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1

Ecovoltaics - a truly ecological and green source of renewable goods

Nowak Arkadiusz, Świsłowski Paweł, Świerszcz Sebastian, Nowak Sylwia, Rajfur Małgorzata, Wacławek Maria

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 3

315--332

EN

The intensive exploitation of natural resources, expansion of human population and degradation of natural and semi-natural habitats, caused among others by agriculture, forestry and urbanisation, enforce special care for the natural resources, especially the disappearing types of vegetation that are refugees of biodiversity. One of the most threatened plant communities are grasslands (pastures and meadows), which has suffered the most in recent decades due to the intensification of agriculture and the transformation of land use. The purpose of this paper is to propose a hybrid approach to clean energy production on photovoltaic (PV) farms, taking into account the needs of grassland conservation and restoration. Nine sets of sciophilous species are proposed, including grasslands rich of pollinator benefits, grasslands with low pollen production to maintain high electrical efficiency of panels, and rich, standard meadows in wet (Molinion, Calthion, Alopecurion, Cnidion), fresh (Arrhenatherion) and dry (Cirsio-Brachypodion) types. The combination of clean energy and grassland conservation has been called ecovoltaics (EV) because it combines the production of renewable electricity with care for the diversity of valuable grassland ecosystems. The research will continue on an experimental ecovoltaic farm with innovative technical solutions to effectively maintain the desired meadow species composition. The purpose of this study was to analyse and select plant species that could be introduced into areas where PV cells are installed under climatic conditions in southern Poland. Using databases, environmental and ecological factors were taken into account. As a result of the study, a list of 206 species was selected that could be introduced to areas where they will coexist with PV panels, taking into account the effect of shading. The developed selection of these plant species provides a starting point for future work by botanists and engineers seeking to increase the biodiversity of sites where PV panels will be placed.

2

Naturalne siedliska jerzyków a prace termomodernizacyjne budynków

Ksit Barbara, Gatniejewski Adam

Przegląd Budowlany

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2020

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R. 91, nr 3

39--41

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wytyczne prawne termomodernizacji budynków, odnośnie ochrony środowiska. Opisano status prawny jerzyka jako przedstawiciela ginącego gatunku, który w istotny sposób może wpłynąć na poprawę komfortu środowiskowego siedlisk ludzkich.

EN

The article presents legal guidelines for thermomodernization of buildings regarding environmental protection. The swift’s legal status was described as a representative of a dying species that could significantly improve the environmental comfort of human habitats.

3

Principles of architectural and landscape design of water areas

Ruban L.

Technical Transactions

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2018

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Vol. 115, iss. 6

29--40

EN

Nowadays, the paradigm of coexistence with the planet’s aquatic environment is changing due to the impact of many factors, among which climate change plays a principal role. The importance and necessity of finding new rules for the coexistence of water and humans on the planet is a reality of our time. The Paper justifies the necessity of considering Water areas as an object of urban planning and landscape design. There are three main ideas that uncover the meaning of the subject according to the principles of designing Water areas: considering them as habitat environments, investigation of changes in the lives of the current generation in accordance with the necessity to adapt to climate change, studying a nation’s memory in a historical retrospective and in the process of searching for historical national identity. The study considers water depending on its physical state.

PL

W dzisiejszych czasach paradygmat współistnienia planety ze środowiskiem wodnym zmienia się z powodu wpływu wielu czynników, wśród których główną rolę odgrywa zmiana klimatu. Znaczenie i konieczność znalezienia nowych zasad współistnienia wody i ludzi na planecie jest rzeczywistością naszych czasów. Artykuł uzasadnia konieczność uznania obszarów wodnych za obiekt planowania miejskiego i projektowania krajobrazu. Istnieją trzy główne idee, które odkrywają znaczenie tematu zgodnie z zasadami projektowania obszarów wodnych: uznanie ich za środowiska siedliskowe, badanie zmian w życiu obecnego pokolenia zgodnie z koniecznością dostosowania się do zmian klimatu, badanie pamięci narodu w retrospektywie historycznej oraz w procesie poszukiwania historycznej tożsamości narodowej. Badanie uwzględnia wodę w zależności od jej stanu fizycznego.

4

W stronę architektury współdzielonej z naturą

Kwiatkowski K.

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2018

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nr 22

156--166

PL

Przestrzeń natury może być odbierana w dychotomiczny sposób. Tradycyjnie odczytywano ją jako przestrzeń „zewnętrzną”, zarówno w stosunku do istoty ludzkiej, jak i do przestrzeni miasta. W epoce Oświecenia staje się przestrzeń natury instrumentem integracji więzi społecznych i niwelacji nierówności jako swego rodzaju „przestrzeń wewnętrzna”. Proces internalizacji natury odzwierciedla się w projektach miast utopijnych. Dewastacja środowiska naturalnego w XX wieku wpłynęła na rozwój zainteresowania problemami natury. Z drugiej strony przyczyniła się do powstania swego rodzaju postawy defensywnej, wynikającej z konieczności bieżącej walki z zagrożeniami ekologicznymi. Można było zaobserwować brak wielkich idei i narracji dotyczących zieleni i natury. Przełomem stał się rozwój koncepcji bioróżnorodności. Koncepcja ta powstała jako reakcja na procesy wzmożonego wymierania gatunków niektórych roślin i zwierząt. Postulatowi rozszerzaniu spektrum różnorodności biologicznej może odpowiadać postulat poszerzania spektrum różnorodności form architektonicznych. Powstaje w ten sposób architektura współdzielona z naturą.

EN

The space of nature may be understood in a dichotomous way. Traditionally, it was interpreted as an “external” space both in relation to the human being, and city space. As a specific type of “internal space”, during the period of the Enlightenment, the space of nature became an instrument of social integration and a levelling force of social inequalities. The process of internalization of nature is reflected in the projects of utopian cities. The devastation of the natural environment which took place in the 20th century, contributed to an increase of interest in the problems of nature. On the other hand, it also contributed to the creation of a specific type of defensive attitude, resulting from the need to conduct a current struggle with ecological threats. One could observe a lack of great ideas and narrations concerning green spaces and nature. What turned out to be a great breakthrough point was the development of the conception of biodiversity. The latter conception arose as a counter-reaction to the processes of ever increasing extinction of certain species of plants and animals. The postulate of broadening the spectrum of biological diversity may find its reflection in the postulate of broadening the diversity of architectural forms. In this way, there arises architecture which is co-shared with nature.

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The influence of habitat conditions on developing and floristic character of Arrhenatheretum elatioris community syntaxons in the Flinta valley (Central Poland)

Kaczmarek Z., Gajewski P., Grzelak M., Gaweł A., Barszczewski J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 2

101--105

EN

Differentiation of habitat conditions results in the development of areas of ryegrass grasslands of significant floristic variation and provides a basis for the distinction of lower phytosociological units. The paper contains a floristic characteristic of Arrhenatheretum elatioris syntaxons regarding their habitats. The aim of the study was a detailed characteristic of habitats including their phytosociological as well as soil properties. The analysis of 44 phytosociological relevés of ryegrass grasslands areas enabled a comparison of their botanical and phytosociological structures as well as of their floristic diversity. Three subassociations were found in it: Arrhenatheretum elatioris typicum, Arrhenatheretum elatioris ranunculetosum repentis and Arrhenatheretum elatioris dactylidosum glomeratae. Furthermore, the paper contains a detailed description and interpretation of soil conditions. Two soil profiles were performed in mucky soils (Mollic Gleysols). In the samples collected from various genetic horizons, such properties were marked: pH, the content of carbon and total nitrogen, calcination loss, texture, soil density and particle density, total and drainage porosity, hygroscopic moisture and maximum hygroscopic capacity, potential of water bonding in soil and its total and readily available waters, total retention and filtration ratio. The examined soils were rich in organic matter and light texture of mineral endopedones which determined their high total porosity. Drainage porosity and filtration ratio were balanced and high, which gave good conditions for natural drainage. Water capacities, at each water bonding potential, were of similar characteristics to soils of similar texture.

PL

Zróżnicowanie warunków siedliskowych przyczynia się do wykształcania płatów łąk rajgrasowych o znacznym zróżnicowaniu florystycznym i daje podstawy do wyróżnienia niższych jednostek fitosocjologicznych. W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę florystyczną syntaksonów zespołu Arrhenatheretum elatioris w zależności od siedliska. Celem pracy była szczegółowa charakterystyka siedlisk, uwzględniająca zarówno ich fitosocjologię, jak i właściwości glebowe. Analiza 44 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych płatów łąk rajgrasowych umożliwiła porównanie ich struktury botanicznej i fitosocjologicznej oraz różnorodności florystycznej. Oznaczono trzy subasociacje: Arrhenatheretum elatioris typicum, Arrhenatheretum elatioris ranunculetosum repentis, Arrhenatheretum elatioris dactylidosum glomeratae. Ponadto w pracy szczegółowo opisano i zinterpretowane warunki glebowe. Wykonano 2 profile glebowe w glebach murszowatych (Mollic Gleysols). W próbkach, pobranych z poszczególnych poziomów genetycznych, oznaczono takie właściwości jak: pH, zawartość węgla i azotu ogólnego, straty prażenia, uziarnienie, gęstość gleby oraz jej fazy stałej, porowatość całkowitą i drenażową, wilgotność higroskopową oraz maksymalną pojemność higroskopową, potencjał wiązania wody przez glebę oraz jej potencjalną i efektywną retencję użyteczną, retencję całkowitą, współczynnik filtracji. Gleby badanych siedlisk wykazywały dość niską zawartość materii organicznej oraz lekkie uziarnienie endopedonów. Układ tych właściwości, w znacznym stopniu, określał ich cechy funkcjonalne. Ich gęstość była niska, a porowatość całkowita wysoka. Poszczególne pojemności wodne były wysokie, jednakże znaczna część wody była trudno dostępna. Całkowite zdolności retencyjne ocenić można jako korzystne. Obserwowane w ostatniej dekadzie, niekorzystne warunki pogodowe oraz coraz intensywniejsza presja rolnicza, będą prawdopodobnie powodować ewolucję tych gleb w kierunku gleb mineralnych.

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The Influence of Vegetation Structure on the Composition of the Seed Rain and Seedling Pool in Abandoned Molinion caeruleae Meadows

Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

269--284

EN

The investigations of the effect of different habitat conditions on the composition of the seed rain and seedling pool were conducted in the years 2014 and 2015 in abandoned patches of Molinion caeruleae dominated by small-stature meadow taxa (patch I), tall-growing grasses (patch II), as well as shrubs and trees (patch III). Observations showed that along the successional gradient the seed rain and seedling pool diminishes. The prevalence of perennials and native taxa in the seed rain and seedling pool occurred in all the study sites. Moreover, in the propagule and seedling pools of all the patches hemicryptophytes and meadow taxa prevailed but their number decreased in successional sites. Also, the abundance of ruderal and grassland taxa decreased gradually, at expense of number of forest species. Zoochorous species prevailed in the seed rain and seedling pool of all patches. Number of hydrohorous species decreased in successional patches, while the abundance of species with other dispersal modes were similar. Irrespective of patch character, the species producing propagules with medium size dominated in the seed rain and seedling pools, whereas a significant decrease of number of small-seeded species was noticed only in the seedling pool. Despite the diminishing of the seed rain and seedling pool along the successional gradient, the gap creation might be a very effective way of active protection of Molinion caeruleae meadows. However, the gap colonisation requires permanent monitoring to avoid further spreading of undesired taxa.

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The Effects of Habitat Deterioration and Social Status on Patrolling Behavior in the Territorial Damselfly Calopteryx splendens

Golab M. J., Gołąb P. A., Contreras-Garduño J., Zając T., Sniegula S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 1

122--131

EN

Patrolling behavior plays an important role in resource defense and in shaping social interactions in territorial species. However, it is not clear whether and how resource deterioration affects patrolling and interactions between territorial males. We addressed this issue by studying the territorial patrolling of damselfly Calopteryx splendens males, which use riverine vegetation patches composed of floating rafts of Potamogeton natans as territories. Males can hold single territories established on one vegetation patch (solitary residents) or hold adjacent territories established on shared vegetation patch (contiguous residents). The study predicted that solitary males engage more in patrolling than contiguous residents and that patrolling intensity is proportional to patch quality. Two types of semi-natural vegetation patches were sunk: of high and low quality measured on the basis of the patch size (range 2–5 m2) and its attractiveness to damselflies (measured as number of residents, non-territorial males and contests observed at a given patch). Changes in number of patrolling flights were monitored for solitary and two contiguous residents: first which hold territory situated closer to the patch centre and secondary holding territory nearer to the edge of a patch. Results indicated that solitary residents patrolled more often than either of the two contiguous residents. Habitat deterioration significantly reduced the patrolling intensity of both single and first contiguous resident, however, their patrolling activity was not resumed at the same intensity after the original patch had been restored. The secondary resident of a contiguous pair did not respond to habitat deterioration, but increased its patrolling activity following restoration. Patch quality was found to have no impact on patrolling, which implies that social context can be more important in predicting changes in patrolling behavior in response to resource deterioration.

8

Próba wykorzystania populacji wybranych płazów do oceny jakości środowiska gruntowo-wodnego na terenach użytkowanych rolniczo

Brysiewicz A.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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Vol. 38, nr 4

13--19

PL

Wśród organizmów bytujących w środowisku gruntowo-wodnym, bardzo wrażliwą na zmiany jakości wody grupę zwierząt stanowią płazy. Te ważne bioindykatory środowiska gruntowo-wodnego należą do kręgowców najbardziej zagrożonych wyginięciem. W związku z tym podjęto próbę oceny stanu populacji płazów na wybranym obszarze użytkowanym rolniczo, analizując jakość wód powierzchniowych w zbiornikach będących ich siedliskami, a także wód gruntowych z sąsiednich terenów rolnych. Biomonitoring jakości środowiska gruntowo-wodnego obejmował dwa siedliska płazów na obszarach gminy Stare Czarnowo (woj. zachodniopomorskie, Polska). Przeprowadzone analizy składu wód powierzchniowych i wód gruntowych wykazały dobry stan jakości siedlisk płazów, co potwierdziło liczne występowanie tych zwierząt. W obu siedliskach dominowały żaby zielone (P. lessonae/P. esculentus) i żaby brunatne (R. arvalis). Współczynnik podobieństwa Jaccarda wykazał zróżnicowanie badanych siedlisk, a ocena wskaźnika dogodności siedliska (HSI) dowiodła, że tylko jedno siedlisko stwarzało odpowiednie warunki do bytowania płazów. Wykazano, że nie tylko jakość wód miała znaczenie w doborze siedliska płazów, ale również inne elementy środowiskowe. Powinno to skłaniać do prowadzenia stałego biomonitoringu płazów w Polsce, ponieważ wiedza na temat ich rozmieszczenia nie jest wystarczająca.

EN

Amphibians as a group are very sensitive to water quality changes among organisms inhabiting soil-water environment. Those important bioindicators of soil-water environmemt are among the most endangered vertebrates. Therefore, an attempt was made to assess amphibian population status in the selected agricultural area. It was performed by analyzing surface water quality in the amphibian pond habitats as well as groundwater from the neighboring agricultural land. Biomonitoring of the soil-water environment quality included two selected amphibian habitats in the area of Gmina Stare Czarnowo (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland). Content analyses of the surface and groundwaters demon-strated a good quality of amphibian habitats, confirmed by numerous amphibian occurrence. Both habitats wered dominated by green frogs (P. lessonae/P. esculentus) and brown frogs (R. arvalis). Jaccard similarity coefficient showed diversity of habitats investigated and Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) proved that only S1 was an appropriate habitat for amphibians. It was demonstrated that not only played water quality a role in amphibian habitat selection, but other environmental factors were important as well. Constant biomonitoring of amphibians in Poland would be recommended as knowledge about their distribution is still not adequate.

9

Geobotanical conditions of grassland habitats in the Samica Leszczyńska River valley

Gajewski P., Grzelak M., Kaczmarek Z., Glina B., Mocek A., Rybczyński P., Tylman O.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 61, nr 3

101--104

EN

The paper presents a complex characteristics of grassland communities situated in the valley of the Samica Leszczyńska River, in the village Błotkowo (Wielkopolskie Voivoidship, Leszczyński County). It contains a detailed description and interpretation of soil conditions and phytosociological research, which is connected with it. On the basis of phytosociological relevés, floristic composition of the sward was determined. The following communities were described: Phragmitetum australis, Scirpetum silvatici, Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Caricetum ripariae. Four soil profiles were made. Such soil parameters as pH, content of total carbon, soil texture, bulk density and particle density, total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, maximal hygroscopic capacity, soil potential of binding water and its total and readily available water. The investigated soils represents various soil types. They were formed from peat sediments, moorshiefied in various stage, overlying gyttja (peat and moorsh soil types), as well as from river sediments (Haplic Fluvisol). Their trophism differed. The groundwater level in soils appeared on various depths. A system of basic physical and chemical properties was typical to Polish soils of similar origin, texture and organic matter content.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono kompleksową charakterystykę siedlisk łąkowo-pastwiskowych usytuowanych w obrębie doliny Samicy Leszczyńskiej, na odcinku Murkowo-Błotkowo (województwo wielkopolskie; powiat leszczyński). Zawiera ona szczegółowy opis i interpretację warunków glebowych oraz, powiązanych z nimi, badań fitosocjologicznych. Przeanalizowano 38 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych. Wyróżnione syntaksony zidentyfikowano i zaklasyfikowano do systemu fitosocjologicznego. Sklasyfikowano następujące zbiorowiska: Phragmitetum australis, Scirpetum silvatici, Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Caricetum ripariae. Na badanym terenie wykonano 4 odkrywki glebowe. W pobranym materiale glebowym oznaczono takie właściwości, jak: pH, zawartość węgla ogólnego, skład granulometryczny, gęstość objętościową i fazy stałej gleby, porowatość całkowitą , współczynnik filtracji, maksymalną pojemność higroskopową, potencjał wiązania wody przez glebę oraz jej potencjalną i efektywną retencję użyteczną. Badane gleby reprezentowały różne typy. Wytworzone z osadów torfowych - w różnym stopniu zmurszałych - posadowionych na gytii reprezentowały gleby torfowe i murszowe, natomiast wytworzone z nanosów rzecznych zakwalifikowano jako mady właściwe. Ponadto charakteryzowały się zróżnicowaną troficznością. Zwierciadło wód glebowo-gruntowych występowało w nich na znacznie zróżnicowanych głębokościach. Układ podstawowych właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych był typowy dla gleb Polski o zbliżonych: genezie, uziarnieniu i zawartości materii organicznej.

10

Floristic and habitat analyses and natural value of the association Potentillo-Festucetum arundinaceae (R.Tx. 1933). Nordh. 1940

Grzelak M., Gaweł E., Mackiewicz D., Murawski M., Knioła A.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 61, nr 3

173--175

EN

Studies on the association Potentillo-Festucetum arundinaceae (R. Tx. 1933) North. 1940 were conducted in the years 2011-2013 at the Bukówka river and the Molita and Czarna canals in the Czarnków-Trzcianka county in the Wielkopolskie province. Based on the floristic analyses of 23 relevés prepared according to Braun-Blanquet the sward of this association a total of 31 species from 14 botanical families were reported. Plant species belonging to the families Poaceae and Polygonaceae were most abundant in the meadow swards. Apophytes and spontaneophytes, native species (over 90%) were predominant in the floristic species composition. This plant association is characterised by an mean Shannon-Wiener index of floristic diversity H’ = 2.2.

PL

Badania zespołu Potentillo-Festucetum arundinaceae (R. Tx. 1933) North. 1940 wykonano w latach 2011-2013 nad rzeką Bukówką oraz kanałem Molita i Czarna w powiecie czarnkowsko-trzcianeckim, w woj. wielkopolskim. Na podstawie analizy florystycznej 23 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych, wykonanych metodą Braun-Blanqueta, w runi zbiorowiska zanotowano występowanie 31 gatunki pochodzących z 14 rodzin botanicznych. Najliczniej w runi łąk reprezentowane były gatunki roślin należące do rodziny Poaceae i Polygonaceae. W składzie florystycznym przeważały apofity i spontaneofity, gatunki rodzimego pochodzenia (ponad 90%). Zespół cechuje się średnim wskaźnikiem różnorodności florystycznej Shannona-Wienera, H’ = 2,2.

11

Wintering Farmland Bird Assemblages in West Hungary

Báldi A., Somay L., Kovács-Hostyánszki A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

608--615

EN

Farmland bird populations declining rapidly all over Europe. Most of the knowledge is, however, from the breeding season, and much less is known about the winter period, especially from Central and Eastern Europe. We censused wintering farmland bird assemblages in West Hungary, in 2011/2012. The censuses covered semi-natural and seeded grasslands, plough fields and wheat fields. The available winter seed food was estimated for each field from the top soil and from the vegetation. We recorded 25 species with 844 individuals on the fields. Semi-natural grasslands were the most important habitats for species richness of all, granivorous, and resident species, with seeded grasslands as the second best habitat. Abundance showed similar pattern, although with no significant effect for granivorous species and for short-range migrants. Seed mass was significantly different among the habitat types, higher on seeded grasslands and seminatural grasslands than on ploughed sites and winter wheat fields. Date had a significant effect on species richness and abundance with highest values in December. There was a positive significant correlation between bird species richness and seed mass only in December. Our results strengthen former findings that changes and drivers of wintering farmland bird populations may differ between Central and West Europe, and highlight the need for further, large scale studies to provide evidence base to guide agrienvironmental programs.

12

Sustainability of earthworm communities in translocated grasslands: the first decade after runway 2 construction at Manchester Airport

Butt K. R., Walmsley T.

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2015

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T. 19

7--12

EN

Construction of a second runway at Manchester Airport led to a £17 million environmental mitigation package concerned with habitat restoration, relocation of species and translocation of valuable habitat components. One major concern was for legally protected vertebrate species (Meles meles and Triturus cristatus) affected by these works. To this end, a monitoring programme was established to assess earthworm communities (potential prey for the protected animals) within areas of translocated grassland. Major upheaval of soils can have negative consequences on soil biota, so integration of translocated turf with receptor subsoil was essential. The work reported here relates to continued monitoring of 4 specific translocated grassland areas. Digging and hand sorting of soil from replicated plots of 0.1 m2, followed by vermifuge (mustard) application was used to extract earthworms. Monitoring took place on an annual basis during the same week of October from 1998-2007. Twelve species of earthworm were located, representing three ecological groups. Recorded densities ranged from 4 to 427 earthworms m-2. Similarly, biomasses ranged between 2 and 110 g m-2. Significant differences can be ascribed to type of translocation undertaken (turf transfer or soil alone) and also between grassland sites (low lying, slopes, hillocks) and across years. Meteorological data suggests that the most significant environmental aspect during the decade of monitoring was rainfall, having its greatest negative effect on earthworms in 2003. Earthworm community composition has been dynamic over this time period.

PL

Podczas przygotowań do budowy drugiego pasa startowego na lotnisku w Manchester przenoszono cenne komponenty siedliskowe oraz gatunki a także odtwarzano całe siedliska, wykorzystując pakiet ochronny o wartości 17 mln £. Jednym z głównych problemów było zachowanie prawnie chronionych kręgowców (Meles meles i Triturus cristatus), zagrożonych rozbudową lotniska. W celu długotrwałego monitorowania ich stanu postanowiono także oceniać populacje dżdżownic (potencjalny pokarm tych zwierząt) w obszarze odtwarzanych użytków zielonych. Ponieważ prace inżynierskie mogą mieć negatywny wpływ na faunę gleb, przy budowie pasa zastosowano eksperymentalne przenoszenie darni z warstwą podglebia. Prezentowana publikacja opisuje efekty stałego monitorowania 4 konkretnych punktów/ stanowisk odtwarzanych użytków zielonych. Poszukując dżdżownic stosowano przekopywanie gleby kilku stanowisk o powierzchni 0,1 m2 oraz sortowanie ręczne wybranych prób oraz wypłaszanie dżdżownic z głębszych warstw roztworem musztardy. Monitorowanie miało miejsce corocznie w tym samym tygodniu października, od roku 1998 do roku 2007. Zlokalizowano 12 gatunków dżdżownic reprezentujących trzy grupy ekologiczne. Ich zagęszczenie wahało się od 4 do 427 dżdżownic na m2 a biomasa od 2 do 110 g m-2. Istotne różnice tych wartości stwierdzono przy porównaniu wymienionych cech dżdżownic na stanowiskach gdzie przeniesiona została cała darń i sama gleba a także między siedliskami w użytkach łąkowych (w zagłębieniach, na zboczu, na pagórkach) i w poszczególnych latach. Dane meteorologiczne wskazują, że w ciągu dekady monitoringu najbardziej istotny wpływ środowiskowy dotyczył opadów, mając największy negatywny wpływ na dżdżownice w roku 2003. Stan zgrupowania dżdżownic w badanym okresie był dynamiczny.

13

Geobotanical conditions of ecological grasslands on light river alluvial soils

Kaczmarek Z., Gajewski P., Mocek A., Grzelak M., Knioła A., Glina B.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 60, nr 3

131--135

EN

The paper contains a geobotanical characteristics of grassland habitats where ecological management is conducted. It covers the assessment of floral diversity and a detailed description and interpretation of soil conditions. The research was conducted in the vegetation season of 2014 in an individual farm in Srednica (wielkopolskie Voivodeship, czarnkowskotrzcianecki district). In the research area a number of phytosociological relevés was taken. Local habitats were described and characterised. Four soil opencasts were done within the area. Such properties as reaction, the content of total carbon, texture, soil density and its solid phase density, porosity, maximal hygroscopic capacity, water bond potentials of soil, readily and total available water and saturated hydraulic conductivity were marked. The investigated soils were river alluvial soils formed from alluvial sands of Notec's proglacial stream valley, they were characterised by high water permeability and low retention, both of which are typical to light soils. There was little amount of productive and available for plants water. Soil's porosity and density, as well as reaction, were on a beneficial level. Top horizons had high - as for sands - content of carbon which was a result of the specificity of alluvial origin of these soils. The investigated phytocenoses were covered with termophilic xerothermic plants which classifies to xerothermic grasses Festuco-Brometea. These were mainly phytocenoses with the domination of Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra and Agrostis capillaris. Furthermore, a group of Spergulo-vernalis Corynephoretum was found, with a large share of species from Agropyro-Rumicion crispi, what may indicate a flooding character of these grasslands.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono geobotaniczną charakterystykę siedlisk łąkowych, na których prowadzona jest rolnicza gospodarka ekologiczna. Obejmowała ona ocenę zróżnicowania florystycznego pokrywy roślinnej oraz szczegółowy opis i interpretację warunków glebowych. Badania wykonano we wrześniu 2014, na terenie indywidualnego gospodarstwa rolnego w miejscowości Średnica (województwo wielkopolskie; powiat czarnkowsko-trzcianecki). Na badanym terenie wykonano szereg zdjęć fitosocjologicznych. Opisano i scharakteryzowano występujące tam zbiorowiska. W obrębie wydzielenia wykonano 4 odkrywki glebowe. Oznaczono takie właściwości gleby, jak: pH, zawartość węgla ogólnego, uziarnienie, gęstość gleby oraz jej fazy stałej, porowatość, maksymalną pojemność higroskopową, potencjał wiązania wody przez glebę oraz jej potencjalną i efektywną retencję użyteczną, współczynnik filtracji. Badane gleby reprezentowały typ mad rzecznych, wytworzonych z piasków aluwialnych pradoliny Noteci; charakteryzowały się, typową dla gleb lekkich wysoką wodoprzepuszczalnością i niską retencją. Woda produkcyjna oraz dostępna dla roślin wystepowała w nich w niewielkich ilościach. Porowatość i gestość gleby, jak również pH, kształtowały się w nich na korzystnym poziomie. Poziomy wierzchnie cechowały się wysoką - jak na piaski - zawartością wegla, co wynikało ze specyfiki aluwialnej genezy tych gleb. Badane zbiorowiska porośnięte były ciepłolubną roślinnością kserotermiczną, kwalifikującą się do klasy muraw kserotermicznych Festuco-Brometea. Były to głównie zbiorowiska z dominacją kostrzewy owczej (Festuca ovina), kostrzewy czerwonej (Festuca rubra) oraz mietlicy pospolitej (Agrostis capillaris). Ponadto wyróżniono zespół Spergulo-vernalis Corynephoretum, ze znacznym udziałem gatunków ze związku Agropyro-Rumicion crispi, co może oznaczać zalewowy charakter badanych łąk.

14

The role of spatial distribution of faeces in coyote scent marking behavior

Barja I., List G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 2

373--384

EN

Scats are important for chemical communication in many canids, however, little is known about the faecal marking behaviour in coyotes. In this study we tested if faeces have a function as visual and scent marks during the non-breeding period, analyzing the spatial characteristics of defecation places. We predicted that if faeces are used as chemical signals, these should be deposited in substrates and/or zones that enhance their detection by conspecifics as it happens in other canid species. The study was conducted in native grasslands at the NW limit of the Chihuahuan Desert. Results showed that the proportion of faeces in conspicuous zones (91.3%) was significantly higher than those on inconspicuous zones (8.7%). However, the number of faeces deposited on inconspicuous substrates (92.1%) was significantly higher than on conspicuous substrates (7.9%). Most faeces were on the ground (99.2%) and only 0.8% where raised. 35% of faeces were deposited in crossroads, being these strategic zones repeatedly marked by the coyotes. We observed a significant negative correlation between the number of faeces in crossroads and the distance of faeces to the centre of the crossroad. A high number of scats were found in the proximity of livestock carcasses (21%). In addition, a selection of certain road sections (track and lateral) was observed. Our results suggest that the scats have an important function as scent-marks in coyotes, using specific defecation patterns that appear to correspond to the habitat characteristics in the study area.

15

Habitat preferences of some neophytes with a reference to habitat disturbances

Myśliwy M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 3

509--526

EN

The spread of species far from their native range is an important component of global changes. Investigating the ability of alien plants to invade different habitats is one of the most important approaches in the analysis of biological invasion mechanisms. The study was based on floristic research carried out in 1998–2002 in the north-western part of Poland. The habitats sampled were classified according to the EUNIS classification. A dataset of 2638 naturalized neophyte records was compiled based on a total of 2132 floristic lists. Species entries were supplemented with data on taxonomic position (family), origin, frequency, life form and number of habitats a particular species colonises. Ordination analyses showed the level of disturbance in individual habitats to be important in species-habitats relationships. Some of the species (e.g. Chamomilla suaveolens, Galinsoga parviflora, Veronica persica) occurred mainly in man-made, heavily disturbed habitats, while others (e.g. Impatiens parviflora, Padus serotina, Quercus rubra) were present primarily in natural habitats, less affected by humans. The species with the broadest habitat ranges identified included, i.a. Conyza canadensis, Impatiens parviflora, Epilobium ciliatum, and Oxalis fontana. Most of them, however, had different “core” habitats. Some species, e.g. Juncus tenuis, Elodea canadensis, Veronica persica were associated with one or a few habitats. The ability of species to invade numerous habitat types did not depend on their invasive status. The most successful aliens are those which spread dynamically along forest paths as well as those penetrating forest communities. The phytocoenotic role of each naturalized neophyte in plant communities requires a detailed study.Each individual habitat supports well-established alien species whose traits fit its characteristics and the disturbance intensity. Analysis of alien species traits, local distribution, habitat preferences and range makes it possible to reliably assess potentially successful invaders.

16

Habitat preferences and spatial overlap between three species of bunting (Emberiza hortulana, Emberiza cirlus, Militaria calandra) in farmlands of Central Italy

Morelli F., Pruscini F., Santolini R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 2

361--371

EN

Buntings species are mainly associated to agricultural landscapes and constitute a high conservation concern because farmlands are ecosystems subject to rapid changes and may cause the loss of animal species in just a few years. We studied the occurrence of Ortolan Bunting, Cirl Bunting and Corn Bunting (Emberiza hortulana, Emberiza cirlus, Miliaria calandra) on farmlands of Central Italy, considering the landuse composition, crop typologies and several structural parameters of environment occupied by these species, as presence of power lines, road type and Shannon biodiversity index of landscape. Furthermore the geographical overlap among the three bunting species was studied, in order to find witch species show an habitat overlap. The study was carried out in central-eastern Italy, between the end of April and mid-July 2010, through 159 sampled sites, uniformly distributed on in the study area. Cirl Bunting is the most widespread species of Bunting in the farmlands that were studied. Ortolan Bunting and Corn Bunting are the two species with greater spatial habitat overlap, even though land-use composition in their territories was different. However, Ortolan Bunting can be found at a lower altitude range than Corn Bunting (less 550 m a.s.l.) and it is associated to territories with minor landscape heterogeneity. Preferences by crop types seem to be a possible cause of the spatial habitat overlap between Ortolan and Corn Bunting (both species had selected sugar beet, and coriander, avoiding mainly vegetables, vineyards and orchards). On the other hand, Cirl Bunting was less related to crop types.

17

Clutch size variation in agile frog Rana dalmatica on post-mining areas

Solský M., Smolová D., Doležalová J., Šebková K., Vojar J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

789--799

EN

Clutch size is an important life history trait in amphibians, and it varies among and within species, populations and individuals. Within a population, its variation has been attributed to a positive relationship between females’ age or size and their fecundity as well as to spatio-temporal differences in environmental conditions. Therefore, clutch size has been shown to be both spatially and seasonally variable. We examined spatial and seasonal clutch size variation based upon two years of study involving 160 clutches of the Agile Frog Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840 in 14 ponds within one spoil bank in the Czech Republic’s North Bohemian brown coal basin. The overall mean clutch size was 1295 (SD 596), which is one of the largest that has been reported. However, both clutch size and its variance differed considerably between the years. Clutch size also varied among the ponds. We found no relationship between clutch size and the distance of a breeding pond from alluvial forest, a typical wintering habitat. Despite existence at the site of many suitable reproduction habitats, the spoil bank does not offer the complex of all habitats needed for persistence of the R. dalmatina population. To protect that population, it is necessary to preserve not only breeding ponds on the spoil bank but also alluvial forest and, most importantly, the connectivity between these two crucial habitats.

18

Rushes complexes of Magnocaricion (Koch 1926) in the conditions of limited utilization in Great Obra River Wetland (pl. Wielki Łęg Obrzański) (PLB300004)

Klarzyńska A., Kryszak A., Gajewski P., Kryszak J., Kaczmarek Z.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 59, nr 3

108--114

EN

A natural and site valorization of rushes complexes of Magnocaricion was the aim of the research conducted in the Great Obra River Wetland in the years 2007-2012. The inclusion of the terrain into NATURA 2000 region imposes some limita-tion in agricultural utilization of the area which, along with the site conditioning and the characterization of Obrzanskie Channels (pl. Kanały Obrzańskie) overflow, forms rushes phytocenoses. The analysis and assessment of flora was conduct-ed on the basis of 400 phytosociological releves taken with Braun-Blanquet’s method. The complex was characterized on the basis of soil opencast, collected soil samples and with a phytoindication method. Five plant groups from Magnocaricion were identified: Caricetum ripariae, Caricetum acutiformis, Caricetum elatae, Caricetum gracilis and Phalaridetum arundinaceae. These phytocenoses developed on organic and peat soils of a diverse trophism. Floral structure was rich in spe-cies and included numerous synatrophic species from the neighbouring grasslands. Fooder value of these communities was low, yet their extensive utilization (in accordance with the outlines of the Environmental Management Scheme) allows for the maintenance of highly natural rushes phytocenoses and relatively high natural qualities. It also contributes to the protection of nest and feeding sites of water-marsh birds.

PL

roślinnej przeprowadzono na podstawie 400 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych wykonanych metodą Braun-Blanqueta. Siedlisko scharakteryzowano w oparciu o wykonane odkrywki glebowe oraz pobrane próbki glebowe, a także metodą fitoindykacyjną. Wyróżniono 5 zespołów roślin-nych należących do związku Magnocaricion: Caricetum ripariae, Caricetum acutiformis, Caricetum elatae, Caricetum gracilis i Phalaridetum arundinaceae. Fitocenozy te wykształciły się na glebach organicznych i torfowych o zróżnicowanym trofizmie. W strukturze florystycznej zanotowano znaczne bogactwo gatunkowe, w tym wiele gatunków synantropijnych wkraczających z sąsiednich łąk. Wartość paszowa tych zbiorowisk jest niewysoka, jednak bardzo ekstensywne, ale zgodne z wymogami pakietów Programu Rolnośrodowiskowego ich użytkowanie pozwala na zachowanie dużej naturalności fitocenoz szuwarowych oraz stosunkowo wysokich walorów przyrodniczych. Przyczynia się ponadto do ochrony miejsc lęgowych i żerowisk ptactwa wodno-błotnego.

19

Topographic differences play a limited role on species distribution in a sub-tropical forest in South China

Gong G.-Q., Huang Z.-L., Ye W.-H., Cao H.-L., Lian J.-Y., Lin G.-J., Wei S.-G., Li L., Bin Y., Kong B., Li B.-W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

477--491

EN

Habitat association test has been regarded as an effective way to evaluate the relative role of niche differentiation in a community. Topographical attributes are often selected as surrogates of niche processes. However, the inference for relative role of niche differentiation is likely problematic if the spatial dependence of plant community on underlying spatially structured topographic variables is not accounted for. In this study, we used the torus shift and principal component analysis (PCA) to resolve this problem, and tested the habitat associations by adjusted-SD test in a sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in south China. The result revealed that minority of 100 common species were specialist, among which 8 species associated with first two PC axes (accounted for 98% of total eigenvalue and contributed mainly by mean elevation and aspect) and 22 species associated with last two PC axes (contributed by slope and convexity). In conclusion, we found the niche processes represented by topographical attributes play a limited role in the Dinghushan sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest plot. Further study should include more habitat variables to examine the habitat associations.

20

The importance of winter catch crops compared with other farmland habitats to birds wintering in Poland

Goławski A., Kasprzykowski Z., Jobda M., Duer I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

357--364

EN

The study examined the importance of winter catch crops (intercrops) to wintering birds in a low-intensity farming area of Poland. Birds were counted on two occasions between November 2009 and January 2010 in 514 research plots in two different parts of the country. During the two counts 28 species were recorded. Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra, Tree Sparrow Passer montanus and Shorelark Eremophila alpestris were the most numerous species. The statistical analysis (GLZ) of the influence of survey, location and habitat types on the occurrence of birds in the farmland did not reflect the significant effect on any variables. Significant differences in densities of birds between the habitats analysed (GLM) were noted. The stubbles supported a relatively greater density of birds than the mustard winter catch crop and ploughed fields. Increasing the area of winter catch crops at the expense of ploughed fields may favour birds, but when winter crops are sown in fields that would otherwise be left as stubble, wintering conditions for birds deteriorate, especially for buntings.