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1

Assessment of the feasibility of determining the volume fraction and characteristics of the size, shape and distribution of γ’ phase precipitates in nickel-based superalloys

Szczotok Agnieszka

Technical Transactions

|

2023

|

Vol. 120, iss. 1

art. no. e2023011

EN

This overview presents a comprehensive exploration of the research methodsemployed for the precise assessment of volume fraction and the detailedcharacterisation of the size, shape and distribution of γ' phase precipitates withinNi-based superalloys. These advanced materials exhibit exceptional mechanicalproperties due to the presence of γ' precipitates. The accurate quantification ofprecipitate parameters is crucial for understanding material behaviour and forthe optimisation of alloy design. In this overview, a spectrum of techniques,including microscopy (SEM, TEM), diffraction (XRD), spectroscopy (EDS, EELS)and advanced imaging (3D-APT, STEM-HAADF, FIB-SEM) is discussed. Strengths,limitations and potential synergies among these methods are highlighted, offeringresearchers a comprehensive toolbox to advance their investigations of γ' phaseprecipitates in Ni-based superalloys.

2

Obliczanie żelbetowych stropów z głowicami z uwagi na przebicie

Gołdyn Michał

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2021

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R. 77, nr 8

375--381

PL

Omówiono sposoby kształtowania głowic w stropach żelbetowych, a także zasady wymiarowania stropów grzybkowych z uwagi na przebicie. Przedstawiono różnice w sposobie analizy przebicia, warunkowane rozmiarem i kształtem głowic. Omówiono zmiany, jakie zostały wprowadzone w niemieckim wydaniu Eurokodu 2. Przedstawiono przykład obliczeniowy, w którym rozważono dwa warianty wykonania stropu - w formie płyty płaskiej oraz stropu grzybkowego.

EN

The principles of shaping heads in reinforced concrete ceilings and the rules of punching shear design of flat slabs with column heads are discussed. The differences in punching shear design, affected by size and shape of the heads, are presented. The modifications introduced in the German edition of Eurocode 2 are also discussed. A working example is considered, which covers two types of the ceiling - a flat slab of uniform thickness and a flat slabs with column heads.

3

Wpływ wielkości i kształtu kruszywa na wytrzymałość betonu na ściskanie i plastyczność

Darvishvand Hamid Reza, Haj Seiyed Taghia Seiyed Ali, Ebrahimi Masood

Cement Wapno Beton

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2021

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R. 26, nr 1

46--54

PL

Zagadnienie wielkości i kształtu kruszywa w betonie dla osiągnięcia maksymalnej wytrzymałości i plastyczności, jest jednym z ważniejszych zagadnień w budownictwie. Do zbadania tych właściwości wybrano dwa rodzaje kruszywa o czterech uziarnieniach. Pierwszym kruszywem był żwir o zaokrąglonych ziarnach zaś drugim grys o ziarnach ostrokrawędzistych. Maksymalne wymiary ziaren wynosiły dla obu kruszyw odpowiednio 9,5, 12,5, 19 i 25 mm. Dobrano zawartość cementu 250, 350, 450 i 550 kg/m3 oraz stosunek wody do cementu równy 0,4. W pierwszej kolejności wykonano badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie oraz odkształcalności próbek. Zgodnie z wynikami badań, wytrzymałość na ściskanie wzrastała wraz ze wzrostem zawartości cementu, co jest zgodne z oczekiwaniami. Beton z kruszywa o maksymalnej wielkości ziaren wynoszącej 12,5 mm ma największą wytrzymałość na ściskanie i plastyczność w porównaniu z innymi uziarnieniami i zostało wybrane jako optymalne, a betony z kruszywa ostrokrawędziste mają większą wytrzymałość na ściskanie i plastyczność w porównaniu z betonami z kruszyw o zaokrąglonych ziarnach.

EN

The issue of the size and shape of the aggregates in concrete is one of the most challenging subjects in the building industry, in order to reach maximum strength and ductility. To investigate this issue, two types of aggregate were selected. One was the river aggregate - gravel with rounded grains and the second was a crushed stone with sharp-edged grains, both with the maximum sizes of 9.5, 12.5, 19, and 25 mm respectively. The cement content was 250, 350, 450, and 550 kg/m3, and the water to cement ratio was equal to 0.4. At first, the compressive strength and stress-strain relationship were examined. According to the test results, the compressive strength increases with increasing cement content, as expected. The aggregate with the largest grain size of 12.5 mm gives the highest compressive strength and ductility compared to other grain sizes and it was selected as the optimal choice and finally, the sharp-edged aggregates have higher compressive strength and ductility in comparing to the rounded grain aggregates.

4

Analiza wpływu sztywności pierścienia podporowego na wartości sił wewnętrznych w cienkościennej powłoce obrotowej opartej na słupach

Majewski Łukasz, Wiliński Piotr

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

|

2020

|

R. 76, nr 9

430--433

PL

Przeanalizowano zmiany rozkładu sił wewnętrznych w cienkościennej kopule w zależności od wymiarów poprzecznego przekroju pierścienia podporowego. Siły wewnętrzne w powłoce wyznaczono, wykorzystując metodę elementów skończonych. Model numeryczny utworzono w programie komputerowym Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis.

EN

The changes occurring in the distribution of internal forces of the thin-walled dome depending on the size of the cross-section of the support ring were analyzed. Internal forces in the shell were determined using the finite element method. The covering model was created in the Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis computer program.

5

On Proving Parameterized Size Lower Bounds for Multilinear Algebraic Models

Ghosal Purnata, Raghavendra Rao B. V.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2020

|

Vol. 177, nr 1

69--93

EN

We consider the problem of obtaining parameterized lower bounds for the size of arithmetic circuits computing polynomials with the degree of the polynomial as the parameter. We consider the following special classes of multilinear algebraic branching programs: 1) Read Once Oblivious Branching Programs (ROABPs), 2) Strict interval branching programs, 3) Sum of read once formulas with restricted ordering. We obtain parameterized lower bounds (i.e., nΩ(t(k)) lower bound for some function t of k ) on the size of the above models computing a multilinear polynomial that can be computed by a depth four circuit of size g (k)n0(1) for some computable function g. Further, we obtain a parameterized separation between ROABPs and read-2 ABPs. This is obtained by constructing a degree k polynomial that can be computed by a read-2 ABP of small size such that the rank of the partial derivative matrix under any partition of the variables is large.

6

Analysis of size and shape of abrasive micrograins in lapping of assembly joints

Barylski Adam

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2019

|

nr 4

34--41

EN

In the paper, automated analysis of size and shape of abrasive micrograins was presented. In the tests of the micrograins of boron carbide, silicon carbide and electrocorundium, the stereoscopic microscopy and the specialized software MultiScan v.6.08 were applied.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono skomputeryzowaną analizę wielkości i ksztaltu mikroziaren ściernych. W badaniach mikroziaren weglika boru, weglika krzemu i elektrokorundu zastosowano mikroskopię optyczną oraz specjalistyczne oprogramowanie MultiScan v. 6.08.

7

Landscape dominant element – an attempt to parameterize the concept

Ozimek Agnieszka

Technical Transactions

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2019

|

Vol. 116, iss. 1

35--62

EN

A “landscape dominant element” – an object with the greatest range of visual impact on the surrounding space, of a strong form that integrates the entirety of a composition, distinguished by its height, dimensions, colour, material, texture or the variety of its details. The attempts to define the concept presented herein, and which is intuitively perceived as obvious, illustrate its ambiguity. They bring to mind a visual contrast between this subject and others that surround it. This article attempts to analyse views using the author’s computer program. The objects in the photos are characterized by their interference in a panorama silhouette or skyline, size, colour, height, and shape. This helped to identify those that clearly stand out from the other forms, with which they come into visual interaction. The purpose of these considerations is to create tools that allow for a partial objectification of the landscape composition assessment.

PL

Dominanta krajobrazowa – obiekt o największym zakresie wizualnego oddziaływania w otaczającej go przestrzeni, o formie silnej, integrującej kompozycję, wyróżniający się wysokością, gabarytami, barwą, materiałem, fakturą czy bogactwem detalu. Te próby definicji pojęcia, które intuicyjnie odbierane jest jako oczywiste, obrazują jego niejednoznaczność. Wpisany jest w nie także wizualny kontrast pomiędzy tym przedmiotem a innymi, które go otaczają. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny widoków z wykorzystaniem autorskiego programu komputerowego. Obiekty widoczne na zdjęciach scharakteryzowano pod względem stopnia ingerencji w sylwetę panoramy lub „linię nieba”, rozmiaru, barwy, wysokości i kształtu. To pomogło wskazać te z nich, które wyraźnie odróżniają się od innych form, z którymi wchodzą w wizualną interakcję. Celem tych rozważań jest stworzenie narzędzi umożliwiających częściową obiektywizację ocen krajobrazowej kompozycji.

8

Dominanta krajobrazowa – próba parametryzacji pojęcia

Ozimek Agnieszka

PUA Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura

|

2019

|

Vol. 1

209--237

PL

Dominanta krajobrazowa – obiekt o największym zakresie wizualnego oddziaływania w otaczającej go przestrzeni, o formie silnej, integrującej kompozycję, wyróżniający się wysokością, gabarytami, barwą, materiałem, fakturą czy bogactwem detalu. Te próby definicji pojęcia, które intuicyjnie odbierane jest jako oczywiste, obrazują jego niejednoznaczność. Wpisany jest w nie także wizualny kontrast pomiędzy tym przedmiotem a innymi, które go otaczają. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny widoków z wykorzystaniem autorskiego programu komputerowego. Obiekty widoczne na zdjęciach scharakteryzowano pod względem stopnia ingerencji w sylwetę panoramy lub „linię nieba”, rozmiaru, barwy, wysokości i kształtu. To pomogło wskazać te z nich, które wyraźnie odróżniają się od innych form, z którymi wchodzą w wizualną interakcję. Celem tych rozważań jest stworzenie narzędzi umożliwiających częściową obiektywizację ocen krajobrazowej kompozycji.

EN

A “landscape dominant element” – an object with the greatest range of visual impact on the surrounding space, of a strong form that integrates the whole composition, distinguished by its height, dimensions, colour, material, texture or a variety of details. These attempts to define the concept, which is intuitively perceived as obvious, illustrate its ambiguity. They bring to mind a visual contrast between this subject and others that surround it. This article attempts to analyse views using the author’s computer program. The objects in the photos are characterized by their interference in a panorama silhouette or skyline, size, colour, height, and shape. This helped to identify those that clearly stand out from the other forms, with which they come into visual interaction. The purpose of these considerations is to create tools that allow for a partial objectification of the landscape composition assessment.

9

Pomiary i analiza wielkości mikroziaren ściernych

Barylski Adam

Mechanik

|

2019

|

R. 92, nr 1

28--31

PL

W artykule omówiono skomputeryzowaną analizę wielkości i kształtu mikroziaren ścienych. W badaniach mikroziaren węglika boru, czarnego i zielonego węglika krzemu oraz elektrokorundu zwykłego i szlachetnego stosowano stereoskopową mikroskopię optyczną oraz oprogramowanie MultiScan.

EN

The paper discussed automated size and shape analysis of both abrasive grains and micrograins. In research on micrograins of boron carbide, silicon carbide, ordinary and noble electrocorundum stereoscopic optical microscopy was applied and MultiScan software solutions were used.

10

Wpływ wielkości i położenia otworów na nośność na przebicie stref podporowych stropów płaskich w świetle badań eksperymentalnych

Gołdyn Michał, Urban Tadeusz

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2019

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R. 75, nr 4

165--170

PL

Omówiono wpływ otworów w strefach podporowych na nośność na przebicie płyt płaskich w świetle badań eksperymentalnych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań modeli płyt z otworami o różnym kształcie i położeniu względem słupa. Stwierdzono, że otwory w płytach stropowych w strefach podporowych mogą wpływać w istotny sposób na ich nośność na przebicie. Na podstawie wyników badań podano zalecenia praktyczne, omawiając zmiany nośności płyt wynikające z różnego ukształtowania otworów.

EN

In the paper the effect of openings in the support zones on the load carrying capacity of flat slabs in the light of previous experimental investigations was discussed. The results of the test on specimens representing flat slabs with openings of various shape and location with respect to the column were presented. It was found that openings in the support zones can have a significant effect on punching shear carrying capacity. Based on the results of the experiments, practical recommendations were indicated and the changes in the load capacity resulting from the different arrangement of the openings were discussed.

11

The Method of Calculation of the Specific Electrical Conductivity of the Soil Obtained be the Information and Technical System of Local Operational Monitoring of the Agrobiological State of Agricultural Land

Brovarets O.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

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2019

|

Vol. 8, No 4

42--49

EN

Modern agriculture foresees the implementation of a particular technological operation, according to the appropriate map-task, which is developed pre-based on diverse information. Knowledge of a certain structure of soil cover variability, obtained using information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands, allows us to adopt effective operational decisions for efficient management of agrobiological potential of agricultural lands. Obviously, under such conditions there is a need for fundamentally new approaches to agricultural production, which is to ensure the proper quality of technological operations. The quality of the implementation of technological operations is an integral indicator of the efficiency of production of agricultural products within the agrobiological field. The necessary quality of implementation of the basic technological processes in plant growing is provided by the integrated information and technical systems of operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands. This opens new prospects for organic farming using such smart agricultural machines. In connection with it the task is to obtain reliable data on the agrobiological state of the soil environment by reducing the error in determining the magnitude of the electrical conductive properties of the soil, providing individual stabilization of the working electrodes and the mechanism of lifting / lowering the working electrodes, copying inequalities of the soil environment, reducing the intensity of the destruction of the soil structure , selfcleaning of the working contact of the electrode and ensuring the stability of the electrical contact of the electrode with the soil, by instrument design perfection. The task is achieved by using the information and technical system of operational monitoring of the soil environment of the structure to determine the conductive characteristics of the soil environment. The purpose of the research is to determine the critical loading at the loss of stability by thin-walled working electrodes made in the form of working electrodes of various shapes (thin-walled solid, three-spit and four-spindle discs with different thickness of the rim). The information and technical system of localoperational monitoring of agrobiological state of soil environment of different configurations with one-side compression.

12

Technologies of supporting decision in understanding conditions for projecting technological processes

Brovarets O. O., Kovbasa V. P.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2019

|

Vol. 8, No 3

27--36

EN

Modern agriculture involves the implementation of a particular technological operation, according to the appropriate map-task, which is developed pre-based on diverse information. Knowledge of a certain structure of soil cover variability, obtained using information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands, allows us to adopt effective operational decisions for efficient managemen tagrobiological potential of agricultural lands. Obviously, under such conditions, there is a need for fundamentally new approaches to agricultural production, which is to ensure the proper quality of technological operations. The quality of the implementation of technological operations is an integral indicator of the efficiency of production of agricultural products within the agrobiological field. The necessary quality of implementation of the basic technological processes in plant growing is provided by the integrated information and technical systems of operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands. This opens new prospects for organic farming using such "smart" agricultural machines. In connection with this, the task is to obtain reliable data on the agrobiological state of the soil environment by reducing the error in determining the magnitude of the electrical conductive properties of the soil, providing individual stabilization of the working electrodes and the mechanism of lifting / lowering the working electrodes, copying inequalities of the soil environment, reducing the intensity of the destruction of the soil structure , self-cleaning of the working contact of the electrode and ensuring the stability of the electrical contact of the electrode with the soil, by instrument design perfection. The task is achieved by using the information and technical system of operational monitoring of the soil environment of the structure to determine the conductive characteristics of the soil environment. The purpose of this research is to determine the critical loading at the loss of stability by thin-walled working electrodes made in the form of working electrodes of various shapes (thin-walled solid, three-spit and four-spindle discs with different thickness of the rim). Information and technical system of local-operational monitoring of agrobiological state of soil environment of different configurations with one-side compression.

13

Software for Information and Technical System of Operational Monitoring of Agrobiological State of Agricultural Land of Oleksandr Brovarets Construction

Brovarets O.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2019

|

Vol. 8, No 4

28--41

EN

Modern agriculture involves the implementation of a particular technological operation, according to the appropriate map-task, which is developed pre-based on diverse information. Knowledge of a certain structure of soil cover variability, obtained using information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands, allows us to adopt effective operational decisions for efficient management of agrobiological potential of agricultural lands. Obviously, under such conditions, there is a need for fundamentally new approaches to agricultural production, which is to ensure the proper quality of technological operations. The quality of the implementation of technological operations is an integral indicator of the efficiency of production of agricultural products within the agrobiological field. The necessary quality of implementation of the basic technological processes in plant growing is provided by the integrated information and technical systems of operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands. In connection with this, the task is to use a fundamentally new class of information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of agricultural lands. The task is achieved by using the information and technical system of operational monitoring of the soil environment of the structure to determine the conductive characteristics of the soil environment. The purpose of this research is to develop and substantiate the functional structure, software, writing code and algorithms for managing the executive bodies of the information and technical system of operational monitoring of the agrobiological state of the soil environment of agricultural lands.

14

Method of calculation of specific electrical conductivity of agro-biological soil environment by stationary contact method of operating electrodes of information and technical system of local operating monitoring

Brovarets O.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2019

|

Vol. 8, No 1

3--10

EN

Modern agriculture involves the implementation of a particular technological operation, according to the appropriate map-task, which is developed pre-based on diverse information. Knowledge of a certain structure of soil cover variability, obtained using information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of agro-biological state of agricultural lands, allows us to adopt effective operational decisions for efficient management of agro-biological potential of agricultural lands. Obviously, under such conditions, there is a need for fundamentally new approaches to agricultural production,which is to ensure the proper quality of technological operations. The quality of the implementation of technological operations is an integral indicator of the efficiency of production of agricultural products within the agro-biological field. The necessary quality of implementation of the basic technological processes in plant growing is provided by the integrated information and technical systems of operational monitoring of the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. In connection with this, the task is to obtain reliable data on the agro-biological state of the soil environment by reducing the error in determining the magnitude of the conductive properties of the soil, providing individual stabilization of the working electrodes and the mechanism of lifting / lowering working electrodes, copying inequalities of the soil environment, reducing the intensity of the destruction of the soil structure , self-cleaning of the working contact of the electrode and ensuring the stability of the electrical contact of the electrode with the soil, by instrument design perfection. The task is achieved by using the information and technical system of operational monitoring of the soil environment of the structure to determine the conductive characteristics of the soil environment.

15

Information Technology of Optimized Agro-biological State Management of Agricultural Lands

Snytyuk V., Brovarets O.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

|

2019

|

Vol. 8, No 2

27--38

EN

Available techniques for dealing with uncertainties in the agro-industrial complex and their use for describing and assessing the adequacy of the decisions taken are incomplete, and often ineffective, as they usually do not take into account the combination of "field-machine-technological material", which prevents acceptance effective solutions for managing agro-biological potential of agricultural land and, as a consequence, obtaining the maximum economic efficiency of agricultural production. Reliable estimation of variables of agricultural production parameters using the "field-machine-technological material" model makes it possible to provide optimal control of available technical equipment (machinery, sowing machines, etc.), agro-biological (humus content, presence of nutrients, micro-and macro elements, etc. in soil or plant ) and technological resources for making adequate decisions and managing agro-biological potential of agricultural lands, which will provide the necessary economic efficiency. The task is achieved by ensuring the proper quality of the implementation of technological operations that are an integral indicator of economic efficiency and allow providing the necessary economic efficiency through optimal and efficient management of technical means for optimal action on the agro-biological potential of the field and the use of available technological resources. Such control is possible with the use of information and technical systems of local operational monitoring, which are located on machine-tractor units and provide effective control of technological operations by acting on the executive bodies of agricultural machines on the basis of data characterizing the agro-biological state of the soil environment. Information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of the agro-biological state of agricultural lands are used in the following cases: - before performing a technological operation, - simultaneously with the implementation of the technological operation (sowing, fertilizer application, etc.), - during the growing season and after harvesting. This opens new prospects for organic farming using such "smart" agricultural machines.

16

Level and structure of inputs in specialist farms

Kuboń M.

Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 22, No. 4

25--32

EN

The objective of the paper is to determine the size of human and objectified labour in selected specialist vegetable farms. The paper covered studies carried out in the area of southern Poland in 50 organic vegetable farms. Based on the detailed studies, the size and structure of work, and energy inputs used in the production process were determined. The highest inputs of labour per a unit of the production area and 1 tonne of a product were incurred in production of Cucurbita vegetables - 1883.1 and 547.74 man-hour, while the lowest of Solanacea vegetables - 342.8 and 7.11 man-hour. From among all analysed groups of plants, the highest energy inputs were incurred in cultivation of root and onion vegetables and they were three times higher than in traditional farms. Contrary, the lowest inputs were incurred in cultivation of brassica and Solanaceae vegetables.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie wielkości nakładów pracy żywej i uprzedmiotowionej w wybranych gospodarstwach specjalistycznych zajmujących się uprawą warzyw. Zakresem pracy objęto badania przeprowadzone na terenie Polski południowej w 50 gospodarstwach ekologicznych nastawionych na produkcję warzyw. Na podstawie szczegółowych badań określono wielkość i strukturę nakładów pracy oraz energii wykorzystanej w procesie produkcji. Największe nakłady pracy w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni produkcyjnej i 1 tonę produktu ponoszono przy produkcji warzyw dyniowatych - 1883,1 i 547,74 rbh, natomiast najmniejsze warzyw psiankowatych - 342,8 i 7,11 rbh. Spośród wszystkich analizowanych grup roślin największe nakłady energetyczne ponoszono w uprawie warzyw korzeniowych i cebulowych i były one 3-krotnie wyższe niż w gospodarstwach konwencjonalnych. Najniższe natomiast nakłady odnotowano w uprawie warzyw kapustnych i psiankowatych.

17

Assessment of dimensions in order to aid classification of European red mite and two-spotted spider mite by means of digital imaging of infected leaves

Konopacki P. J., Warabieda W.

Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 22, No. 4

15--24

EN

The methods currently used to assess orchard infestation are timeconsuming and do not take into account non-adult forms of mites, due to their small size. Advance in digital imaging technology, however, has resulted in the discovery of a more viable method to enable a fast and reliable assessment of orchard infestation. Digital images of infected apple leaves were made and examined for the presence of European red mites and two-spotted spider mites. As well as adult mites, non-adult European red mite forms were also encountered. After extracting all objects considered as mites from the image, imaging software was then used to assess their dimension and shape parameters. Length, width, area, and equivalent diameter were different for all three observed mite groups: adult female European red mites, possible non-adult European red mites and adult two-spotted spider mites. Differences in circularity and elongation were found in adult two-spotted spider mites and various forms of European red mites, while the perimeter was similar in adult European red mites and twospotted spider mites, and different in the non-adult forms of European red mites. However, as the ranges of 95% prediction intervals for these features overlap, a combination of at least two features as well as employing statistical procedures may greatly increase the probability of appropriate classification of the observed objects as different mites.

PL

Aktualnie używane metody oceny zasiedlenia sadów przez przędziorki są bardzo pracochłonne i dla zachowania precyzji wymagają zastosowania powiększeń osiągalnych za pomocą np. mikroskopu stereoskopowego. Rozwój technologii analizy obrazu stwarza możliwość opracowania szybszej i dokładniejszej metody lustracji sadów. Wykonano zdjęcia cyfrowe liści jabłoni i dokonano oceny ich zasiedlenia przez przędziorka owocowca i przędziorka chmielowca. Oprócz osobników dorosłych przędziorka owocowca brano również pod uwagę formy niedorosłe tego gatunku. Wszystkie obiekty uznane za przędziorki wydzielono ze zdjęć i wykonano ocenę ich rozmiarów i kształtów przy użyciu oprogramowania NIS-Elements. Długość, szerokość, powierzchnia i średnica równoważna różniły się istotnie dla wszystkich badanych grup, identyfikowanych jako: dorosłe żeń- skie osobniki przędziorka owocowca, prawdopodobne niedorosłe formy przędziorka owocowca, oraz dorosłe osobniki przędziorka chmielowca. Różnice w kolistości i wydłużeniu wystąpiły w przypadkach dorosłych osobników przędziorka chmielowca oraz różnych formach przędziorka owocowca. Długość perymetru była podobna dla osobników dorosłych przędziorka owocowca i przędziorka chmielowca, natomiast była istotnie mniejsza dla niedorosłych form przędziorka owocowca. Jednocześnie dla wszystkich badanych cech 95% przedziały predykcji pokrywają się lub są częściowo wspólne dla identyfikowanych grup przędziorków. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że efektywne rozróżnienie obiektów rozpoznawanych na zdjęciach może wymagać łącznego zastosowania przynajmniej dwóch cech oraz opracowania właściwej procedury statystycznej.

18

Preliminary back-analysis of the height of mud brick fortifications based on geoarchaeological data at Tell el-Retaba site in Egypt

Trzciński J., Zaremba M., Rzepka S., Bogusz W., Godlewski T., Szczepański T.

Studia Quaternaria

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2017

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Vol. 34, Nr 2

99--108

EN

The Tell el-Retaba archaeological site is located at Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes. In ancient times, a route connecting Egypt with Syria-Palestine ran across the site. In the 13th century BC, during the rule of Ramesses II, a fortress surrounded by “Wall 1” was erected and in times of Ramesses III in the 12th century BC, a larger fortress surrounded by “Wall 2” and “Wall 3” was constructed. Using the finite element method (FEM) and ZSoil 2D&3D software, the wall heights were modelled and their soil-structure interaction was analysed. Strength of the wall depended on size and strength of bricks and mortar, brickwork, wall shape and foundation. Ancient builders using mud bricks must have known from practical experience the essentials of a wall construction, in which the height to width ratio was at 1.75 to 1.85. Moreover, they must have related the engineering properties of the material with the height of the construction and its purpose. The width to height ratio must have been used and related by ancient Egyptians to the ground resistance. Modelling has shown that, at wall width of 5 m, the foundation would have lost its stability at wall height of 13–14 m and bricks from the lower part of the wall would be destroyed. According to the undertaken assumptions, in order to retain stability, the wall height must have been limited to about 8–9 m.

19

Toward Wojda's conjecture on digraph packing

Konarski J., Żak A.

Opuscula Mathematica

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2017

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Vol. 37, no. 4

589--595

EN

Given a positive integer m ≤ n/2, Wojda conjectured in 1985 that if D1 and D2 are digraphs of order n such that [formula] and [formula] then D1 and D2 pack. The cases when m = 1 or m = n/2 follow from known results. Here we prove the conjecture for [formula].

20

Variability of geometrical properties, surface color and phenolic compounds content of commercial roasted buckwheat groats

Dąbrowski G., Skrajda M., Tańska M., Ruszkowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2016

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nr 94

81--90

EN

This study was aimed at evaluating commercial roasted buckwheat groats for their organoleptic and geometrical traits, color and content of phenolic compounds. An attempt was also undertaken to correlate the achieved values of the analyzed parameters. The shape, sizes and color (HIS model) were determined using Digital Image Analysis (DIA), whereas the content of phenolics was assayed spectrophotometrically with the Folin-Ciocalteu method. High variability was noted in projection area and length of seeds. In turn, seed circularity was the trait with the lowest variance coefficient. The analyzed groats differed also in color, which may be due to differences in the size of seeds subjected to the roasting process. The low variability was also found in the case of free phenolics content. Finally, the study demonstrated a positive correlation between buckwheat seed surface and the content of phenolic compounds, which may be caused by a correlation between seed size and roasting time.