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Wzbogacenie w REE utworów osadowych w wybranych rejonach obrzeżenia mezozoicznego Gór Świętokrzyskich : obiecujące dane wstępne i potrzeba dalszych badań

Mikulski Stanisław Z., Brański Paweł, Pieńkowski Grzegorz, Małek Rafał, Zglinicki Karol, Chmielewski Andrzej

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 6

379--385

EN

The main task of research was a quantitative and qualitative identification of rare earth elements within various Mesozoic sediments in the surroundings of the Holy Cross Mountains. Over 100 samples from archive boreholes, outcrops and mining waste were analysed using modern methods, like portable XRF, geochemical analysis (ICP-MS), electron microprobe and SEM. Results show enrichments of REE concentrations in sedimentary rock samples from the Niektań PIG-1 borehole (LREE up to 0.95%), Miedary outcrop (LREY up to 0.4%) and Lower Cretaceous phosphorites from mining waste in Chałupki and Annopol (LREE ~0.2%). Further investigation is strongly recommended in order to explain the distribution of REE in the study areas.

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Sedimentology of the Godula Formation in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)

Maceček Lukáš

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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Vol. 91, No. 3

309--325

EN

The present account summarizes the results of lithological and facies analysis of representative sections of the Godula Formation, in order to contribute to the understanding of the lithofacies structure of this formation, the processes involved in its development and the character of the depositional environment. The sedimentology of different parts of the Godula Formation was investigated in six representative sections in the western and central parts of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. The Godula Formation is made up mainly of Upper Cretaceous siliciclastic turbidites and was formed during the most significant depositional phase of the filling of the deep-sea Silesian Basin. On the basis of sedimentological research, five facies classes (including four subclasses) were defined: 1) conglomeratic sandstones, 2) sandstones, 3) sandstones with mudstones, 4) mudstones with sandstones and siltstones, and 5) mudstones with siltstones. The methodology of facies analysis allowed the identification of several facies association, corresponding to the medial and distal parts of a turbidite fan and associated siliciclastic apron. The facies of depositional lobes, lobe transitions and the apron are described. The sandstone and mudstone facies (F3) occurs mostly in the depositional lobes. The sandstone facies (F2) and mudstone with sandstone and siltstone facies (F4) are present only to a lesser degree. The facies of the lobe transitions include lithologic associations of the lobe fringe and channel levee environments. They comprise mainly the mudstones with sandstones and siltstones (F4) and the mudstone with siltstone facies (F5). In the apron deposits, the sandstone facies (F2) and the conglomeratic sandstone facies (F1) predominate. Palaeocurrent analysis from measurements made in selected profiles showed that in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts., the dominant direction of sediment transport was from SW to NE. After applying correction of the known counterclockwise rotation of the nappes of the Outer Carpathians, this corresponds to a longitudinal direction along the original axis of the basin.

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Środowisko sedymentacji i domniemane źródło materiału detrytycznego w górnokredowej formacji red-bed Ashua (Peru)

Paulo Andrzej, Ciesielczuk Justyna, Racki Grzegorz, Żaba Jerzy, Gaidzik Krzysztof

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

189--191

EN

Ashua Formation was deposited in Coniacian-Early Santonian time near shore of a shallow sea and in a plethora of continental arid environments. Its main component is fine-grained siliciclastic materialforming lithic and subordinate arkosic graywackes. Limestones are frequent in the lower member, and in the upper one gypsum and halite are present. Based on sedimentary textures and detailed petrographic studies, nine general microfacies were identified: shallow sea, beach, brackisch and mud flats, lagoon, sabkha and playa, deltaic, alluvial, mud flows, dunes at shoreline of an agitated water basin. The present authors suggest that the main source of detritus was pyroclastic deposits. They probably belong to the heavily eroded Lower Cretaceous Matalaque Formation.

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Late Cretaceous - Early Palaeogene sandy-to-gravelly debris flows and their sediments in the Silesian Basin of the Alpine Tethys (Western Outer Carpathians, Istebna Formation)

Strzeboński P.

Geological Quarterly

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2015

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Vol. 59, No. 1

195--214

EN

The study focuses on Upper Cretaceous - Palaeocene deposits from the Beskid Śląski mountain range in southern Poland constituting the Istebna Beds. The Istebna Beds, also referred to as the Istebna Formation, are part of the Silesian tectonic unit, which forms the Outer Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt (part of the Alpine-Carpathian system). The results of qualitative and quantitative lithological-sedimentological studies were the basis for the interpretation of lithofacies types, sedimentary processes and palaeoenvironment as well as for the reconstruction of the architecture of the depositional system. The analysis conducted on the basis of field description of the deposits shows the prevalence (nearly 70%) of siliciclastic strata representing a sandstone-conglomerate association (S-C), which is the main subject of this work. The S-C lithofacies: sandstones, gravelly sandstones, sandy conglomerates and conglomerates constitute the deposits formed mostly by mass gravity-flows such as sandy-to-gravelly debris flows. The distribution of the coarse-clastic material indicates a sediment supply from southerly directions and implies the presence of an active source area in the rear part of the Silesian Basin. A succession of the sandstone-to-conglomerate deposits with the secondary participation of other lithofacies, with a thickness of approximately two thousand metres, indicates temporary increased diastrophic activity in the Silesian Ridge (source area) and the intense denudation of this area. The uplift of the alimentation area and its destruction coinciding with enforced relative regression and the uncovering of the proximal depositional zone of the basin led to resedimentation of the older intrabasinal material and repeated mass deposition together with delivery of extraclasts of pre-existing rocks and minerals. The lithofacies development of the sandstone-to-conglomerate debrites and the related sedimentary palaeotransport directions suggest an accumulation domain in the form of a linear apron depositional system developed in a deep-water setting. Experimental modelling of subaqueous sandy flows has contributed to a better understanding of the complex genesis of deep-water sediment gravity flows developing in depositional systems rich in sand material.

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Profil sedymentologiczny przedkelowejskich (jurajskich) utworów silikoklastycznych w otworze badawczym Cianowice 2 (okolice Krakowa)

Pieńkowski G.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

147--156

PL

W otworze Cianowice 2 (okolice Krakowa), bezpośrednio na niezgodności erozyjnej ze zmetamorfizowanymi łupkami neoproterozoiku (ediakaru), a pod węglanowymi utworami jury środkowej (keloweju), występuje ponad 20-metrowy kompleks utworów silikoklastycznych (brekcje, zlepieńce, piaskowce, mułowce z podrzędnymi wkładkami węgli, syderytów i margli). Wykonane w czterech próbkach analizy palinologiczne pozwoliły uzyskać stosunkowo ubogi zespół miosporowy o szerokim zasięgu stratygraficznym, niedający rozstrzygających rezultatów, potwierdzający bardzo ogólnie jedynie jurajski wiek utworów (Jadwiga Ziaja, inf. ustna). Pozycja stratygraficzna tych utworów nie jest jasna – mogą one należeć zarówno do wczesnej jury, do środkowej jury, jak i obu tych epok, a najniższe warstwy grubookruchowe mogą być jeszcze starsze i reprezentować późny trias. Cały nawiercony kompleks silikoklastyczny został podzielony na pięć wyraźnych sukcesji. W poszczególnych sukcesjach dominują podrzędne cykle proste o ziarnie (i energii przepływu) malejący ku górze. Sukcesja 1 składa się z brekcji i zlepieńców o nieuporządkowanej strukturze, co wskazuje na spływy mułowe (soliflukcyjne), przechodzące być może w spływy wodne w środowisku stożków aluwialnych. Sukcesja 2 składa się z pięciu cykli prostych piaszczysto-mułowcowych, ze śladami wegetacji roślinnej, utworzonych na równi rzecznej. Sukcesja 3 składa się w całości z mułowców o genezie jeziorno-bagiennej, z licznymi śladami wegetacji roślinnej i węglami w stropie. Sukcesje 4 i 5 to ponownie sukcesje złożone z cykli prostych o genezie rzecznej. Cały profil badanych utworów silikoklastycznych wykazuje peneplenizację żywej początkowo rzeźby obszarów źródłowych i ciągły spadek energii procesów depozycyjnych ku górze aż do stropu sukcesji 3 z węglami, a następnie ponowny nawrót równi rzecznej. Poszczególne sukcesje są oddzielone powierzchniami nieciągłości (przeważnie erozyjnymi, jedynie spąg sukcesji 3 ma charakter odpowiednika powierzchni mogącej być korelatywną powierzchnią transgresji), które mogą stanowić regionalne powierzchnie korelacyjne (zwłaszcza dolne granice sukcesji 1, 3 i 5). Sukcesje o dolnych granicach erozyjnych mogą odpowiadać sekwencjom depozycyjnym. Porównania regionalne otworu wiertniczego Cianowice 2 z otworem Parkoszowice 58 BN położonym ok. 40 km na północny zachód skłaniają do uznania tych utworów wstępnie za jurę dolną (najprawdopodobniej pliensbach–toark), grubookruchowe utwory sukcesji 1 w spągu otworu mogą reprezentować także wiek późnotriasowy. Do czasu uzyskania bardziej precyzyjnych danych biostratygraficznych lub chemostratygraficznych nie można potwierdzić tego z całą pewnością ponad stwierdzenie, że są to utwory jurajskie starsze od keloweju.

EN

In the Cianowice 2 borehole (located in the vicinity of Kraków), straight on the erosional unconformity on the top of metamorphosed Neo-Proterozoic (Ediacaran) shales and below carbonate deposits of Callovian, 20 meters thick interval of siliciclastic rocks has been encountered. The siliciclastic rocks are composed of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones and subordinate intercalations of coal, siderite and marls. Stratigraphical position of this interval can be inferred based on poorly-preserved miospore assemblage, spanning relatively long geological time (Jadwiga Ziaja, pers. comm.) – it can represent either Early or Middle Jurassic, or both of those epochs, while the lowermost coarse-grained package can be even of an older, i.e. Triassic age. The interval was subdivided into 5 well-distinguished sedimentary successions, separated by bounding surfaces, mostly of erosional character – only succession 3 starts with sharp lithological contrast between sandy deposits and overlying mudstones, which reflects flooding and rapid retrogradation (either lacustrine or lagoonal). All these bounding surfaces (particularly bottoms of successions 1, 3 and 5) are of regional correlative significance-erosional bounding surfaces can represent sequence boundaries, while bottom of the succession 3 can represent correlative surface of a transgression. In each succession, except for the lowermost one, subordinate fining-upward cycles are dominating. They represent diminishing-upward energy of transport. The succession 1 is composed of breccia and conglomerates with chaotic structure, indicative of mudflow – dominated fans, possibly passing into alluvial fans and back to the mudflow fan again in the top. There is a marked lithological contrast (possibly connected also with considerable hiatus) between the coarse-grained deposits of succession 1 and following successions built of fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and claystones. The succession 2 is composed of five fining-upward cycles, indicative of fluvial environment (fluvial plain), with traces of plant vegetation. The succession 3 is entirely composed of mudstones of lacustrine origin, with numerous traces of plant vegetation, siderite concretions and bands and coals at the top. Successions 4 i 5 again contain typical fining-upward fluvial cycles with traces of plant vegetation. The overall profile shows peneplanation of a landscape and continuous diminishing of energy of sedimentary processes up to the top of succession 3 marked with coals. Then, fluvial sedimentation returned. Regional comparison of the Cianowice 2 borehole with borehole Parkoszowice 58 BN, located some 40 km to NW tends to suggest the Early Jurassic (most probably Pliensbachian–Toarcian) age of the profile (the lowermost coarse-grained part can be of a Triassic age), but until more reliable biostratigraphical or chemostratigraphical evidences are obtained, these more detailed interpretations of stratigraphical division remain tentative.