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EN
The aim of this work is to investigate, how in the adopted model of hydrodynamic lubrication of a conical slide bearing, the change of the heat flux value at the bearing shaft, affects bearing operating parameters. In this research, the authors use, the known from the literature, Reynolds type equation, describing the stationary hydrodynamic lubrication process of a conical slide bearing. The analytical, solutions, that determine the components of the lubricating oil velocity vector and the equation (analytical solution of energy equation) determining the threedimensional temperature distribution in the lubrication gap, was also adopted from previous works. In order to obtain numerical solutions, the Newton’s method was used, and the derivatives in the Reynolds type equation were approximated by the finite differences. An application of the method of subsequent approximations allowed considering the influence of temperature, pressure and shearing rate on the viscosity of lubricating oil. The considerations were performed by adopting the Reynolds condition of the hydrodynamic oil film. It was tested, how the assumed value of the heat flux on the bearing shaft surface affects the values of the obtained operating parameters, i.e. the transverse and longitudinal component of the load carrying capacity, friction force and coefficient of friction.
EN
An analysis of the condition of technical objects is carried out by diagnostic systems, the purpose of which is to detect irregularities in their operation and to prevent damages. In slide bearings, it applies to the diagnostic of friction and thermal phenomena of mating friction pairs. Among many methods of bearing diagnostics, special attention should be paid to vibration diagnostic methods based on measurements of relative vibration parameters or on absolute vibration (displacement, velocity, or acceleration of vibration). Methods of the vibration diagnostic of bearings rely on periodic or continuous measurements of relative vibration parameters of the bearing housing in relation to the rotor (in the case of slide bearings the measurements of the bearing sleeve in relation to the shaft neck) or absolute vibration parameters of the bearing housing (i.e. the sleeve in the case of slide bearing). The article presents a method of vibration diagnostics of friction phenomena that occur during the operation of slide bearings under various lubrication and load conditions. There are presented methods of analysis and the interpretation of measurement data obtained as a result of the conducted slide bearing tests on the laboratory stand. A method for assessing a technical condition of the slide bearing friction pairs is proposed.
PL
Rozpoznanie stanu obiektów technicznych jest realizowane przez systemy diagnostyczne, których celem jest wykrywanie nieprawidłowości w ich działaniu i zapobieganiu uszkodzeniom. W łożyskach ślizgowych dotyczy to diagnostyki zjawisk tarciowych i cieplnych współpracujących węzłów tarcia. Wśród wielu metod diagnostyki łożysk na szczególną uwagę zasługują metody diagnostyki drganiowej, bazujące na pomiarach parametrów drgań względnych bądź drgań bezwzględnych (przemieszczenie, prędkość lub przyspieszenie drgań). Metody diagnostyki drganiowej stanu technicznego łożysk polegają na okresowych lub ciągłych pomiarach parametrów drgań względnych obudowy łożyska względem wirnika (w przypadku łożysk ślizgowych panewki łożyska względem czopa wału) bądź parametrów drgań bezwzględnych obudowy łożyska (czyli panewki w przypadku łożyska ślizgowego). W artykule przedstawiono metodę diagnostyki drganiowej zjawisk tarciowych, jakie zachodzą podczas pracy łożysk ślizgowych przy różnych warunkach smarowania i obciążenia. Przedstawiono metody analizy i interpretacji wyników pomiarów otrzymanych w wyniku przeprowadzonych badań łożyska ślizgowego na stanowisku laboratoryjnym. Zaproponowano metodę oceny stanu technicznego węzła tarcia łożyska ślizgowego.
EN
One of the main parameters affecting the hydrodynamic lubrication of slide bearings is the viscosity of lubricating oil. Many studies show, that significant changes in the viscosity of oil occur along with changes in its temperature. The influence on the temperature distribution in the lubrication gap of the slide bearing have a variety of factors, and one of them is the amount of heat exchanged between the lubricant and the environment. The temperature of the lubricating oil of operating bearing is usually higher than the ambient temperature. In addition to the convection, which occurs during the flow (heat exchange related to the oil supply and discharge system) some amount of heat is transferred to the bearing sleeve material (and also to the bearing shaft), and then it is conducted to sleeve outer surface. The amount of heat transferred through the bearing sleeve is mainly dependent on the difference of temperatures between inner and outer sleeve surfaces and also depend on the heat conduction coefficient of sleeve material. This article presents the results of modelling of the influence of amount of heat conducted through the bearing material, on the hydrodynamic lubrication of a conical slide bearing. The study concerned various values of the heat conduction coefficient of the bearing material to investigate its influence on the temperature values of lubricating oil, and thus, on its viscosity, on the distribution of hydrodynamic pressure and on the calculated values of bearing load carrying capacities and friction forces.
4
Content available Nonlinear phenomena in microturbine dynamics
EN
This paper presents the results of the analysis of the dynamic performance of a rotor that is a component of the ORC turbine set with the net electrical output of 100 kW and the nominal speed of 9000 rpm. This device is dedicated for municipal Local Energy Centres (LEC). The research was conducted using tools capable of performing the necessary simulation of the system operating under highly unstable conditions, i.e. in a strongly nonlinear regime. In this regard, the author of the paper followed the subsequent phases of whirl/whip formation manifested in the fluid film. Three constructional solutions within the scope of the bearing were examined with conventional and non-conventional lubricating mediums (mineral oils and low boiling mediums). An approach using rolling bearings was also considered. On the basis of those scientific studies, the decision to build a working prototype of the machine was taken. Such a prototype has already been manufactured, having regard to the outcome of the conducted analyses.
PL
Praca przedstawia wyniki badań dynamiki mikroturbin ORC o mocy elektrycznej 100 KW i prędkości nominalnej 9000 obr./min. Urządzenie to jest dedykowane dla lokalnych klastrów energii (LEC). Badania przeprowadzone zostały za pomocą narzędzi badawczych umożliwiających ocenę stanu maszyny w warunkach jej niestabilnej pracy, a więc w zakresie silnej nieliniowości. Autor pracy prześledził rozwój wirów i bicia olejowego powstających w filmie olejowym po przekroczeniu granicy stabilności. Przebadane zostały trzy warianty konstrukcyjne łożysk ze smarowaniem konwencjonalnym oraz niekonwencjonalnym (olej mineralny i czynniki niskowrzące). Rozważony został również przypadek łożysk tocznych. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników wybrana została wersja łożyskowania zastosowana przy budowie prototypu maszyny.
EN
During the operation of a slide bearing, the position of its shaft or sleeve varies due to many factors, such as vibrations, load changes, changes in the lubricating viscosity. The vibrations or varying load can cause, that the position of the bearing shaft, measured along its axis of rotation, changes. This is particularly important for sliding bearing with conical geometry. Due to the geometry of this kind of bearing, i.e. where the radius of this bearing (of the shaft and sleeve) has not a constant value, as in the case of a journal bearing, it is more difficult to obtain proper values and describe its hydrodynamic lubrication. This article shows the results of hydrodynamic lubrication of the slide conical bearing, for which the changes in the position of the bearing shaft in the longitudinal direction, i.e. along its axis of rotation, were taken into account. The commercial CFD software, designed for solving general for flow phenomena problems, was used in the simulations. This article shows the results of simulations, assuming that the lubricating oil behaves as a generalized Newtonian fluid. The hydrodynamic pressure distributions, load carrying capacities and friction torques were calculated for the concerned bearing. The aim of this work is to show how the operating parameters of the slide conical bearing can be influenced, by only changes of the position of the shaft along the axis of its rotation.
EN
The numerical calculations of the hydrodynamic lubrication of slide bearings can be carried out by modelling the oil flow for a given value of height of bearing lubrication gap. On the basis of the assumed height of the lubrication gap, the values of hydrodynamic pressures, load carrying capacities, friction forces, temperatures, can be determined. The bearing lubrication gap height can be influenced by many effects, e.g. misalignment between the shaft axis and the axis of the sleeve, vibrations, varying load, change in the viscosity value of lubricating oil caused by changes in temperature, pressure, shear rate or by oil ageing, wear of journal and sleeve surfaces. This article presents the results of numerical simulations concerning the influence of the misalignment between the axis of shaft and the axis of sleeve of the sliding conical bearing on its hydrodynamic lubrication, by taking into account the position of the plane in which the misalignment occurs. In this study, there was defined an angle between the plane in which the misalignment occurs and the plane in which lies the line of centres of corresponding bearing without misalignment. In this research, to investigate the impact of the position of the plane in which the misalignment occurs, the CFD software, designed to solve general flow phenomena, was used. It was assumed, that the bearings operate in a steady state conditions, the flow in the bearing lubrication gap is laminar and non-isothermal. A lubricating oil has shear properties as the Ostwald-de Waele fluid.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono trendy w rozwoju konstrukcji systemów podparcia i prowadzenia taśmy stosowanych w nowoczesnych przenośnikach taśmowych. Opisano rozwiązania podparcia tocznego i ślizgowego taśmy przenośnikowej, także z uwzględnieniem instalacji pneumatycznych. Przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania tworzyw sztucznych w budowie krążników oraz ich nowe rozwiązania konstrukcyjne z wykorzystaniem płaszczy walcowych, stożkowych i baryłkowych.
EN
The article presents current trends in the development of the structure of belt bearing and running systems used in modern belt conveyors. Solutions of pressure and slide bearing of the conveyors belt, including pneumatic installations, have been described. Possibilities of the application of plastics in the structure of rollers and their new construction solutions with the use of cylindrical, conical and barrel jackets, have been presented.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano problematykę wykorzystania łożysk ślizgowych w wybranych maszynach przepływowych na przykładzie węzłów łożyskowych małych elektrowni wodnych. Przedstawiono materiały uzywane na łożyska ślizgowe tych maszyn. Zwrócono uwagę na mechanizmy zużycia elementów węzłów łożyskowych turbin. Przeprowadzono badania uszkodzonej nakładki łożyskowej na wał turbiny Kaplana małej mocy.
PL
W artykule opisano emisję akustyczną oraz aparaturę niezbędną do pomiarów przy użyciu tej metody. Omówiono stanowisko badawcze, na którym przeprowadzono badania łożyska ślizgowego metodą emisji akustycznej. Przedstawiono sposób przeprowadzania badań wstępnych dotyczących możliwości zastosowania emisji akustycznej do badania warunków pracy łożyska ślizgowego. Przeanalizowano wpływ zmiany prędkości obrotowej czopa wału oraz obciążenia łożyska na sygnał emisji akustycznej.
EN
The paper describes the acoustic emission and the necessary equipment for measurements using this method. The authors describe the research station, where the slide bearing study was conducted with using the acoustic emission method. They also show how to conduct preliminary studies on the possibility of using acoustic emission method to study the working conditions of a slide bearing. The influence of change in rotational speed of the shaft journal and the bearing load on the acoustic emission signal was analysed.
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono algorytm rozwiązania zagadnienia przepływowego płaskiego, laminarnego ruchu cieczy lepkiej pomiędzy niekoncentrycznymi wirującymi cylindrami. Przedstawiono matematyczny opis zagadnienia przepływowego i metodę wyznaczania pola prędkości cieczy i pola ciśnienia oraz naprężeń lepkościowych na ściankach struktur ograniczających przepływ.
EN
In the elaboration was presented the algorithm of solution of the problem of two dimensional, laminar flow of viscous fluid between eccentric rotating cylinders. The problem was formulated and solved by using Boundary Element Method. One introduced the mathematical description of the problem of flow and the method of calculating of the velocity and pressure fields, also tensions on sides of structures restrictive the flow.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki modelowania przepływu oleju i ciepła w łożysku ślizgowym olejowej pompy zębatej silnika lotniczego. Do badań przyjęto adiabatyczny model filmu olejowego.
EN
The paper presents the results of modeling the oil and heat flows in the bearing slide of oil pump gear in the aircraft engine. The study was conducted with reference to adiabatic model of oil film.
EN
The paper presents preliminary studies of a slide bearing operation by using an acoustic emission. These studies were designed to test the usability of this method for the diagnosis and monitoring of bearings in marine drive system (in particular, stern tube bearing). This paper proposes a method of testing the operating status of the slide bearing using acoustic emission. It discusses the research station, where the study was conducted. The authors paid special attention to the impact of rotation speed of the shaft journal bearing sliding to change some parameters of the acoustic emission signal. The gathered results were analysed and it was evaluated how the rotational speed of the shaft journal affects the individual signal parameters of acoustic emission. Additionally, the sensitivity of the method was evaluated. The article describes: the basics of testing with using the acoustic emission, parameters of the acoustic signal (the acoustic emission burst count, arrival time, duration time, signal amplitude, signal energy and RMS) and the equipment necessary for measurements by using this method. This method, unlike the ultrasonic testing detects only the active wave source, and it is very sensitive to detect changes in the moment when the installation is operating under load. It proposes to use the acoustic emission method to study operational conditions of a slide bearing. Slide bearings are used in many constructions of mechanisms, machines and equipment. They are a strategic element of their design and their improper work leads to the machine damage in a very short period of time, which automatically excludes it from further exploitation. For this reason, the correct assessment of the technical condition of slide bearing and knowledge of the current operating conditions of the slide bearing are extremely important (particularly in the case of bearings in marine propulsion system).
13
EN
Rocker arms are important parts in many valve train systems of combustion engines. They are responsible for translating the profile of the camshaft into motion for opening and closing the inlet and outlet valves. The design, materials and lash adjuster elements for existing rocker arms were discussed. The modified rocker arm bearing was designed for the investigated Benzer 50cc four-stroke engine. The modification for the analysed engine includes the change of bearing for both inlet and outlet rocker arms. The original rocker arm bearing is of the slide type and mates with the axis fixed via the pin to the cylinder head. The modified bearing can be of the needle roller or the slide type and include two bearings mating with the axis, to which the rocker arm is fixed. The aim of the presented study was to obtain the courses of pressure in cylinder against the crankshaft angle, which was needed to calculate the loading force of rocker arm bearing and then friction torque therein. The models of valve train assembly and of the bearing operating under boundary friction were elaborated. Resulted values of the friction torque in rocker arm bearing for different operating conditions of engine were presented in the paper.
EN
The height of the oil lubrication gap is the primary quantity that determines in simulations the operating parameters of a hydrodynamic slide bearing. It is influenced by multiple effects, such as vibrations during operation, varying load, misalignment between the shaft axis and the axis of the bearing sleeve, the roughness of the journal and sleeve surfaces, change in the viscosity value of lubricating oil caused by changes in temperature, pressure, shear rate or by oil ageing, wear of journal and sleeve surfaces etc. It is important to take into account such effects considering hydrodynamic lubrication simulations and design of the slide bearings. The one of the factors influencing the height of the oil lubrication gap of the conical slide bearing is the difference between the opening angle of the cone of bearing shaft and opening angle of the cone of bearing sleeve. The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of the difference between the values of these angles on the hydrodynamic lubrication of the conical slide bearing. The commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent, from the Ansys Workbench 2 platform, was used to determine the hydrodynamic pressure distributions, load carrying capacities and friction torques of the simulated bearings. It was assumed, that the bearings operate in a steady state conditions, the flow in the bearing lubrication gap is laminar and non-isothermal, there is no misalignment between the axis of bearing journal and axis of bearing sleeve, the surfaces of the journal and sleeve are smooth and lubricating oil acts as a liquid described by the Ostwald-de Waele power law model.
PL
Artykuł stanowi kontynuację prac teoretycznych, mających na celu analizę zjawisk zachodzących podczas pracy panewki łożyska ślizgowego, zwłaszcza w zakresie zużywania się jej powierzchni. Poznanie wpływu tych zjawisk stanowi niezwykle istotne zagadnienie w zakresie eksploatacji maszyn i urządzeń. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono założenia i model poprzecznego łożyska ślizgowego. Do wyznaczenia charakterystyk posłużono się równaniem grubości filmu olejowego. W celu określenia wpływu wartości parametru zużycia na temperaturę łożyska, niezbędne obliczenia wykonano w oparciu o opracowaną symulację numeryczną. Wyniki badań wpływu zmiany parametru zużycia na temperaturę łożyska w funkcji zmiennej wartości mimośrodowości względnej λ dla określonych wartości luzu względnego ψ, zaprezentowano w formie wykresów.
EN
The article is a continuation of theoretical work, in order to analyze the phenomena occurring during operation of the acetabular bearing, particularly in terms of wear of its surface. The research is very important problem during operating machines and plants. In this paper, shows assumptions and the model of the acetabular bearing. To determine the characteristics was used the equation of oil film thickness. In order to determine the effect of wear parameter values on bearing temperature, the necessary calculations were performed based on the developed numerical simulation. The results of studies on the effects of wear parameter changes on temperature of the bearing as a function of the value of a variable relative eccentricity for certain values of the relative clearance, presented in the form of graphs.
EN
The paper is concerned with transverse dynamics of a rigid rotor supported in a semi-active slide bearing lubricated with a magnetic fluid. Attention is focused on modeling and simulation of forced vibrations of an asymmetric rotor supported in a rolling bearing at one end and in a slide bearing, on the other one. The slide bearing is treated as a nonlinear flexible support with visco-elastic properties controlled by an external magnetic field via a ferrofluid used as a bearing lubricant. The considered dynamical system is a discrete model of real rotor of Rotor Kit RK-4 by Bentley Nevada, a laboratory device being used for educational and research purposes. The aim of the study is to find how a magnetically induced modification of the magnetic fluid affects the resonant behavior of the rotor under harmonic kinematic excitation by the rotor housing movement. Computer simulations are used to obtain resonant curves of nonlinear relative rotor/housing vibrations. The effects of magnetically controlled viscosity of the lubricant fluid are presented as changes of shape and maximum values of the resonant curves as well as a shift of the resonance zone in the excitation frequency domain.
EN
The article presents reasons for applying the acoustic emission (AE) to detect fatigue microdamage in main bearings and crank bearings of marine main engines. Problem of determination of fatigue life for slide bearing bushes was characterized in general. There were demonstrated properties of the objects of research, which were bushings made of the MB58 alloy, as well as an overall description of the research. It was shown that the frequency bands of AE signals can indicate fatigue damage to the sliding layer of a bearing bush. The fatigue damage in the tested bushes was depicted in figures. General features of the AMSY-6 measuring system, used in the research, were also provided herein.
PL
W artykule został zaprezentowany projekt koncepcyjny stanowiska dydaktycznego do badania i wizualizacji rozkładu ciśnienia w filmie olejowym poprzecznego łożyska ślizgowego. Przedstawione stanowisko może zostać użyte w toku zajęć dydaktycznych z przedmiotów o tematyce związanej z konstrukcją maszyn. Praca zawiera propozycję rozwiązania konstrukcyjnego dla szczególnego przypadku, z wykorzystaniem asynchronicznego silnika elektrycznego z długim wałem, na którym mocowany jest zespół łożyska ślizgowego. Projekt dopuszcza jednak wiele metod modyfikacji konstrukcji, których przykłady podano w części podsumowującej. Zaproponowano również koncepcje dotyczące rozbudowy urządzenia w celu zwiększenia funkcjonalności stanowiska o możliwości dokonywania pomiarów dodatkowych wielkości fizycznych lub prezentacji szczególnych przypadków pracy łożysk ślizgowych.
EN
The paper presents a concept of a didactic research rig for investigation and visualization of pressure distribution in an oil film of a journal fluid friction slide bearing. The rig being presented may be used during classes on subjects associated machine design. The paper presents an idea of a specific design, using an asynchronic motor with a long shaft, on which the slide bearing assembly is fixed. The design is elastic and allows many modifications of the construction. The possible modifications are presented in the summary part of the paper. The paper also presents ideas for development of the design, either to enable measurements of additional physical values, or presentation of specific cases of slide bearings operation.
EN
A static friction during a slide bearing’s start-up appears to be a complicated process. To deal with the phenomenon, the author uses a molecular-mechanical theory of friction. This paper reports the results that show the influence of a surface geometric structure of a journal on a static friction coefficient, a frictional moment and tangential stresses on a bushing surface. In analysis of results, it can be noticed that machining selection and the accuracy of a journal surface have the significant impact on bearing system during its start-up.
PL
Zjawisko tarcia spoczynkowego podczas rozruchu łożysk ślizgowych jest procesem złożonym. Do analizy zjawisk przyjęto molekularno-mechaniczną teorię tarcia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań opisujące wpływ struktury geometrycznej powierzchni czopa na współczynnik tarcia spoczynkowego, moment tarcia i naprężenia styczne na powierzchni panewki. W analizie wyników badań wykazano, że rodzaj i dokładność obróbki powierzchni czopa w istotny sposób wpływa na właściwości węzła łożyskowego podczas jego rozruchu.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono teoretyczne wartości minimalne grubości filmu olejowego, poniżej których nastąpi utrata nośności łożyska. W oparciu o przyjęty model teoretyczny łożyska wykonano obliczenia dla zmiennego parametru zużycia i obciążenia łożyska. Prace prowadzono dla różnych rodzajów olejów, z uwzględnieniem ich lepkości. Otrzymane wyniki zaprezentowano w postaci wykresów.
EN
The paper presents the theoretical value of the minimum oil film thickness, below which the bearing capacit will be lost. Based on the adopted theoretical model bearing calculations were performed for a variable of wear and bearing load. The work was carried out for different types of oils, including their viscosity. The results obtained are presented in the form of graphs.
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