay content was mapped at 30 m grid spatial resolution based on the relationship between the MID index and a large set of soil samples. Over the areas covered by green vegetation, the clay content was predicted using the ordinary cokriging technique. Then, this information was used to derive soil hydraulic properties such as the field capacity (θfc), the wilting point (θwp) and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) by using different pedotransfer functions. The validation of the maps was performed by using independent soil samples and measurements. The results showed that the clay content is significantly correlated to MID index. The ordinary cokriging improved mapping of clay content over the Haouz plain (R2= 0.70, RMSE = 3.5%). The obtained maps of θfc, θwp and Ksat revealed a good correlation between the simulated values and the measured values.

11

Ecological and health risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination along National Highway 107 in China

Jin Xiaohua, Tong Xinru, Hua Shunheng, Xu Yang

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 2

155--175

EN

This study investigates soil heavy metal contamination behind the green belts along National Highway 107 in China. Soil samples were collected from both sides of the highway to determine the concentrations of heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc. The distribution patterns, ecological risks, and health hazards associated with these heavy metals were analysed. In order to provide more sample examples and data support for soil heavy metal pollution control. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to detect the concentrations and speciation of these five heavy metals in the soil samples. The Geo-Accumulation Index method, the Nemerow pollution index method, and a health risk assessment model were used to evaluate the ecological and health risks of heavy metal pollution adjacent to the highway. Results indicated that: (1) The concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn in the soil decreased with the increasing number of protective forest layers, highlighting the significant role of protective belts in impeding the migration of heavy metals from the highway. (2) In terms of pollution assessment, the Geo-accumulation index method revealed prominent Cd contamination, the Geo-accumulation index of Cd peaked at 1.95 indicating a moderate to mild pollution level overall. Conversely, the Nemerow index method suggested a medium to extremely high risk of soil heavy metal Cd contamination. Specifically, the peak value of Cd single-factor pollution index in the study area reached 5.78, and the mean value of its Nemerow index (P) was 4.67. (3) In health risk assessment, it was found that children are more susceptible to heavy metal threats. The non-carcinogenic risk indices of all five heavy metals were less than 1, implying minimal risk. However, the total carcinogenic risk index for Cr ranged between 10–6 and 10–4, posing a certain level of carcinogenic risk to humans.

12

Bezprzewodowy pomiar ciśnienia wody w porach gruntu w aparacie trójosiowego ściskania

Witowski Marcin

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 7-8

188--192

PL

Aparat trójosiowego ściskania jest jednym z najbardziej rozpowszechnionych w laboratoriach geotechnicznych urządzeń badawczych służących do określania parametrów charakteryzujących zachowanie się gruntów pod względem wytrzymałości i sztywności. Urządzenie to ma możliwość pomiaru szeregu kluczowych parametrów, wśród których zasadniczą rolę odgrywa pomiar siły osiowej, odkształcenia osiowego oraz ciśnienia wody porowej w gruncie. Wskazane w normie europejskiej (Eurokod 7) podejście w zakresie projektowania geotechnicznego i sprawdzania stanów granicznych wymaga korzystania z parametrów efektywnych. Tym samym ich oznaczanie w warunkach laboratoryjnych wymaga prawidłowej (w zakresie procedury nasycania) i poprawnej (w zakresie lokalizacji pomiaru) rejestracji ciśnienia wody w przestrzeni porowej gruntu w trakcie badania. Standardowo pomiar tego ostatniego parametru wykonywany jest w dolnej części próbki lub w bardziej zaawansowanej formie, w połowie wysokości próbki. To drugie podejście jest bardziej miarodajne, ale wprowadza jednak wymóg przerwania ciągłości membrany otaczającej próbkę gruntu, co może prowadzić do niekontrolowanej penetracji wody z komory do wnętrza próbki. Rozwiązaniem tej niedogodności było opracowanie autorskiego projektu czujnika objętego postępowaniem patentowym. Zapewnienie pomiaru bezpośredniego na próbce przy jednoczesnym uniknięciu potencjalnej nieszczelności było możliwe poprzez zastosowanie nowatorskiego czujnika, który mierzy ciśnienie wody w porach gruntu i w sposób bezprzewodowy przesyła wyniki na zewnątrz komory. W artykule przedstawiono opis tego rozwiązania oraz sposób integracji nowego czujnika z rejestratorem i pozostałymi komponentami zestawu aparatu „trójosiowego” ściskania. Skuteczność zaproponowanego rozwiązania wykazano poprzez przeprowadzenie pełnej kalibracji wyników uzyskiwanych z czujnika. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały skuteczności zastosowanego bezprzewodowego czujnika do bezpośredniego pomiaru ciśnienia wody w gruncie.

EN

The triaxial compression apparatus is one of the most popular research devices in geotechnical laboratories used to determine the parameters characterizing the behavior of soils in terms of strength and stiffness. This device has the ability to measure a number of key parameters, among which the measurement of axial force, axial deformation and pore water pressure in the ground plays an essential role. The approach to geotechnical design and limit state verification indicated in the European standard (Eurocode 7) requires the use of effective parameters. Thus, their determination in laboratory conditions requires correct (in terms of the saturation procedure) and correct (in terms of measurement location) recording of water pressure in the soil pore space during the test. As a standard, the measurement of the latter parameter is performed in the lower part of the sample, or in a more advanced form, in the middle of the sample’s height. The latter approach is more reliable, but it introduces a requirement to break the continuity of the membrane surrounding the soil sample, which may lead to uncontrolled penetration of water from the chamber into the sample. The solution to this inconvenience was the development of a proprietary sensor design covered by patent proceedings. Providing direct measurement on the sample while avoiding potential leakage was possible by using an innovative sensor that measures the water pressure in the soil pores and wirelessly sends the results outside the chamber. The article presents a description of this solution and the method of integrating the new sensor with the recorder and other components of the triaxial compression apparatus set. The effectiveness of the proposed solution was demonstrated by carrying out a full calibration of the results obtained from the sensor. Validation of the results was performed on several series of tests carried out on several types of soils with different filtration properties. The obtained results showed the effectiveness of the wireless sensor used for direct measurement of water pressure in the ground.

13

The effect of pollutants on the content of nutrients in soil

Pukish Arsen V., Sydorenko Olha I., Mandryk Oleh M., Korobeinykova Yaroslava S., Tuts Oleh M.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 4

266--277

EN

Soil degradation occurs as a result of the ingress and accumulation of excessive amount of pollutants in the soil. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the complex effect of soil contamination (concentration of petroleum products, toxic salts, dense residue, sodium ions, sulfate ions, magnesium ions, calcium, chloride ions, bicarbonate ions) on the content of nutrients (alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus). A detailed analysis of scientific papers has been carried out, based on which the main scientific tasks solved in the article have been formulated. It has been established that soil-salt processes are insufficiently studied and are the object of scientific research in recent years. At the first stage of research, sampling was carried out and the content of nutrients and pollutants in the soil was determined. Determination of element concentrations was performed by collecting soil samples and their subsequent laboratory testing. At the second stage, a correlation-regression analysis of the obtained data was performed and multiple linear regressions were established. The interaction of substances in the soil was determined by analyzing the obtained multiple linear regressions. Two types of soils were studied: with chloride and with sulfate type of salinization. For soils with chloride type of salinity, dependences have been established for the content of humus, alkaline nitrogen and potassium, while in case of phosphorus multiple linear regression does not exist. For soils with sulfate type of salinization, multiple linear regression dependences of concentrations of alkaline nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium have been determined. It is established that the complex influence of the studied elements is decisive. No regression dependence was found for the humus content, which indicates that the concentration of the studied elements has almost no effect on the humus content in the soil. Comparison of the obtained multiple linear regressions with the results of laboratory studies showed a good correlation between these data series. The obtained regularities of pollutant and nutrient interactions in soils are expected in future to enable creation of scientific bases for development of new methods of desalination of soils polluted by formation waters as well as for planning effective reclamation actions.

PL

W wyniku wnikania i gromadzenia się w glebie nadmiernych ilości zanieczyszczeń następuje degradacja gleby. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań teoretycznych i eksperymentalnych złożonego wpływu zanieczyszczenia gleby (stężenie produktów naftowych, toksycznych soli, gęstego osadu, siarczanow, jonów sodu, magnezu, wapnia, chlorków, wodorowęglanów), na zawartość składników pokarmowych (hydrolizowanego alkalicznie azotu, fosforu, potasu, humusu). Przeprowadzona została szczegółowa analiza prac naukowych, na podstawie której sformułowano główne zadania badawcze rozwiązane w artykule. Stwierdzono, że procesy glebowo-solne zbadane są w stopniu niedostatecznym i stanowią one przedmiot badań naukowych w ostatnich latach. W pierwszym etapie badań pobrano próbki i wyznaczono zawartość składników pokarmowych i zanieczyszczeń w glebie. Wyznaczenia stężeń pierwiastków dokonano poprzez pobranie próbek gleb i ich późniejsze badania laboratoryjne. W drugim etapie wykonano analizę korelacyjno-regresyjną uzyskanych danych i ustalono wielokrotne regresje liniowe. Oddziaływanie substancji w glebie określono poprzez analizę otrzymanych wielokrotnych regresji liniowych. Badano dwa rodzaje gleb: o zasoleniu chlorkowym i siarczanowym. Dla gleb o zasoleniu chlorkowym ustalono zależności w odniesieniu do zawartośći humusu, azotu hydrolizowanego alkalicznie i potasu, natomiast dla fosforu regresja liniowa wielokrotna nie wystapiła. Dla gleb o zasoleniu siarczanowym wyznaczono zależności wielokrotnej regresji liniowej stężeń azotu alkalicznego, fosforu, potasu. Ustalono, że decydujące znaczenie ma kompleksowe oddziaływanie badanych pierwiastków. Dla zawartości humusu nie stwierdzono zależności regresji, co wskazuje, że stężenie badanych pierwiastków prawie nie wpływa na zawartość humusu w glebie. Porównanie uzyskanych wielokrotnych regresji liniowych z wynikami badań laboratoryjnych wykazało dobrą korelację między tymi seriami danych. Uzyskane prawidłowości oddziaływania zanieczyszczeń i składników pokarmowych w glebach pozwolą w przyszłości stworzyć naukowe podstawy rozwoju nowych metod odsalania gleb zanieczyszczonych wodami złożowymi, jak również planować efektywne prowadzenie prac rekultywacyjnych.

14

Cementacja gruntu w realizacji obiektów mostowych

Pomierny Marcin, Posłajko Mariusz, Wackowski Łukasz, Brzozowski Tadeusz, Świniański Jerzy

Mosty

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2023

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nr 3

34-39

PL

W artykule przedstawiono technologię wzmocnienia gruntu Mass Mixing oraz dwa przykłady jej zastosowania w realizacji obiektów mostowych. Pierwszy przykład ilustruje rozwiązanie posadowienia trójprzęsłowego wiaduktu wraz z nasypami dojazdowymi na wzmocnionym podłożu. Drugi przykład dotyczy zabezpieczenia wykopu oraz podchwycenia torowiska w celu budowy tunelu drogowego pod istniejącą linią kolejową z zastosowaniem technologii Mass Mixing oraz Jet Grouting.

EN

The article presents the Mass Mixing soil improvement technology and two examples of its application in the construction of bridge structures. The first example illustrates the solution for the foundation of a three-span viaduct with access embankments on the improved soil. The second example shows the protection of a trench and underpinning of the track in order to build a road tunnel under the existing railway line using the Mass Mixing and Jet Grouting technologies.

15

Mathematical modelling technique to assess soil conditions

Tretyakova Larisa, Mitiuk Lyudmila

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2023

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Vol. 7, nr 3

103--106

EN

This paper analyzes the results of studying contaminated soil samples from a combat zone (Sumy region, Ukraine). The authors proposed a mathematical model for simulating and assessing the impact of military operations on soil and groundwater. The mathematical model will make it possible to predict the occurrence of environmental emergencies and reduce the frequency of expensive experimental studies of soils contaminated with heavy metals.

16

The Influence of the Gray Forest Soil Moisture Level on the Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in Spring Barley Grain

Razanov Serhii, Husak Oksana, Hnativ Petro, Dydiv Andrii, Bakhmat Oleh, Stepanchenko Vitalii, Pryshchepa Alla, Shcherbachuk Victor, Mazurak Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

285--292

EN

Among a number of climate-related factors, moisture has the greatest impact on crop productivity. In recent years, certain changes have been observed under conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine with regard to precipitation – from low to in some cases – abnormally high, which requires the study of their impact on the yield and safety of cereal grain for its forecasted production. The article examined the effect of a high level of soil moisture (256.2–272.5 mm) and a low level (47.4–52.3 mm) during the growing season (germination→earing) of spring barley grain on the accumulation of heavy metals in it and its productivity under the conditions of gray forest soils of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Spring barley varieties Helios and Caesar were selected for the research. A decrease in the accumulation coefficient at a high level of soil moisture (256.6–272.5 mm) in spring barley grain Pb from 8.3% to 11.3%, Cd – from 35.0% to 35.5%, Zn was established – by 15% and Cu – from 11.2% to 16.6% compared to the low level of soil moisture (47.1 mm – 53.3 mm). At the same time, it was found that with a high level of soil moisture, there is a decrease in the yield of Helios and Caesar spring barley by 18.0% and 14.1%, respectively.

17

The Effects of the Quality of Irrigation Water Used on Agricultural Soils in Coastal Chaouia, Morocco

Rafik Fadwa, Saber Najib, Halima Oumaima Iben, Douaik Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

50--60

EN

The Coastal Chaouia region is located south of the Casablanca city (Morocco). Since the 1970s, groundwater has been used intensively for irrigation, previously for growing citrus and currently for vegetables and forages. The increase of irrigated soils by pumping has induced environmental problems such as the degradation of groundwater quality and salt water intrusion. For these reasons, this work aimed to study the impact of the irrigation water quality upon the agricultural soils. During the study, 71 samples of well water and soil were taken to represent the whole considered area, which comprised 3 different zones (0–1.8 km, 1.8–4.5 km, and 4.5–11 km from the coast). The analyzed parameters were salinity and pH. The results showed firstly that the soil pH average values decrease for the three zones with 7.73, 7.57, and 7.52, respectively. However, the water pH averages vary from 7.24 to 7.49. For the soil electrical conductivity, it represents a light decrease moving from the nearest zone to the sea to the far one (average of 3.54, 2.66, and 2.33, respectively). A similar result is for observed water electrical conductivity with average of 6.83, 5.30, and 2.06, respectively, for the three zones. The analyses of the soil and water salinity show that both salinities decreased moving from the coast to inland. Richard and Wilcox charts have confirmed the strong mineralization and the poor quality of most of the well water which are close to the sea.

18

Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals in the Turkestan Region

Salim Yerbol, Yerimbetova Aizhan, Baiduisenova Togzhan, Uspabayeva Aigul, Abildayeva Roza, Balgabekova Aigerim, Ashirbayeva Saltanat, Tleukeyeva Assel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

31--38

EN

Toxic pollutants of industrial origin can be dangerous for professionals who come into contact with them at work, and also for the people who live near the sources of environmental hazards. There is a known relationship between the soil pollution with heavy metals and the morbidity of the population. This paper reports a study of the soil pollution with ions of heavy metals in the Turkestan region, Kazakhstan. The study found technogenic geochemical anomalies of various size, intensity and origin in the soils of the Turkestan region. The distribution of lead, copper, barium, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus and arsenic was mapped based on the ecological and geochemical survey of the upper soil layer. The most polluted city is Kentau, where concentrations of Pb, Mo, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Mn, Cr, Ni in the soil exceed the allowable level. The cause of pollution is erosion that occurs in the areas of technogenic waste storage. In some communities, the concentration of only one metal exceeded its MAC or the Clarke number, for example, only scandium exceeded its Clarke number by 1.1 in Lenger and only exceeded its Clarke number by 2.75 in Sholakkorgan.

19

Pesticides in Small Agricultural Catchments in the Czech Republic

Konečná Jana, Zajíček Antonín, Sáňka Milan, Halešová Taťána, Kaplická Markéta, Nováková Eva

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

99--112

EN

Generally, pesticides are the products containing at least one chemical substance which should protect plant or plant products against pests/diseases. Among them, the most important ones are herbicides, followed by insecticides and fungicides. As a result of intensive agriculture techniques, large amounts of pesticides are applied on agricultural soil. They remain and degrade in soil, but they can enter water bodies and negatively affect water quality and the aquatic ecosystem. The article deals with the level of pesticide load in soil, bottom sediment and surface water in chosen agriculture catchments in the Czech Republic. Results revealed that the main general problem is glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, although their application has been constrained for several years. Furthermore, the difference in contents of chosen parent pesticide substances and their metabolites in soils and waters were pointed out.

20

Modeling Radiocesium Contamination of Sunflower Products in the Zaporizhzhia Region

Polevoy Anatolii, Lyashenko Galyna, Zhygailo Olena, Volvach Oksana, Zhygailo Taras, Popovych Iryna, Tolmachova Alla, Kolosovska Valeriya, Kostyukevych Tetyana, Barsukova Olena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

279--287

EN

The accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant was one of the most serious nuclear incidents in human history. A radioactive plume covered a whole strip of northeastern Europe. The consequences of this catastrophe are still being felt, both in Ukraine and around the world. The article is devoted to the assessment of the consequences of radiocesium contamination of agricultural lands and irrigated waters during a possible accident at the Zaporizhzhia NPP and the associated Cs137 contamination of sunflower products in the Zaporizhzhia region. The studies were carried out using a dynamic mathematical model for the formation of radionuclide activity in the "water-soil-plant-product" system, ECOSIS-87 (Ecoplant). The article presents the results of studies of possible contamination of the environment by radiocesium according the Chornobyl NPP-86 scenario and sunflower production by the method of mathematical dynamic modeling. The calculations were carried out on the basis of the results of an agrochemical and agroecological survey of the state of soils in Ukraine and the Dnipro cascade of reservoirs. If an explosion occurs at the Zaporizhzhia NPP, the power of which will be equal to the Chornobyl NPP, then 100,000 hectares of agricultural land in the region will be taken out of the agricultural production of the Zaporizhzhia region. On agricultural lands where soil contamination with radiocaesium will be more than 5 Ci/km2, and the concentration in irrigated waters will reach 2 Bq/dm3, sunflower, which was grown for seeds to produce oil will need to be replaced with an industrial crop, which will also lead to loss of seed yield sunflower. Crop losses will lead to a decrease in the volume of sunflower oil. It should also be taken into account that the purification of soil and water does not occur in one year. At least in 5 years the situation will begin to improve.