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1

Zagrożenia eksploatacyjne stwarzane przez paliwa etanolowe dla silników o zapłonie iskrowym

Stępień Z.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 204

68--94

PL

Mieszanki etanolowe mogą stwarzać liczne problemy techniczne, a zarazem wyzwania podczas eksploatacji tego rodzaju paliw w silnikach ZI, ze względu na różnice właściwości etanolu i benzyny. Prowadzi to do opisanych w artykule różnych złożonych zagrożeń eksploatacyjnych dla silników. W celu zbadania rozpuszczalności różnych kompozycji dodatków w paliwie E85 i oceny wpływu poszczególnych detergentów na formowanie osadów na elementach silnika Flex-Fuel wykonano szerokie badania doświadczalne przy wykorzystaniu symulowanych testów silnikowych prowadzonych według specjalnie przygotowanej własnej metody badawczej. W rezultacie opracowano i zoptymalizowano dwa wysokoefektywne, wielofunkcyjne pakiety dodatków uszlachetniających przeznaczone do stosowania w paliwach wysokoetanolowych. Równocześnie wykazano ogromne znaczenie specjalnie opracowanych nowoczesnych dodatków detergentowych kompatybilnych z paliwami o wysokiej zawartości etanolu w kontroli i przeciwdziałaniu tworzeniu się osadów w silniku.

EN

Ethanol blends can present a plethora of technical challenges to positive ignition engine operation because ethanol differs from petroleum in some key properties. This leads to operational threats for positive ignition engines that are as various as they are complex what describes this paper. Extensive experimental investigation by using simulate dynamometer engine testing has been carried out to study the solubility of various additive compositions in E85 fuels and detergent effects on deposits formation in a FlexFuel engine running in special devised in-house test method. As a result two high effective multifunctional fuel additive packages properly formulated for use in high ethanol-gasoline blends were developed and optimized. Simultaneously, the great importance of modern deposit control additives specially formulated to be compatible with high ethanol fuels for providing control and counteracting deposit formation has been proved.

2

Valorization of n-butanol as gasoline replacement in a DISI engine and the effect of injection phasing

Merola S. S., Irimescu A., Valentino G., Colmenares-Quintero R. F., Rodas Y. A. L.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 204

169--185

EN

Alcohols represent a viable replacement for gasoline> with the advantages of providing improved energy security as well as reduced environmental impact. Compared to ethanol, which holds the majority of the alternative fuels market share in transportation, n-butanol features higher energy density and better compatibility with existing fuel systems designed for gasoline. Given this background, the present study investigated the use of pure n-butanol fuelling of a wall guided direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine with optical accessibility through the piston crown. Different injection timings were considered, and variations of soot emissions were evaluated based on smoke measurements. Besides thermodynamic investigations through the analysis in-cylinder pressure traces, flame chemiluminescence was applied for a more detailed view of the chemical processes during combustion. All conditions were benchmarked to gasoline fuelling, thus giving comprehensive information on the effect of fuel properties. It was found that the change in injection timing, even by a relatively reduced crank angle, had a significant effect on the smoke at the exhaust, for both fuel types. Early fuel delivery resulted in high soot emissions, while late injection had the opposite effect. No soot- nitrogen oxides trade-off point, specific for diesel power units, could be identified, but the optimum injection strategy resulted in high engine output and low particulate emissions. The alcohol featured increased sensitivity not only to changes in the start of injection, but also showed the potential for very low smoke. The investigations further emphasize the importance of air-fuel mixture formation and also identified ways to minimize the environmental impact of DISI engines through the development of optimized control strategies.

3

Effect of alcohol blending on real driving emissions of particulate matter from ordinary gasoline automobile engines: a comparison of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol

Vojtisek-Lom M., Beranek V., Klir V., Pechout M., Mazac M., Dittrich L.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 204

140--157

EN

This paper summarizes the recent and ongoing work on real driving emissions of several automobiles with ordinary, non-flexible-fuel spark ignition engines, powered by alcohol-gasoline blends with higher concentrations of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol. On a Ford Focus automobile with a direct injection EcoBoost engine, powered by gasoline and its blends with 15% ethanol, 25% n-butanol and 25% isobutanol, particle size distribution were measured with an on-board fast mobility particle sizer along a 55 km route. Particle emissions were moderately reduced by ethanol and considerably by both butanol blends. On a Śkoda Fabia and Śkoda Felicia cars with indirect injection engines, powered by blends with higher concentrations of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, particle emissions measured by a miniature on-board system were examined over a 13 km route. Blends of 30% and 50% of butanol had no or slightly positive effect on particle emissions. Blends of 70% ethanol and 85% n-butanol and 85% isobutanol, used with an auxiliary engine control unit, had no or slightly positive effect on particle mass, and reduced total particle length (roughly corresponding to lung deposited surface area) by about one half.

4

Blends of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol with 5% oxygen in ordinary engines: effects on exhaust emissions over the Artemis cycle

Beranek V., Vojtisek-Lom M., Stolcpartova J., Mikuska P., Krumal K.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 204

186--198

EN

In the EU, alcohol fuels are used mostly in the form of ethanol, sold either as E85, or mixed in less than 10% concentrations into gasoline for the general fleet. This work examines the effects of extending the ethanol share to 15%. Additionally, considering the high hygroscopicity and corrosivity of ethanol, two isomers of butanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, were blended with gasoline at 25% by volume, all blends corresponding to approximately 5% oxygen by weight. These four fuels were examined in two typical spark ingition automobile engines, a Ford Focus car with a Euro 6 EcoBoost direct injection (DISI) engine, and a Skoda Fabia car with a Euro 5 multipoint injection (MPI) engine. Both cars were tested on chassis dynamometer using the Artemis driving cycle. There were no measurable effects on the emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. The alcohol fuels increased the emissions of nitrogen oxides on the MPI engine. On the DISI engine over the Artemis cycle, the number of emitted solid particles and the emissions of elemental carbon and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were reduced relative to gasoline, by about one half for both butanol isomers, while ethanol did not yield observable effects. Particle emissions of the MPI engine were generally smaller. The results suggest that both n-butanol and isobutanol are viable fuels, which could be considered as an alternative to ethanol.

5

Wielokierunkowe badania wpływu paliw wysoko-etanolowych na tworzenie osadów w silnikach z zapłonem iskrowym

Stępień Z.

Combustion Engines

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2015

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R. 54, nr 3

608--618

PL

W artykule opisano właściwości użytkowe i problemy eksploatacyjne paliw stanowiących wysoko-etanolowe mieszaniny z benzyną. Przedstawiono silnikowe stanowisko badawcze i własną metodę badań wpływu mieszanin etanolu z benzyną na osady na zaworach dolotowych w komorach spalania i inne. Omówiono wyniki badań tendencji do tworzenia szkodliwych osadów na elementach układu dolotowego silnika flex fuel w zależności od składu paliwa, jego uszlachetniania, konstrukcji silnika i warunków jego eksploatacji. Wykazano ogromne znaczenie nowoczesnych dodatków detergentowych specjalnie opracowanych i kompatybilnych z paliwami o wysokiej zawartości etanolu w kontroli i przeciwdziałaniu tworzeniu się osadów w silniku.

EN

This paper describes performance and operational issues of a high ethanol and gasoline fuel blends. Dynamometer engine test bench and special in-house test method for effect evaluation of ethanol and gasoline blends on intake valve deposits, combustion chamber deposits and other has been introduced. Investigation results of tendency for harmful deposit formation on various elements of flex fuel engine intake system resulting from the fuel composition, fuel treatment, engine construction and its operating parameters was reported. Great importance of modern deposit control additives specially formulated to be compatible with high ethanol fuels for providing control and counteracting deposit formation has been proved.

6

Operating problems of turbocharging systems in compression-ignition engines

Idzior M., Karpiuk W., Bieliński M.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2014

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Vol. 9, no 1

25--34

EN

Supercharging of diesel engines is one of the most popular methods of improvement of their operating indexes by influencing their general efficiency, volumetric and mass power coefficient (downsizing), unit exhaust emissions etc. Turbocharging systems are commonly used in compression - ignition engines and spark ignition engines. The most common type of supercharging is turbocharging based on a turbocharger as the main element. It is a flow machine, in which a turbine rotor and compressor rotor are found on the common shaft. The turbine rotor is propelled with the exhaust gas from the engine while the intake air flows through the compressor rotor. The use of a turbocharger allows utilization of waste energy of the exhaust gas for improvement of parameters of the air supplied to the cylinders from the point of view of fuel combustion (increase of density and turbulence degree). Due to unfavorable operating conditions such as high temperature of the exhaust gas (for compression - ignition engines – up to approx. 800 ºC and for spark ignition engines – up to approx. 1100 ºC), very high rotational speed (up to approx. 250 000 rpm), precise structure and complex encapsulation, a turbocharger is particul arly exposed to damage or failures. The operating problems of contemporary diesel engine turbocharging systems as discussed in this paper, relating to turbochargers and deriving from research and expert practice of the authors, constitute conclusions of the activities to some extent, which may contribute to further works on the improvement of diesel engine charging systems. This paper presents four types of damage occurring in turbochargers as divided into their causes. According to the division assumed in this paper, the damage is caused by: - inappropriate lubrication, - presence of foreign objects, - exceeding the admissible rotational speed of the turbocharger shaft or excessive pressure and exhaust gas temperature, - corrosion. This paper addresses each of the above - mentioned cases and describes causes and effects of the same.

7

Influence of ignition advance angle on combustion in internal combustion spark ignition engines with semi open combustion chamber

Leżański T., Sęczyk J., Wolański P.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, SC2

365--370

EN

In this paper the research results of combustion system of spark ignition engines with semi open combustion chamber has been presented. The major stress in this research has been put on determining of influence of the ignition advance angle on combustion. The research with using the rapid compression machine, the high speed photography system and the measuring system of high speed varied pressure has been carried out. The results include the images of combustion courses and the curves of high speed varied pressure. An angle of ignition advance influences the most evidently on engine performance in point of view combustion system with semi-open combustion chamber. Moreover it is the only parameter which may be permanently controlled during engine operation. Three cases of the ignition advance angle values has been considered in this research: a well suited angle, too small angle and too big angle advance. The best angle of ignition advance is if the beginning of the outflow of the burned gases and the radicals, from prechamber occurs when the piston reaches TDC. As results it will obtained high velosity of a flame front travelling through the main combustion chamber, a high maximum cycle pressure and a high combustion efficiency.

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono wyniki badań nowego systemu spalania z półotwartą komorą spalania, który może być stosowany w silnikach o zapłonie iskrowym. Największy nacisk w tych badaniach położono na wyjaśnienie wpływu kąta wyprzedzenia zapłonu na spalanie. W badaniach wykorzystano: maszynę pojedynczego sprężu, system szybkiej fotografii cieniowej, system pomiarów szybkozmiennych ciśnień. Wyniki obejmują: przebiegi spalania oraz przebiegi szybkozmiennych ciśnień. Badania wykazały, że kąt wyprzedzenia zapłonu ma najistotniejszy wpływ na przebieg spalania w systemie z półotwartą komorą spalania. Ponadto trzeba stwierdzić, że jest to jedyny parametr, który może być w sposób ciągły zmieniany podczas pracy silnika. Rozpatrzono trzy przypadki wartości kąta wyprzedzenia zapłonu: kiedy kat jest dobrze dobrany, kiedy jest zbyt mały i kiedy jest zbyt duży. Najkorzystniejsza wartość kąta wyprzedzenia zapłonu jest taka przy której początek wypływu strumienia palących się gazów i rodników z komory wstępnej do zasadniczej następuje wówczas kiedy tłok znajduje się w położeniu GMP.

8

Extensive view of automotive engineering development on the background of FISITA congress and Polish participation

Jankowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2004

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Vol. 11, No. 3-4

395-416

EN

Extensive view of automotive engineering development till 2010 on background of FISITA Congress and Polish participation. Research and development works will be focused on fourth general problems: active and passive safety, environment protection - decreasing of emission level of exhaust gases constituents, especially nitrogen oxidises and particulate matter (PM), decreasing of fuel consumption and carbon dioxide, improvement of comfort, convenience and vehicle Information systems. Several characteristic detail solutions concerning spark ignition engines, Diesel engines, as well hybrid powertrains arc presented in the paper. There are data concerning control systems. Polish real participation are possible in some topics. It concerns mainly, but not only, exhaust gases emission researches, safety, control systems, alternative fuels, mixture preparation systems and combustion processes as well material testing. The Polish participation in international cooperation is reflected among others in presented works as well awards. There are possible research and development cooperation in other domains where our experts represent word level and it is confirmed by performed works.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono kierunki rozwoju motoryzacji w perspektywie czasowej do roku 2010 na tle Kongresu FISITA i polskiego w nim udziału. Prace w zakresie motoryzacji będą koncentrowały się na czterech zasadniczych problemach: bezpieczeństwa czynnego i biernego, ochrony środowiska - zmniejszeniu poziomu emisji toksycznych składników spalin, w szczególności tlenków azotu i cząstek stałych, zmniejszeniu zużycia paliwa i poziomu emisji dwutlenku węgla, poprawy komfortu jazdy i informatyzacji pojazdów. W artykule przedstawiono kilka charakterystycznych rozwiązań szczegółowych odnoszących się do silników z zapłonem iskrowym, wysokoprężnych, jak również napędów hybrydowych. Zaprezentowano także dane dotyczące systemów sterowania. W niektórych dziedzinach udział Polski w rozwoju motoryzacji może być istotny. Dotyczy to między innymi, ale nie tylko, badań w zakresie emisji spalin, bezpieczeństwa, układów sterowania, paliw alternatywnych, systemów tworzenia mieszanki i procesów spalania. Ten udział znalazł odzwierciedlenie w prezentowanych pracach, a także w wyróżnieniach. Polski udział w pracach badawczych i rozwojowych jest także możliwy w innych dziedzinach, gdzie nasi eksperci reprezentują światowy poziom i co jest potwierdzone w już zrealizowanych pracach.