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Evaluation of The Impact of Covid-19 PanDemic on Transportation: a Case Study of Iran

Nadimi Navid, Monsourifar Fariborz, Asadamraji Morteza, Amiri Amir Mohammadian

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 62, iss. 2

25--38

EN

Coronavirus first appeared in January 2020 and has spread dramatically in most parts of the world. In addition to exerting enormous impacts on public health and well-being, it has also affected a broad spectrum of industries and sectors, including transportation. Countries around the world have imposed restrictions on travel and participation in activities due to the outbreak of the virus. Many countries have adopted social distancing rules requiring people to maintain a safe distance. Therefore, the pandemic has accelerated the transition into a world in which online education, online shopping, and remote working are becoming increasingly prevalent. Every aspect of our life has witnessed a series of new rules, habits, and behaviours during this period, and our travel choices or behaviours are no exception. Some of these changes can be permanent or have long-lasting effects. To control this situation, these changes must first be recognised in various aspects of transportation in order to provide policies for similar situations in the future. In this regard, this study seeks to examine how transportation sectors have changed in the first waves of the pandemic. Iran has been selected as the case study in this paper. This research is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the effects of the Coronavirus pandemic on rural transportation in Iran. This is followed by assessing the impacts of the virus on urban transportation in Tehran (the capital of Iran). The behaviour of more than 700 travellers in terms of trip purpose, travel time, and mode choice is evaluated using a questionnaire. Results indicate that the number of passengers has reduced dramatically in rural transportation systems. In such systems, considerations such as keeping social distancing, disinfection of passengers and their luggage, and unemployment of a group of personnel working in the transportation industry have been more evident. In urban transportation, education trips have dropped the most. This might relate to an increase in online teaching and health concerns. The same pattern can be seen in the passengers who used bicycles, public taxis, and other public transportation systems. Finally, during the pandemic, drivers’ speed has increased, which justifies the need for traffic calming for drivers.

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COVID-19 and library public space transformations

Antonenko Nadiia, Rumilets Tetiana

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2020

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Vol. 13, no. 4

5--18

EN

The paper discusses the transformation of library spaces that occurred as a result of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, as well as the directions of further spatial changes in library spaces under new pandemic conditions. The study is based on the integrated use of research methods. As part of the study, the functional-planning organization of library spaces was analyzed before and during the pandemic, and the content of the crisis of the social institution of libraries in the new conditions was formulated. The experience of transformations of other types of buildings - offices, restaurants, hospitals, etc. - was examined and the appropriateness of using these design techniques in library spaces was examined, individual planning techniques were highlighted as fundamental for further space-planning transformations, and considered as basic recommendations for adaptations, reconstruction and construction of new library buildings. Particular attention is paid to updating the focus on maintaining public health, including through the more active implementation of appropriate environmental standards in the construction.

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Wpływ dystansu społecznego na relacje przełożony-podwładny

Sztumski J.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2016

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Nr 1

186--194

PL

Dystans między przełożonym a podwładnym jest szczególnym przypadkiem ogólniejszego zjawiska występującego w przeróżnych systemach społecznych, w więc także w systemach militarnych. Systemy militarne są w wysokim stopniu sformalizowane, a istniejące w nich dystanse społeczne mają duży wpływ na postawy i zachowania osób współdziałających ze sobą w poszczególnych strukturach wojskowych. W rozważaniach nad wpływem dystansu społecznego na relacje służbowe trzeba uwzględnić również dwa inne dystanse, które pojawiają się w przestrzeni społecznej, mianowicie dystans przestrzenny i dystans psychiczny. Uwzględniając możliwość istnienia wymienionych dystansów, można lepiej zrozumieć zarówno sens dystansu społecznego, jak i jego funkcje w kształtowaniu relacji przełożony-podwładny.

EN

The distance between a superior and a subordinate is a specific example of a common phenomenon occurring in various social systems, including military ones. Military systems are highly formalized, therefore, social distance occurring there strongly influences the behavior and attitude of people cooperating with one another within individual military structures. When discussing the influence of social distance on work relations, one needs to also consider two other kinds of distance that exist in society, that is spatial distance and psychological distance. Bearing in mind the possibility of the occurrence of these kinds of distance, one can better understand the sense of social distance and is functions in forming the superior - subordinate relation.