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1

Impact of water content in fuel for smoke opacity

Haller Piotr, Haller Agata, Kaźmierczak Andrzej, Matla Jędrzej, Sroka Zbigniew, Wróbel Radosław

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

123--127

EN

The development of internal combustion engines is focused at solving problems like: fulfilment with increasingly stringent requirements regarding exhaust emissions and elimination of threats to the natural environment. The subject of this thesis is to assess the impact of supplying a compression-ignition engine with hydrocarbon mixtures and to examine the impact of water on external parameters of the engine, such as smoke opacity. The main tests were carried out on a 4-cylinder VW 1.9 TDI internal combustion engine at a constant engine crankshaft speed of 3000 rpm and a variable load of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 Nm. The tests were carried out using an innovative mixture of hydrated fusel oils, ethyl alcohol and ionic and/or non-ionic emulsifiers, from which was made of microemulsions with a water content in diesel oil of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. The tests carried out showed a beneficial effect of the water content in the diesel oil on the reduction of the average value of smoke opacity, which systematically decreases with the increase in the percentage of water in the diesel oil.

2

Experimental investigation biodiesel-n-butanol fuels blends on performance and emissions in the diesel engine

Labeckas Gvidonas, Slavinskas Stasys, Mickevičius Tomas

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

90--95

EN

The paper presents the experimental test results reflecting the comparative changes in the performance efficiency and emissions of the exhaust of a naturally aspirated, four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine due to its transition from neat rapeseed oil biodiesel to fuel blends prepared by mixing in various proportion (by volume) rapeseed methyl ester (B) and butanol (Bu). The lubricity properties of biodiesel-n-butanol fuel blends were studied using HFRR method. In contrast to previous works, the undertaken investigation is performed with a totally renewable, binary liquid biofuel blends. The purpose of the research is to reduce simultaneously the production of NOx emissions and the exhaust smoke with respect to neat biodiesel due to potentially improved homogeneity of combustible mixture and particulate matter emissions benefits suggested by the higher oxygen content (21.62 wt%) and the relatively lower carbon-to-hydrogen ratio (4.8) of the normal n-butanol. The tests revealed that the brake specific fuel consumption for the binary biodiesel-n-butanol fuel blends is always higher than that neat biodiesel produces under the same loading conditions. Maximum nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were obtained with the engine running on neat biodiesel (2290 ppm). At full (100%) load conditions, the lowest NOx emission was obtained with the engine running on a biofuel BBu20 blend. The lowest level of carbon monoxide emissions (CO) was observed, when engine running with the most butanol-oxygenated biofuel blend BBu20.The highest smoke opacity of the exhaust was obtained when the engine was fuelled with neat biodiesel and at full load.

3

Wybrane problemy adaptacji samochodowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym do zasilania dwupaliwowego

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Pietras D.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

1021--1029

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac związanych z adaptacją silnika Fiat 1.3 MultiJet do zasilania dwupaliwowego – sprężonym gazem ziemnym CNG i olejem napędowym. Podstawowym celem prac była realizacja badań dotyczących wpływu niewielkiego dodatku gazu ziemnego na zadymienie spalin w zmiennych warunkach pracy silnika. Wymagało to oprócz zmian konstrukcyjnych związanych z instalacją systemu zasilania gazem, również korekcji parametrów recyrkulacji spalin i ilości powietrza doprowadzonego do silnika. Badania przeprowadzono w punktach pracy silnika odwzorowujących test jezdny NEDC. Dobór punktów pomiarowych został dokonany wg kryterium największego udziału w teście homologacyjnym NEDC, obejmujących całe pole pracy silnika wykorzystywane przy realizacji testu wykonywanego na hamowni podwoziowej. W badaniach stosowano udziały energetyczne gazu w wynikające z czasu otwarcia wtryskiwaczy gazu – 2ms. Analizowano zadymienie spalin w skali masowej [mg/m3].

EN

The paper presents the results of work related to the adaptation of the Fiat 1.3 MultiJet engine for dual fuel supplying - compressed natural gas CNG and diesel. The primary objective of this work was to perform research on the effect of a small additive of natural gas for smoke opacity in variable operating conditions of the engine. It required in addition to the construction changes associated with the installation of the gas supply system, the correction parameters of exhaust gas recirculation and air volume. Research was carried out in the operating points characteristic for the NEDC driving test. Selection of measurement points was made by the criterion of the highest share in the NEDC homologation test covering the entire field of engine operation during the performance test on a chassis dynamometer. The studies used the energy share of gas due to gas injector opening time – 2ms. Smoke opacity were analyzed in a mass scale [mg/m3].

4

Zapewnienie ciągłości procesu logistycznego w aspekcie eksploatacyjnych zmian zadymienia spalin silnika o ZS

Chmielewski Z.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 3

1011--1016

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na niebezpieczeństwo zaburzenia zaplanowanego procesu logistycznego na skutek procesu zużycia zachodzącego w eksploatowanym silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym. Badania eksploatacyjne potwierdzają pogorszenie efektywności pracy silnika, czego objawem jest m.in. wzrost zadymienia spalin. Parametr ten podlega kontroli w ramach okresowych badań technicznych pojazdów. Przekroczenie dopuszczalnej wartości zadymienia spalin skutkuje natychmiastowym wycofaniem pojazdu z eksploatacji. Jak wskazują zaprezentowane w artykule wyniki badań eksploatacyjnych silnika 359, graniczna dopuszczalna wartość zadymienia spalin jest statystycznie przekraczana po osiągnięciu przebiegu 275 000 km. Jednocześnie nie obserwuje się znaczącego pogorszenia parametrów trakcyjnych pojazdu, wynikającego z nadmiernego zużycia elementów układu tłok-pierścienie tłokowe-cylinder. Zatem pojazd, który nie osiągnął jeszcze stanu granicznego według kryterium technicznego musi być wycofany z eksploatacji ze względu na przekroczenie wartości dopuszczalnej parametru według kryterium norm prawnych.

EN

The article draws attention to the danger of disturbance planned the logistics process as a result of the wear process occurring in the operated diesel engine. Operational tests confirm the deterioration of the efficiency of the motor, which is manifested, among others, increase opacity. This parameter is controlled under the periodic technical inspection of vehicles. Exceeding the maximum smoke values result in immediate withdrawal of a vehicle. As indicated in the article presented the results of operating the engine 359, the limit allowable opacity value is statistically crossed after reaching the course of 275 000 km. At the same time is not observed a significant deterioration of traction parameters of the vehicle, resulting from the excessive wear of the piston and the piston rings and cylinder. Thus, a vehicle that has not yet reached the limit state according to technical criteria must be taken out of service due to exceeding the limit value of the parameter according to the criterion of legal norms.

5

Możliwości ograniczenia zadymienia spalin silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym za pomocą dodatku CNG

Larish J., Stelmasiak Z., Gilowski T.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2011

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R. 50, nr 3

PL

W pracy przedstawiono badania dotyczące możliwości ograniczenia zadymienia spalin w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym za pomocą wtrysku CNG oraz przeanalizowano wpływ dodatkowego paliwa gazowego na parametry pracy silnika. Przedstawione w pracy wstępne badania silnikowe przeprowadzono na jednocylindrowym, wolnossącym silniku badawczym o zapłonie samoczynnym typ SB3.1 zasilanym układem wtryskowym Common-Rail i układem wtryskowym gazu ziemnego do kolektora dolotowego. Charakterystyki wykonano w funkcji udziału paliwa gazowego w całkowitej dawce energii dostarczanej do silnika. W czasie pomiarów rejestrowano zadymienie spalin, emisję NOx, THC i CO. Przeprowadzono również indykowanie silnika i na podstawie zarejestrowanych przebiegów ciśnień wykonano obliczenia cieplne i analizy wpływu zasilania CNG na sprawność cieplną obiegu i inne parametry pracy silnika.

EN

The paper presents preliminary studies on the possibility of reducing smoke in a diesel engine using CNG injection, and analyzed the impact of additional fuel gas to the engine performance. Presented in the paper a preliminary study was carried out on a one cylinder, naturally aspirated diesel engine SB3.1 equipped with Common Rail injection system. The research engine was equipped with fuel injection system of natural gas to the intake manifold. The performance was performed as a function of the share of gas in relation to the all energy cycle (CNG and diesel oil). During the measurements recorded opacity, NOx, HC and CO. Based on recorded pressure waveforms were analyzed the impact of CNG in the thermal efficiency and other combustion parameters of the engine.

6

Pefrormance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine operatingon three-component fuel

Labeckas G., Slavinskas S.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2011

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Vol. 6, no 1

99-108

EN

The article deals with bench testing results of a DI (60 kW) diesel engine D-243 operating on reference (DF) arctic class 2 diesel fuel (80vol%), anhydrous (200 proof) ethanol (15vol%) and rapeseed methyl ester (5vol%) blend B15E5. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of simultaneous ethanol and RME addition in the diesel fuel on brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), the brake thermal efficiency (çe) and noxious emissions, including NO, NO2, NOx, CO, CO2, HC and smoke opacity of the exhausts. The bsfc of the diesel engine operating on three-component fuel B15E5 under maximum load of bmep = 0.75, 0.76 and 0.68 MPa is higher by 10.3%, 10.7% and 9.6% because of both net heating value lower by 6.18% and brake thermal efficiency lower by 3.4%, 3.7% and 2.8% relative to that of reference diesel at 1400, 1800 and 2200 min-1 speeds. The maximum NOx emission produced from oxygenated blend B15E5 was reduced by 13.4%, 18.0% and 12.5% and smoke opacity diminished by 13.2%, 1.5% and 2.7% under considered loading conditions relative to that of a neat diesel fuel. The CO amounts produced from three-component fuel B15E5 were lowered by 6.0% for low 1400 min-1 speed only and they increased by 20.1% and 28.2% for higher 1800 and 2200 min-1 speeds and the HC emissions were also higher by 35.1%, 25.5% and 34.9% throughout a whole speed rage comparing with respective values measured from neat diesel fuel.

7

The effect of rapeseed oil blending with ethanol on engine performance and exhaust emissions

Labeckas G., Slavinskas S., Pauliukas A.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 3

331-338

EN

The article presents the bench testing results of a four stroke, four cylinder, direct injection, unmodified, naturally aspirated diesel engine operating on neat rapeseed oil (RO) and its 2.5vol% (ERO2.5) and 7.5vol percent (ERO7.5) blends with ethanol. The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of ethanol inclusion in the RO and preheating temperature on bio-fuel viscosity, engine brake power, specific fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency and emission composition changes, especially NO, NO2, NOx, CO, CO2, HC and smoke opacity of the exhausts. Inclusion in the RO 2.5 and 7.5vol% of ethanol the blend viscosity at ambient temperature of 20 centigrade diminishes by 9.2 and 28.3%. During operation under constant air-to-fuel equivalence ratio gamma = 1.6, blends ERO2.5 and ERO7.5 ensure the brake mean effective pressure (bmep) lower at the maximum torque 1800 min-1 by 0.5 and 2.3% (bmep=0.770 mpa) and at rated 2200 min1 speed by 2.4 and 9.1% (bmep=0.740 mpa), correspondingly, than that of neat RO case. The bsfc at maximum torque (248.7 g/kwh) and rated power (247.5 g/kwh) for blends ERO2.5 and ERO7.5 is higher by 1.3-4.4% and 4.2-10.7% and the brake thermal efficiency lower by 0.5-1.5% and 3.3-7.6%, respectively. The tests revealed that during operation of the fully loaded engine at rated 2200 min-1 speed, ethanol inclusion in the RO up to 7.5vol% diminishes NO, nox, HC, CO2 emissions, smoke opacity and temperature of the exhausts however it may increase simultaneously NO2, NO2/NOx and CO emissions.

8

The influence of fuel additive on direct-injection diesel engine fuel consumption and exhaust emissions

Labeckas G., Slavinskas S.

Journal of KONES

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2004

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Vol. 11, No. 3-4

7-13

EN

One of the methods that allows reduce the specific fuel consumption of Diesel engines and avoid possihle damage ofthe environment by harmful exhaust gases is application ofthe fuel additives. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of the fuel additive SO-2E on the fuel consumption of a direct-injection Diesel engine and to evaluate the quantitative emission composition changes and smoke opacity of the exhausts. Investigations were conducted on the four cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspirated, water cooled. 59 kW Diesel engine D-243. Test results show that the application of fuel additive SO-2E in proportion 1:500 (by volume) does not have significant Influence on the brake specific fuel consumption. The total emission of nitrogen oxides Nox at the rated performance regime due to the usage of the fuel additive reduces by 11.6 percent, primary because of lower NO concentration. The carbon monoxide CO emission from fully loaded engine at the rated speed due to application of the fuel additive SO-2E increases up to 20 percent, although at other performance regimes the additive influence is minor. The smoke opacity from treated fuel at light-to-moderate loads slightly decreases, however at the engine rated speed it becomes by 5 - 10 percent higher.