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1

A Study on the Optimization of Metalloid Contents of Fe-Si-B-C Based Amorphous Soft Magnetic Materials Using Artificial Intelligence Method

Choi Young-Sin, Kwon Do-Hun, Lee Min_Woo, Cha Eun-Ji, Jeon Junhyub, Lee Seok-Jae, Kim Jongryoul, Kim Hwi-Jun

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 4

1459--1463

EN

The soft magnetic properties of Fe-based amorphous alloys can be controlled by their compositions through alloy design. Experimental data on these alloys show some discrepancy, however, with predicted values. For further improvement of the soft magnetic properties, machine learning processes such as random forest regression, k-nearest neighbors regression and support vector regression can be helpful to optimize the composition. In this study, the random forest regression method was used to find the optimum compositions of Fe-Si-B-C alloys. As a result, the lowest coercivity was observed in Fe80.5Si3.63B13.54C2.33 at.% and the highest saturation magnetization was obtained Fe81.83Si3.63B12.63C1.91 at.% with R2 values of 0.74 and 0.878, respectively.

2

Mössbauer and magnetic studies of FeCoNiCuNbSiB nanocrystalline alloys

Grabias A., Basykh V., Ferenc J., Cieślak G., Kulik T., Kopcewicz M.

Nukleonika

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2017

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Vol. 62, No. 2

79--84

EN

Nanocrystalline Fe80–x–yCoxNiyCu1Nb3Si4B12 alloys were prepared by the annealing of amorphous ribbons. Primary crystallization of the alloys annealed at temperatures of between 500 and 550°C was studied by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnetic properties of the alloys were investigated using a hysteresis loop tracer and vibrating sample magnetometer. The annealed ribbons are composed of a two-phase nanostructure consisting of bcc Fe-based grains embedded in an amorphous matrix. Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) measurements reveal a more advanced crystallization process in the surface layers when compared with the volume of the ribbons. The degree of saturation magnetization of the nanocrystalline alloys is of about 1.5 T. The coercive fi eld varies from 1.0 to 6.5 A/m and peaks at an annealing temperature of 525°C. Magnetic softening of the nanocrystalline alloys observed after annealing at 550°C is correlated with a volume fraction of the nanocrystalline bcc phase.

3

Structure and Soft Magnetic Properties of the Amorphous Alloys: Fe61Co10Ti3-xY6+xB20 (x = 0,1)

Błoch K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 1

445--450

EN

This paper presents studies relating to the structure, soft magnetic properties and thermal stability of the following bulk amorphous alloys: Fe61Co10Ti3-xY6+xB20 (x = 0, 1). On the basis of the performed X-ray diffraction studies and Mössbauer spectroscopy, it was found that investigated samples were amorphous in the as-cast state. The DSC curve obtained for Fe61Co10Ti2Y7B20 alloy exhibited one exothermic peak, while for the Fe61Co10Ti3Y6B20 sample, two peaks were distinguishable. The change in the chemical structure of the investigated alloys has a major effect on their soft magnetic properties; especially on coercivity and saturation magnetization. On the basis of the magnetization curves analysis, the spin wave stiffness parameter Dsp were determined for the investigated alloys.

4

Subsurface structure and magnetic parameters of Fe-Mo-Cu-B metallic glass

Miglierini M., Hasiak M., Bujdoš M.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 1

115--119

EN

Subsurface properties of 57Fe81Mo9Cu1B9 metallic glass were studied by conversion electron and conversion X-ray Mössbauer spectrometry. They were applied to both surfaces of the ribbons. Deviations in structural surface features are exhibited via different contents of crystalline phases, which were identifi ed as bcc-Fe and magnetite. The presence of small ferromagnetic particles was also suggested from magnetic measurements. An infl uence of irradiation with 130-keV N+ ions on surface properties of the as-quenched alloy is also discussed.

5

Influence of structure on soft magnetic properties of Co70Fe5Si15B10 metallic glass ribbons

Babilas R., Nowosielski R., Dercz G., Stokłosa Z., Głuchowski W.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 54, nr 1

37-44

EN

Purpose: The paper presents a structural, thermal and magnetic characterization of Co-based amorphous samples in as-cast state and after annealing process. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on Co70Fe5Si15B10 metallic glass in form of ribbons with different thickness. The amorphous structure and phase analysis of studied samples after annealing process was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallization behaviour of the studied ribbons was also examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fracture morphology of the ribbons after heat treatment was analysed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The soft magnetic properties examination contained relative initial magnetic permeability and magnetic permeability relaxation measurements. Findings: The X-ray diffraction investigations revealed that the tested ribbons with different thickness were amorphous. The two exothermic peaks describing crystallization process of Co70Fe5Si15B10 alloy were observed for all studied samples with different thickness. The heat treatment process of ribbon samples involved crystallization of á-Co(Si), Co2Si phases and cobalt borides at temperature above 773 K. The study of fracture morphology of samples after annealing at 623 K shows mixed fractures with “river” patterns, which are characteristic for glassy materials and some areas of scaly morphology. The initial magnetic permeability decreases in function of the increase of annealing temperature, but a local maximum could be determine at 673 K. Practical implications: The soft magnetic properties of studied metallic glasses can be formed by different sample thickness and applying the appropriate conditions of annealing process. Originality/value: The applied investigation methods are suitable to determine the changes of structure and soft magnetic properties of examined Co-based alloy with function of sample thickness and heat treatment conditions.

6

Structure, thermal and magnetic properties of (Fe72B20Si4Nb4)100-xYx(x=0.3) metallic glasses

Babilas R., Griner S., Sakiewicz P., Nowosielski R.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 44, nr 2

140--147

EN

Purpose The work presents structure characterization, thermal and soft magnetic properties analysis of selected Fe-based metallic glasses in as-cast state and after crystallization process. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on Fe72B20Si4Nb4 and Fe70B19Si4Nb4Y3 metallic glasses in form of ribbon. The amorphous structure of tested samples was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The crystallization behaviour of the studied alloys was examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The soft magnetic properties examination of tested materials contained initial magnetic permeability and magnetic permeability relaxation measurements. Findings: The XRD and TEM investigations confirmed that the studied alloys Fe72B20Si4Nb4 and Fe70B19Si4Nb4Y3 were amorphous in as-cast state. The liquidus temperature assumed as the end temperature of the melting isotherm on the DTA reached a value of 1550 K and 1560 K for Fe72B20Si4Nb4 and Fe70B19Si4Nb4Y3 alloy, adequately. The analysis of crystallization process indicated that onset and peak crystallization temperature increased with increasing of heating rate at DSC measurements. The samples of Fe72B20Si4Nb4 alloy presented two stage crystallization process. The initial magnetic permeability of examined samples increased together with the increase of annealing temperature and reached a distinct maximum at 773 K for Fe72B20Si4Nb4 and at 723 K for Fe70B19Si4Nb4Y3 alloy. Practical implications The increasing of annealing temperature significantly improved soft magnetic properties of examined alloys by increase the initial magnetic permeability. Originality/value: The applied investigation methods are suitable to determine the changes of structure and selected properties between studied alloys, especially in aspect of the soft magnetic properties improvement after annealing process.

7

Structure, thermal and magnetic properties of Fe43Co14Ni14B20Si5Nb4 bulk metallic glass

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Griner S., Czeppe T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 38, nr 2

123-130

EN

Purpose: The paper presents structure characteristics, thermal stability and soft magnetic properties analysis of Fe-based bulk metallic glass in as-cast state and after crystallization process. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on Fe43Co14Ni14B20Si5Nb4 metallic glass in a form of plates and rods. The amorphous structure of tested samples was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The thermal stability of the glassy samples was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The soft magnetic properties examination of tested material contained initial magnetic permeability and magnetic permeability relaxation measurements. Findings: The XRD and TEM investigations revealed that the studied as-cast plates and rods were amorphous. Broad diffraction halo could be observed for all tested samples, indicating the formation of a glassy phase with the diameters up to 3 mm for rods. The fracture surface of rod samples appears to consist of two different zones which might correspond with different amorphous structures of studied materials. The thermal stability parameters of rod with diameter of 3 mm, such as glass transition temperature, onset crystallization temperature and supercooled liquid area were measured by DSC to be 797 K, 854 K, 57 K, respectively. The heat treatment process of rod samples involved in crystallization of á-Fe phase and formation of iron borides at temperature above 873 K. Practical implications: The appropriate increase of annealing temperature significantly improved soft magnetic properties of examined alloy by increasing the initial magnetic permeability and decreasing the magnetic permeability relaxation. Originality/value: The success of fabrication of studied Fe-based bulk metallic glass in a form of plates and rods is important for the future progress in research and practical application of those glassy materials.

8

Crystallization of Fe72B20Si4Nb4 metallic glasses ribbons

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Griner S., Dercz G., Hanc A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 34, nr 1

15-22

EN

Purpose: The paper presents a crystallization process of Fe-based amorphous materials. The aim of work is presentation of the influence of annealing temperature on structural changes and magnetic properties of Fe72B20Si4Nb4 metallic glasses. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on metallic glasses as ribbons. Crystallization behaviour of the studied alloy was examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Mössbauer spectroscopy methods. The soft magnetic properties examination of tested material contained magnetic permeability, coercive field, saturation induction and magnetic after-effects measurements. Findings: The XRD, TEM and Mössbauer spectroscopy investigations revealed that the studied alloy in as-cast state was amorphous. A two stage crystallization process was observed for studied material. The first stage of crystallization corresponding to the partial crystallization of .-Fe phase was followed by the formation of iron borides. It has shown that appropriate increasing of annealing temperature, significantly improved soft magnetic properties of examined alloy. The maximum of initial magnetic permeability is correlated with a minimum of coercive field. Practical implications: The soft magnetic properties of metallic glasses can be optimized by applying the appropriate conditions of heat treatment. Originality/value: The applied investigation methods are suitable to determine the changes of structure and the improvement of soft magnetic properties of examined Fe-based alloy in comparison with as-cast state.

9

Structure and magnetic properties of Fe36Co36B19Si5Nb4 bulk metallic glasses

Nowosielski R., Babilas R.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 30, nr 2

135-140

EN

Purpose: The work presents a microstructure characterization, thermal stability and soft magnetic properties analysis of Fe-based bulk metallic glasses. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on bulk amorphous ribbons and rods. The amorphous structure of tested materials was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The thermal properties associated with crystallization temperature of the glassy samples were measured using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The magnetic properties were determined by the Maxwell-Wien bridge and VSM methods. Findings: The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy investigations have revealed that the studied as-cast bulk metallic glasses were amorphous. Based from the XRD analysis and TEM investigations of the Fe₃₆ Co₃₆B₁₉Si₅Nb₄ rod samples, it was believed that the tested alloy can be fabricated into a bulk glassy rod with the diameter of up to 4 mm. A two stage crystallization process was observed for studied bulk amorphous alloy. The changes of Curie temperatures, crystallization temperatures and magnetic properties as a function of glassy ribbons thickness (time of solidification) were stated. The investigated magnetic properties allow to classify the studied metallic glasses as soft magnetic materials. Practical implications: The studied bulk metallic glasses are suitable materials for many electrical application in different elements of magnetic circuits and for manufacturing of sensors and precise current transformers. Originality/value: The obtained examination results confirm the utility of applied investigation methods in the microstructure, thermal and soft magnetic properties analysis of examined bulk amorphous alloys.

10

Thermal and magnetic properties of selected Fe-based metallic glasses

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Ochin P., Stokłosa Z.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 30, nr 1

13-16

EN

Purpose: The work presents a thermal stability characterization and soft magnetic properties analysis of selected Fe-based metallic glasses. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on ribbons prepared by the planar flow casting technique, which is a method of continuous casting of the liquid alloy on a surface of turning copper based wheel. The methods of X-ray diffraction were used for the qualitative phase analysis. The thermal properties associated with crystallization temperature of the glassy alloys were measured using the differential thermal analysis. The magnetic properties were determined by the Maxwell-Wien bridge, fluxometer and VSM methods. Findings: The studied Fe72B20Si4B4 and Fe36Co36B19Si5Nb4 metallic glasses in as-cast state were fully amorphous. The Curie temperature (Tc) for Fe72B20Si4B4 alloy has a value of 582 K and Fe36Co36B19Si5Nb4 has higher Tc, which has a value of 605 K. The obtained magnetic properties allow to classify the studied amorphous alloys in as-cast state as soft magnetic materials. The coercive field of tested alloys has a value about 8 A/m. The maximum magnetic permeability of Fe72B20Si4B4 alloy (!max = 21500) is much higher than Fe36Co36B19Si5Nb4 metallic glasses (max = 3200). Similarly, saturation magnetization of Fe72B20Si4B4 alloy (Bs = 1.04 T) is higher than Fe36Co36B19Si5Nb4 (Bs = 0.99 T) amorphous alloy. Practical implications: The studied glassy alloys are suitable materials for many electrical application in different elements of magnetic circuits and for manufacturing of sensors and precise current transformers. Originality/value: The obtained results confirm the utility of applied investigation methods in the thermal and magnetic properties analysis of examined amorphous alloys.

11

Magnetic properties of Fe76X2Si8B14 (X=Al, Cr, Mo) amorphous alloys

Madej Ł., Stokłosa Z., Chrobak A., Kwapuliński P., Rasek J., Haneczok G.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 34, nr 1

9-13

EN

Purpose: The idea of the paper is to study the influence of thermal annealing and alloying additions on magnetic properties, optimization and crystallization processes in Fe76X2Si8B14 (X=Al, Cr, Mo) amorphous alloys. Design/methodology/approach: For annealed samples (1 h, Ta ranging from 300 K to 800 K) at room temperature magnetic permeability was measured by applying Maxwell-Wien bridge (frequency about 1030 Hz and magnetic field H=0.5 A/m). Magnetostriction coefficients - parallel and perpendicular were determined by applying infra-red magneto-dilatometer. Magnetization in saturation versus temperature was measured by making use of magnetic balance (field 0.5 T). Findings: It was shown that alloying additions in the examined alloys cause a decrease of the Curie temperature, an increase of magnetic permeability and magnetization in saturation. The observed ESMP (enhancement of soft magnetic properties) effect in the examined alloys can be attributed to the so-called relaxed amorphous phase free iron nanograins. It was shown that parallel and perpendicular magnetostriction coefficients depend on annealing temperatures which means that these quantities are sensitive on free volume content. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results are a part of a broad area of examinations devoted to establishing of the influence of different alloying additions and thermal annealing on soft magnetic properties of amorphous alloys obtained by melt spinning technique. Practical implications: The examined alloys belong to a modern group of soft magnetic materials, which can be used as core transformers, magnetic sensors, shields of magnetic etc. The obtained results may be used for preparing soft magnetic ribbons for specific applications. Originality/value: The originality of the paper lies in examination of the influence of free volume content on magnetostriction coefficients.

12

Magnetic and mechanical properties in FeXSiB (X=Cu, Zr, Co) amorphous alloys

Kwapuliński P., Rasek J., Stokłosa Z., Badura G., Kostrubiec B., Haneczok G.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 31, nr 1

25-28

EN

Purpose: The idea of the paper is to study the influence of different alloying additions (Cu, Zr, Nb) on structural relaxation, crystallization, and improvement of soft magnetic properties in amorphous alloys of the type FeXSiB obtained by melt spinning technique. Design/methodology/approach: Magnetic and electric characteristics of the as quenched and successively annealed samples were determined at room temperature. Experiments were carried out by applying magnetic permeability measurements (Maxwell-Wien bridge), magnetic after effects, resistivity (four points probe), magnetostriction coefficient (infrared optical sensor) and magnetization (magnetic balance and fluxmeter). Findings: It was shown that soft magnetic properties of the examined alloys can be optimized by applying 1-h annealing at a specific temperature. The process of the improvement of soft magnetic properties is found to be diffusion controlled. The Arrhenius parameters of this process were determined by applying magnetic measurements. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results are a part of a broad area of examinations devoted to establishing of the influence of different alloying additions and thermal annealing on soft magnetic properties of amorphous alloys obtained by melt spinning technique. Practical implications: The examined alloys belong to a modern group of soft magnetic materials, which can be used as core transformers, magnetic sensors, shields of magnetic, electric and electromagnetic fields etc. The obtained results may be used for preparing soft magnetic ribbons for specific applications. Originality/value: The originality of the paper lies in examination of the improvement of soft magnetic properties effect as a diffusion-controlled process. The influence of different alloying additions on the course of this process is well established.

13

Magnetic properties of polymer bonded nanocrystalline powder

Gramatyka P., Nowosielski R., Sakiewicz P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 20, nr 1-2

115-118

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to develop a dielectromagnetic based on nanocrystalline Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 powder bonded with organo-silicon polymer and to investigate the powder particle size and content of polymer response of the magnetic properties. Design/methodology/approach: The dynamic magnetic properties at the frequency range from 50 Hz up to 100 kHz of nanocrystalline iron based powder cores were measured using computerized hysteresis loop tracer Remacomp C-100 and Ferrometr device. Findings: It was found from the experimental studies, that nanocrystalline powder cores proved to be suitable for high frequency applications. Their frequency dependences are comparable to that of carbonyl iron powder cores but shows smaller power losses. Research limitations/implications: Further studies should be undertaken in order to produce high density composites with good soft magnetic properties and to find a good comprise between mechanical and magnetic properties for power electronics applications. Practical implications: Developed nanocrystalline powder cores with permeability's below 100 are potential candidates for a variety of industrial applications, such as electromagnetic interference filters, radio frequency coupling devices, filter inductors and radio frequency tuning cores. Originality/value: Soft magnetic materials have recently regained interest as inductive component which is a result of better raw materials, more developed technologies and a need for the materials from electrical micromotors and low power motors for automation, robotics and other equipments. The present study complements and extends ealier investigations of polymer bonded powders.

14

Nanocrystalline iron based powder cores for high frequency applications

Gramatyka P., Kolano-Burian A., Kolano R., Polak M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 18, nr 1-2

99--102

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to develop a various nanocrystalline powder cores with different polymers as a binder and investigate their magnetic properties (especially permeability and power losses) at high frequency range. Design/methodology/approach: Numerous experimental techniques were used to characterize starting powders: laser particles analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectrometry (MS). The dynamic magnetic properties at the frequency range from 50 Hz up to 100 kHz of nanocrystalline iron based powder cores were measured using computerized hysteresis loop tracer Remacomp C-100 and Ferrometr device. Findings: It was found from the experimental studies, that nanocrystalline powder cores proved to be suitable for high frequency applications. Their frequency dependences are comparable to that of permalloy or carbonyl iron powder cores but shows smaller power losses. Research limitations/implications: Further studies should be undertaken in order to produce high density composites with good soft magnetic properties and to find a good compromise between mechanical and magnetic properties for power electronics applications. Practical implications: Developed nanocrystalline powder cores with permeability’s below 100 are potential candidates for a variety of industrial applications, such as electromagnetic interference filters, radio frequency coupling devices, filter inductors and radio frequency tuning cores. Originality/value: Soft magnetic materials have recently regained interest as inductive component which is a result of better raw materials, more developed technologies and a need for the materials from electrical micromotors and low power motors for automation, robotics and other equipments. The present study complements and extends earlier investigations of polymer bonded powders.

15

Influence of Na2SO4 on magnetic properties of (Fe1-XCoX)73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 (X=10, 40) alloys

Szewieczek D., Raszka T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 17, nr 1-2

161--164

EN

Purpose: In this paper magnetic properties of new (Fe1-XCoX)73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 (X=10, 40) alloys have been presented. Moreover comparison of the changes of their magnetic properties due to influence of corrosion medium Na2SO4 has been done. Design/methodology/approach: The material was obtained by the method of rapid cooling from liquid phase. The measurements of magnetic properties were made on the Maxwell-Wien bridge, the fluxometr and the VSM – Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. Findings: The results allowed defining that are significant dependence between the magnetic properties and the corrosion. Research limitations/implications: Due to the high influence the corrosion on the magnetic properties of the material further research should be undertaken. Practical implications: The measurements allow giving information to the industry how decrease the magnetic properties of alloy after influence the corrosion medium. Originality/value: The Finemet is very attractive due to his excellent soft magnetic properties. The problem of the corrosion has been presented and her influence on the magnetic properties.