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1

Palaeobiogeography, palaeoecology, and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic carbonate succession of the Lar Formation, central Alborz Zone, Iran

Saleh Zahra, Reháková Daniela

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 15

EN

Foraminifera, ammonites, and calcareous dinoflagellates were used for stratigraphy and, together with microfacies, for the assessment of the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the Upper Jurassic deposits in the central Alborz Zone of northern Iran. The Lar Formation (Lar Fm.) in the Polur section is of latest Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian age. The ammonite Subnebrodites planula and the calcareous dinoflagellate Colomisphaera nagyi have been introduced as new biomarkers of the lower Kimmeridgian in the central Neo-Tethys. The distribution of calcareous dinoflagellates reflects possible dispersal routes along a narrow seaway between the western Neo-Tethys and the Alborz Zone in the central Neo-Tethys. The Terebella-Crescentiella associations of the Lar Fm. represent a low-energy setting under dysoxic conditions in the Central Neo-Tethys Ocean. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages in this formation show a high dominance of infaunal taxa and r-selected strategists. This assemblage is reminiscent of eutrophic conditions and low oxygen levels in the lower part of the Lar Fm. Good preservation of the hexactinellid sponges in the upper part of the Lar Fm. also indicates an oxygen-minimum zone. Three third-order depositional sequences can be distinguished in the study area based on six microfacies. Depositional sequence 1 (DS1) is composed mainly of argillaceous limestone and medium- to thick-bedded limestone, corresponding to an outer ramp-to-middle ramp environment. Depositional sequence 2 (DS2) comprises breccia limestone and thick-bedded limestone facies in its lower part and thin-bedded limestone to massive limestone in its upper part. The breccia limestone facies may be associated with subaerial exposure and reworking of previously deposited sediment during a relative sea level fall. The thin-bedded limestone to massive limestone of DS2 consists mainly of bioclastic mudstone to wackestone (outer ramp). These represent an deep-water outer homoclinal ramp facies. Depositional sequence 3 (DS3) consists mainly of massive limestone to thick-bedded limestone with a bioclastic peloidal microbial Crescentiella packstone (middle ramp). The relative stratigraphic positions of DSs1–3 and sequence boundaries in the uppermost Oxfordian to lower Kimmeridgian of the Polur area show a fair match to the upper Oxfordian to lower Kimmeridgian sequences (JOx7, JOx8, JKi1 and JKi2) on the global sea level curve.

2

Stratigraphy of the Albian-Cenomanian (Cretaceous) phosphorite interval in central Poland: a reappraisal

Machalski Marcin, Olszewska-Nejbert Danuta, Wilmsen Markus

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 1

1--31

EN

Several closely-spaced phosphorite beds stand out at the Albian–Cenomanian transition in the mid-Cretaceous transgressive succession at the northeastern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. They form a distinctive condensed interval of considerable stratigraphical, palaeontological, and economic value. Here, we correlate the classical section at Annopol with a recently investigated section at Chałupki. We propose a new stratigraphic interpretation of the phosphorite interval, based on lithological correlations, Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium (REE+Y) signatures of phosphorites, age-diagnostic macrofossils, and sequence stratigraphic patterns. This interval has long been considered as exclusively Albian in age. However, new macrofossil data allow us to assign the higher phosphorite levels at Annopol and Chałupki, which were the primary target for the phosphate mining, to the lower Cenomanian. In terms of sequence stratigraphy, the phosphorite interval encompasses the depositional sequence DS Al 8 and the Lowstand System Tract of the successive DS Al/Ce 1 sequence. The proposed correlation suggests that lowstand reworking during the Albian–Cenomanian boundary interval played an important role in concentrating the phosphatic clasts and nodules to exploitable stratiform accumulations. Our conclusions are pertinent to regional studies, assessments of natural resources (in view of the recent interest in REE content of the phosphorites), and dating of the fossil assemblages preserved in the phosphorite interval. On a broader scale, they add to our understanding of the formation of stratiform phosphorite deposits.

3

Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous in the NW part of the Mid-Polish Trough

Dziadzio Piotr, Ploch Izabela, Smoleń Jolanta

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 4

s. 237--257

EN

By comparison with the Lower Cretaceous of central and SE Poland, that of NW Poland (the Pomeranian, Szczecin, and Mogilno-Łódź troughs) has scarce biostratigraphic data. But, despite the lack of Lower Cretaceous exposure in the NW Polish Lowlands, borehole data, including borehole-cores and geophysical logs, allow analysis of complete successions. We refine the stratigraphic units using parallel studies of ammonites, microfauna and calcareous nannoplankton collected from the same intervals, and by correlating age-defined intervals with geophysical logs. Ostracod zones F to A are documented by the presence of ostracod assemblages representing the interval between the Upper Tithonian (ostracod zone F) and the lower part of the Upper Berriasian (ostracod zones E to A). The fragmentary and poorly preserved ammonites allowed only for distinguishing the uppermost Middle and Upper Berriasian (Ryazanian), while the informal subdivisions from the central part of the basin could not be identified unequivocally. Nannoplankton recognized in the succession analysed was very rare due to shallow marine facies of the strata. Only one nannoplankton zone was recognized in the lower part of the succession studied: the CC2 Stradneria crenulata Zone (uppermost Middle and Upper Berriasian and lowermost Valanginian). An additional study only on nannoplankton enabled recognition of certain boreal taxa typical of the BC2 zone of the Uppermost Riazanian. Valaginian ammonites occur in core material located closer to the central part of the trough. Some planktonic foraminiferal species indicate the Lower Aptian. Some Upper Cretaceous nannoplankton zones were also recognized: the CC9 Eiffellithus turriseiffeli (Uppermost Albian to Lower Cenomanian) and UC0, UC1-2 and UC3 zones which correspond to the Upper Albian and Lower as well as Middle Cenomanian. The sequence stratigraphic interpretation was based on geophysical logs with the application of gamma-ray, neutron-gamma, spontaneous potential and resistivity logging, as well as caliper logging. These studies allowed recognition and correlation of sedimentary sequences within the part of the sedimentary basin analysed, characterized by a similar cyclic pattern of geological phenomena described using depositional sequences as in the central and SE part of the Polish Basin. Third-order depositional sequences with maximum flooding surfaces were distinguished. Effective correlation of depositional cycles with biostratigraphy and with the global sea level curve was demonstrated for several boundaries, confirming the applicability of this method for the Polish part of the the Central-European Basin. Other boundaries recognized that are not correlatable and shifted relative to Haq’s curve may reflect autogenous factors (e.g., local tectonics) overlapping with the global changes controlled by allogenic processes.

4

A putative Tournaisian and Visean volcanic-sedimentary succession in the Lublin Basin, SE Poland: depositional processes, petrological characteristics and sequence stratigraphy

Waksmundzka Maria I., Kozłowska Aleksandra, Pańczyk Magdalena

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2021

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Vol. 71, no. 3

305--344

EN

The aim of this study was to establish the stratigraphic extent of a putative Tournaisian Stage within the Carboniferous succession in the Lublin Basin. The oldest part of the succession, known as the Huczwa Formation and comprising depositional sequences 1-4, was investigated based on lithofacies analysis, sequence stratigraphy and petrographic studies. The article provides descriptions of depositional sequences, parasequences (cyclothems) and lithofacies that were formed in a range of environments (elements of depositional architecture) and as a result of volcanic processes - lava and pyroclastic eruptions and chemical weathering of their products. Correlation of the sequence stratigraphy to the West European and global Carboniferous chronostratigraphic divisions, as well as to the Khoriv suite in the Lviv-Volyn Basin in adjacent Ukraine, indicates a putative late Tournaisian age for sequence 1, and a late Visean age for sequences 2-4. There is a stratigraphic gap between sequences 1 and 2, spanning probably the uppermost Tournaisian and the lower and middle Visean. The upper Tournaisian is represented by the FRST-LST deposits of sequence 1, comprising mainly volcaniclastic conglomerates and sandstones developed in braided-river channels and incised valleys with hyperconcentrated flow processes. These deposits are represented by polymictic paraconglomerate and lithic/sublithic/subarkose arenites or sublithic wackes, and contain predominantly grains of acidic and alkaline volcanic and igneous rocks. This material probably came from the Łuków-Wisznice Elevation and the Volynian Polesia region, located to the NE and E of the Lublin Basin. In the uppermost part of sequence 1, volcanic rocks and tuffs appear which developed during the activity of at least three volcanic cones in the Lublin Basin. The volcanoes were the source of alkaline lavas in the central and SW areas of the basin, and of acidic lavas in the SE area, previously undescribed. The Visean sequences 2-4 consist of the FRST-LST sediments deposited within incised valleys. The TST and HST deposits accumulated mainly in a shallow ramp-type carbonate shelf, shallow clayey shelf and deltaic environments.

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Facies patterns and depositional processes in two Frasnian mixed siliciclastic-carbonate systems in the Cantabrian Mountains, northwest Spain

Van Loevezijn Gerard B.S., Raven J.G.M.

Geologos

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2020

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Vol. 26, No. 1

1--23

EN

Relative sea level fluctuations during the Frasnian generated two shallow-marine, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate successions in the Devonian Asturo-Leonese Basin. Each system represents a third-order sequence-stratigraphical unit deposited in the same basin during comparable extreme greenhouse conditions without nearby fluvial entry points. Depositional control on the siliciclastic and carbonate distribution was driven by relative sea level fluctuations, basin geometry, availability of sand and the way sediment was distributed by shelf currents. Early Variscan flexural bending of the continental crust changed the basin shape from a shelf with a gradual profile and low dip (early Frasnian) towards a shelf with a steep depositional dip (late Frasnian). Shelf distribution changed from along-shelf transport (early Frasnian) towards offshore-directed gravity flows (late Frasnian). As a consequence, siliciclastic-carbonate distribution changed from a predominance of skeletal carbonate in the proximal shoreface – foreshore area and siliciclastic predominance distally (early Frasnian), to a distribution pattern with proximal shoreface skeletal carbonates, offshore muddy carbonates and a siliciclastic zone in between where gravity flows distributed the siliciclastic sediment down dip (late Frasnian).

6

Diagenesis, sequence stratigraphy and reservoir quality of the Carboniferous deposits of the southeastern Lublin Basin (SE Poland)

Kozłowska Aleksandra, Waksmundzka Maria I.

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 2

422--459

EN

This study estimates the reservoir properties of the Carboniferous deposits in the southeastern part of the Lublin Basin based on diagenetic and sequence stratigraphic patterns. Depositional sequences distinguished represent the following environments/processes: shallow clay and carbonate shelves, deltaic, fluvial, and hyperconcentrated flow while para-sequences (cyclothems), maximum regression-initial transgression surfaces (T), maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) and also lowstand (LST), transgressive (TST) and highstand (HST) systems tracts have been recognised. Sequences recognized may be linked to the global stratigraphic division of the Carboniferous, thus providing a time framework and environmental context for petrographic and petrophysical examinations. The reservoir properties were found to be clearly controlled by depositional environment, diagenetic history and burial. The best properties were recognized in sandstone lithosomes formed in braided, meandering and anastomosed fluvial channels and hyperconcentrated flows which fill the incised valleys and belong to the LST. They are characterized by good porosity reaching up to 15.1%. The TST and HST deposits are represented chiefly by claystones, mudstones and limestones that formed in a shallow shelf and deltaic environment, being sealing intervals. The diagenetic history of sandstones comprises eo-, meso- and telodiagenetic phases. The major processes acting during the first of these were mechanical compaction, dissolution of mineral grains, formation of predominantly quartz overgrowths around the quartz grains, and crysialiizaton of kaolinite. During mesodiagenesis, cementation with quartz, kaolinite and carbonates continued along with the formation of dickite and fibrous illite; moreover, mineral grains were dissolved and chemical compaction set in. The effects of telodiagenetic processes were feldspar dissolution and precipitation of kaolinite. During diagenesis the maximum temperature affecting the Carboniferous deposits was ~120°C. Compaction and cementation were the main factors responsible for the reduction of porosity by approximately 55 and 38%, respectively. One of the major diagenetic processes was dissolution resulting in the formation of secondary porosity. The Serpukhovian and Bashkirian sandstones from sequence 11 show good reservoir potential, while those from sequences 6, 9, 10, 12-14 only fair potential.

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Sediment discharge and storage over the last deglacial highstand period on the central Vietnam shelf off Nha Trang

Dung Bui Viet, Stattegger Karl, Kieu Nguyen Van, Thanh Nguyen Trung, Thong Bui Xuan, Vu Pham Nguyen Ha, Man Ha Quang, Trang Pham Hong

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 2

395--406

EN

A sediment budget for the central Vietnam shelf off Nha Trang over the last deglacial Holocene highstand period has been investigated on the basis of shallow seismic and sediment core data and empirical equations. The annual suspended sediment discharge to the Nha Trang shelf ranges from: 4.3 to 5.4 Mt/year. Estimates based on published empirical equations suggest that the sediment discharge by three main local mountainous rivers (the Cai, Dinh and Van Phong rivers) that enter the Nha Trang shelf ranges between 1.7 and 4 Mt/year, which implies that the local rivers discharge approximately 75% of the total annual sediment input to the shelf. The annual sediment supply of the Cai River is approximately 2 and 6 times higher than that of the Dinh and Van Phong rivers, respectively. The highstand sediment depocentre of the Nha Trang shelf is mostly attached to the local river outflows, indicating their importance as the principal sediment supply sources to the shelf. Additional sources of sediment supply to the Nha Trang shelf can probably be related to along-shore transport from the nearby shelves. Calculations based on seismic and sediment core data indicate that the net sediment volume storage on the Nha Trang shelf is approximately 2.15 Mt/year. Approximately 50% of the total sediment yield supplied to the shelf is probably transported along-shore to the south. The sediment budget model for highstand deposits on the Nha Trang shelf is typical for a small mountainous river basin, which is significantly different from that of the large river delta systems in Vietnam such as the Mekong and Red rivers where 90% of the river sediments are captured on the delta plain/subaqueous part and only 10% of the river sediments are transported to the nearby shelf. In contrast, most of the sediments supplied by small mountainous rivers off Nha Trang are transported to the mid-shelf, forming a shore-parallel mud depocentre.

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Upper Albian, Cenomanian and Lower Turonian stratigraphy, ammonite and inoceramid bivalve faunas from the Cauvery Basin, Tamil Nadu, South India

Gale Andrews S., Kennedy William J., Walaszczyk Ireneusz

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2019

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Vol. 69, no. 2

161--338

EN

The lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, ammonite and inoceramid faunas of the Upper Albian, Cenomanian, and Lower Turonian Karai Formation, the highest unit of the Uttatur Group in the Pondicherry Sub-Basin of the Cauvery Basin in Tamil Nadu, south India, are documented. Detailed logs and descriptions of sections between Karai and Kulakkalnattam, Odiyam and Kunnam, and north-west of Garudamangalam are presented. They provide the evidence for an ammonite zonal scheme that can be correlated in detail with sequences developed in Europe, with successive Upper Albian zones of Pervinquieria (Subschloenbachia) rostrata and P. (S.) perinflata (the latter on slight evidence), Cenomanian zones of Mantelliceras mantelli, Cunningtoniceras cunningtoni, Calycoceras (Newboldiceras) asiaticum, Pseudo calycoceras harpax, Euomphaloceras septemseriatum and Pseudspidoceras footeanum. The Lower Turonian is represented by a Neoptychites cephalotus–Mytiloides borkari fauna. Over 120 ammonite species are described, of which Puzosia (Bhimaites) falx, Protacanthoceras parva, Watinoceras elegans, Euomphaloceras varicostatum, Kamerunoceras multinodosum, and Carthaginites multituberculatus are new. The new genus Kunnamiceras, with Ammonites tropicus Kossmat, 1865 as type species, is interpreted as a paedomorphic dwarf derivative of Pseudocalycoceras harpax (Stoliczka, 1864). Ammonite faunas from shales are dominated by feebly-ornamented taxa: leiostraca; those from sandstones by strongly ornamented taxa: trachyostraca, differences interpreted as reflecting the preferred habits of adults in life. 15 species of inoceramid bivalves, including a newly described species Inoceramus chiplonkari, are recognised, with a mixed East African–Euramerican–North Pacific affinity. On the basis of the stratigraphic framework developed, a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the Karai Formation is proposed, and correlated with those recognised in Europe, Morocco, and the United States Gulf Coast and Western Interior.

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The stratigraphy of the mid Cretaceous (Albian) Upper Greensand Formation of the Wessex Basin and South West England, UK

Gallois R., Owen H.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 2

161--180

EN

The Upper Greensand Formation, mostly capped by the Chalk, crops out on the edges of a broad, dissected plateau in Devon, west Dorset and south Somerset and has an almost continuous outcrop that runs from the Isle of Purbeck to the Vale of Wardour in south Wiltshire. The Formation is well exposed in cliffs in east Devon and the Isle of Purbeck, but is poorly exposed inland. It comprises sandstones and calcarenites with laterally and stratigraphically variable amounts of carbonate cement, glauconite and chert. The sedimentology and palaeontology indicate deposition in marginal marine-shelf environments that were at times subject to strong tidal and wave-generated currents. The formation of the Upper Greensand successions in the region was influenced by penecontemporaneous movements on major fault zones, some of which are sited over E-W trending Variscan thrusts in the basement rocks and, locally, on minor faults. Comparison of the principal sedimentary breaks in the succession with the sequence boundaries derived from world-wide sea-level curves suggests that local tectonic events mask the effects of any eustatic changes in sea level. The preserved fauna is unevenly distributed, both laterally and stratigraphically. Bivalves, gastropods and echinoids are common at some horizons but are not age-diagnostic. Ammonites are common at a few stratigraphically narrowly defined horizons, but are rare or absent throughout most of the succession. As a result, the age of parts of the succession is still poorly known.

10

Sekwencje depozycyjne w utworach miocenu autochtonicznego w rejonie Brzeska

Drozd A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2017

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R. 73, nr 12

928--934

PL

Stratygrafia sekwencji jest multikompontentowym narzędziem służącym do odwzorowywania architektury depozycyjnej, środowisk sedymentacji, litofacji i ich przestrzennego rozmieszczenia. Podstawową jednostką wyróżnianą w tej metodzie jest sekwencja depozycyjna, definiowana jako genetyczne następstwo powiązanych ze sobą warstw, ograniczone w spągu i stropie poprzez subaeralne niezgodności lub ich korelatywne zgodności (granic sekwencji), które są wynikiem zmian względnego poziomu morza, towarzyszących wypełnianiu basenów sedymentacyjnych. Przedstawiona próba interpretacji materiałów sejsmicznych, obejmująca mioceńską sukcesję nadewaporatową w rejonie Brzeska, na podstawie założeń tej metodyki i przy wykorzystaniu pomiarów geofizyki otworowej i ich wzajemnym dowiązaniu, pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie 11 granic sekwencji (SB) i 9 powierzchni maksimum zalewu (MFS). W obrębie tych sekwencji, w zapisie sejsmicznym, karotażowym i w oparciu o dane literaturowe, zinterpretowano elementy architektury depozycyjnej zdominowane litofacją piaskowcową, deponowaną głównie w trakcie niskiego stanu WMP. Zostały one zinterpretowane jako nasypy przyujściowe/bary piaszczyste oraz fragmenty wciętych dolin w strefie szelfu.

EN

Sequence stratigraphy is a multi-component tool for mapping the depositional architecture, sedimentary environments, lithofacies and their spatial distribution. The basic unit of distinction in this method is a depositional sequence, defined as a genetic consequence of interconnected layers, limited in the bottom and top by unconformities or corelative conformities (sequences borders). They are the result of changes in relative sea level that accompanies filling sedimentary basins. The study area included upper Badenian-lower Sarmatian (Miocen) strata in the region of Brzesko. Methodology used in conjunction with well logs and geological data allowed identification in the seismic 11 sequence boundaries (SB) and 9 of the maximum flooding surface (MFS). Within the sequence the elements of depositional architecture were interpreted. They were dominated by sandstone facies that had been deposited mainly during the low state of relative sea level.

11

Sequence stratigraphy of the Oxfordian to Tithonian sediments (Baisakhi Formation) in the Jaisalmer Basin

Pandey D. K., Pooniya D.

Volumina Jurassica

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2015

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Vol. 13, no. 1

65--76

EN

The Oxfordian to Tithonian sediments deposited along the southern Tethyan margin exhibit very diverse sedimentary facies. The Jaisalmer Basin, situated along the northwestern margin of the Indian peninsula, is a good example of those preserving these sediments (Baisakhi Formation). The scattered nature of the outcrops, due to peneplanation and desert sand cover, and the diversity in sedimentary facies, have led earlier workers to employ a confusing lithostratigraphy and lithostratigraphic correlations. New records of ammonites, more detailed facies description and the application of the sequence stratigraphic method helped to sort out the stratigraphical problems of these isolated outcrops. The complexity of the Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sediments present in the Jaisalmer Basin, as evidenced by ammonite finds can be traced along an onshore – offshore transect. Within the Oxfordian-Tithonian strata of the Baisakhi Formation, Jaisalmer Basin, 35 parasequences grouped into three depositional sequences (TST-HST/FSST) have been recognized. In at least two cases, the maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) are superimposed on the transgressive surfaces within very condensed sections. The parasequences belong to a continuous succession representing shoreface (deepest part of the basin) to foreshore (shallowest part of the basin). During deposition of the Tithonian succession the southern part of the basin witnessed shallow, nearshore, or foreshore to fluvial depositional environments and, consequently, contains several depositional gaps and less distinct parasequences. The chronological order of the parasequences has been established on the basis of ammonites: Oxfordian – Perisphinctes (Dichotomosphinctes) sp. and P. (Dichotomoceras) sp.; Kimmeridgian – Torquatisphinctes alterniplicatus (Waagen) and Pachysphinctes aff. major Spath; Tithonian – Aulacosphinctoides sp., Virgatosphinctinae and other zonal ammonites recorded by earlier workers. The most logical facies correlation in conformity with Walther’s law was also used. Unfortunately, no marker beds have been recognized; however, the record of at least two brackish-water phases helped in the understanding of depositional settings along the onshore-offshore transects during these time intervals. In general, the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian part of Baisakhi Formation exhibits a general coarsening-upward trend and a change from lower shoreface zone to fluvial environments. The three sequence cycles interpreted within the Oxfordian-Tithonian sediments in the Jaisalmer Basin correspond to second-order sequence cycles.

12

Ichnology of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sedimentary cycles and their sequence stratigraphic context: Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Kachchh, western India

Joseph J. K., Patel S. J.

Volumina Jurassica

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2015

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Vol. 13, no. 2

81--99

EN

The Middle Jurassic Kaladongar Formation, Patcham Island, Kachchh, western India, comprises of a 353 m-thick mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession of asymmetrical shallowing and deepening upward sedimentary cycles. It is subdivided into five main facies i.e., micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy allochem limestone, micritic mudrock, and sandy micrite along with shales and conglomerates. Eight trace fossil assemblages comprising 34 ichnogenera are defined, including the Asterosoma, Gyrochorte, Rhizocorallium, Thalassinoides, Planolites–Palaeophycus, Phycodes, Ophiomorpha, and Skolithos assemblages that reflect five depositional facies: offshore, transitional, lower, middle, and upper shoreface. The sedimentary packages and associated trace fossil assemblages are separated by various discontinuities, stratigraphic surfaces and stratigraphic boundaries within the succession of the Kaladongar Formation and reveal three phases of regression (RST-I, RST-II and RST-III) and three phases of transgression (TST-II, III and IV) within the 3rd order systems tracts developed in the slowly transgressing sea during the Bajocian-Bathonian time interval.

13

EMD Method Applied to Identification of Logging Sequence Strata

Zhao N., Li R.

Acta Geophysica

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2015

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Vol. 63, no. 5

1256--1275

EN

In this work, we compare Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and empirical mode decomposition (EMD), and point out that EMD method decomposes complex signal into a series of component functions through curves of local mean value. Each of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs - component functions) contains all the information on the original signal. Therefore, it is more suitable for the interface identification of logging sequence strata. Well logging data reflect rich geological information and belong to non-linear and non-stationary signals and EMD method can deal with non-stationary and non-linear signals very well. By selecting sensitive parameters combination that reflects the regional geological structure and lithology, the combined parameter can be decomposed through EMD method to study the correlation and the physical meaning of each intrinsic mode function. Meanwhile, it identifies the stratigraphy and cycle sequence perfectly and provides an effective signal treatment method for sequence interface.

14

The origin and depositional architecture of Paleogene quartz-glauconite sands in the Lubartów area, eastern Poland

Czuryłowicz K., Lejzerowicz A., Kowalczyk S., Wysocka A.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 1

125--144

EN

The study uses quantitative methods to analyse the latest Bartonian to Early Rupelian sedimentary succession at the SE outskirts of the Polish Lowland Paleogene Basin, in the back-bulge zone of the Carpathian orogenorebulge. The vertical lithotype proportion diagrams from a large number of well logs are compiled to reveal the area’s sequence stratigraphy. Six sequences are recognized and correlated with 3rd-order eustatic sea level cycles. The basal sequence of type 1 is overlain by three sequences of type 2 and followed by a fifth sequence of type 1, whose depositional forced-regressive and lowstand systems tracts brought the main volume of quartz-glauconite sand to the study area. The study focuses further on the deposits of this fifth sequence, exposed and surveyed with GPR in the Nowodwór-Piaski sand pit. Their sedimentary facies analysis reveals the local spatial pattern of a wave-dominated and tidally-influenced sedimentation, supporting the earlier notions of a southern palaeoshoreline and a tectonically-controlled sedimentation.The analysis, aided by multidimensional GPR survey, indicates syndepositional development of a tectonic graben filled laterally by fault scarp-attached large sand bars and an axial action of tidal ebb currents. The bars were formed of shore-derived sand swept by littoral waves from the graben footwall areas. As the graben’s tectonic activity ceased, it became buried by the lowstand regressive sands overlain by gravelly foreshore deposits, most of which were later removed by the Pleistocene glacial erosion. A 3D model of the deposits in the Nowodwór-Piaski area is constructed on the basis of outcrop and GPR data with the use of multiple-point statistical methodology to depict the internal architecture, heterogeneity and spatial relationships of main sedimentary facies. The model can serve as a guide for the future exploration and exploitation of the quartz-glauconite sands in the area and as instructive example of how a petroleum reservoir model of a complex sedimentary succession can be constructed with the use of modern statistical methods.

15

Cenomanian Acanthoceratoidea (Cretaceous Ammonoidea) from the Koppeh Dagh, NE Iran : taxonomy and stratigraphic implications

Mosavinia A., Wilmsen M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

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Vol. 61, no. 2

175-192

EN

Seven species of the acanthoceratoidean genera Forbesiceras Kossmat, 1897, Mantelliceras Hyatt, 1903, Acanthoceras Neumayr, 1875 and Cunningtoniceras Collignon, 1937 are described and illustrated from the upper (i.e., Cenomanian) part of the Aitamir Formation of the Koppeh Dagh, northeast Iran. The mantelliceratines were collected from Lower Cenomanian silty shales while the rest of the fauna stems from lower Middle Cenomanian glauconitic sandstones in the upper part of the formation. The ammonite association allows recognition of the lower Lower Cenomanian Mantelliceras mantelli and the lower Middle Cenomanian Acanthoceras rhotomagense zones. The upper Lower Cenomanian M. dixoni Zone is not proven by its index but is most likely represented by a unit of fossil-poor shales intercalated between the two above-mentioned zones. The lowermost Middle Cenomanian Cunningtoniceras inerme Zone, however, is potentially at least partly missing due to a major sea-level fall and lowstand in the latest Early to earliest Middle Cenomanian. A preliminary sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the successions suggests the presence of Lower Cenomanian sequence boundaries Sb Ce 1-3. The Aitamir Formation is truncated along a major regional unconformity at the base of the overlying Abderaz Formation (Turonian.Coniacian). The Upper Cenomanian and most likely also (parts of) the Lower Turonian are missing. This major unconformity has a tectonic origin as it deviates from the eustatic sea-level trend which was very high at this time. Furthermore, contemporaneous tectonic unconformities are also known from Central Iran and may have their origins in rotational movements of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent.

16

Ewaporaty cechsztynu PZ1- PZ3 bloku Gorzowa

Peryt T. M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 8

689-694

EN

The Gorzów Block (West Poland) occurs in the transition zone between the PZ1 sulphate platform and the Na2 basin. In contrast to the western part of the Southern Permian Basin where the Z1 halite (Oldest Halite Na1) is normally restricted to the peripheral subbasins located south of the main basin, in Poland it occurs both in the basin centre and in the former basins of the Lower Anhydrite within the marginal sulphate platform complex, where halite sequences are thick and may have originated in a deep-water setting. The Na1 deposits have been considered so far to be LST deposits both in the marginal sulphate platform facies as well as in the basin centre. Brine salinities (and the minerals they precipitate) are controlled by brine residence times in the basin, and these are determined primarily by the absolute and the relative rates of water flow into, and brine flux out of the basin (Kendall, 2010). Thus sea-level rise in the Boreal Sea could have resulted in the increase of the brine residence times in the Zechstein basin and the deposition of more saline evaporites. Consequently, the Oldest Halite in the basin centre in Poland is regarded as the TST deposit.

17

The evolution of late Ediacaran riverine-estuarine system in the Lublin-Podlasie slope of the East European Craton, southeastern Poland

Pacześna J.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2010

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Vol. 27

1-96

EN

A model of evolution and destruction of the late Ediacaran riverine-estuarine system that developed in the Podlasie Depression and Lublin-Podlasie slope of the East European Craton is presented based on the identification and definition of facies associations, depositional systems and the framework of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. Two groups of depositional systems have been identified - alluvial, estuarine, and one open coast system. The alluvial system was initially represented in the northeastern and western synrift depocentres by alluvial fans. Distal parts of the fans were areas of fluvial deposition. Large, sand-bed braided rivers flowed transverse to the sedimentary basin axis. During final stages of the alluvial basin evolution, the levelling of the rift topography and the increase in subsidence rate in the south-east of the basin resulted in the development of anastomosed system rivers. The rivers flowed along the basin axis from north to south. A change in the braided-river flow type from ephemeral during the early stage of the alluvial basin evolution to perennial in the later stages, development of anastomosed system river floodplains and the change in the colour of accumulated fluvial deposits indicate a climate change from arid and desert to more humid and moderate conditions. The late Ediacaran siliciclastic succession of the Lublin basin is a record of the transgressive stage of estuary development. It is manifested by five successive parasequences composing the transgressive systems tract. During the earliest evolutionary stages, the Lublin estuary was a mixed wave-and tide-dominated. In its peak development, as the influence of tides significantly increased, it turned into a macrotidal, hypersynchronous estuary of funnel-shaped geometry. Regression of the Lublin estuary, resulting in its ultimate decline, started along with the highstand development at the Ediacaran/Cambrian transition. The estuary became transformed into a mixed-energy wave-and tide-dominated estuarine system and subsequently into a wave-dominated open coast.

PL

Na podstawie zdefiniowania asocjacji facjalnych i systemów depozycyjnych oraz przedstawienia ram wydzieleń wysokorozdzielczej stratygrafii sekwencji sformułowano model rozwoju i destrukcji późnoediakarskiego systemu fluwialno-estuariowego, rozprzestrzenionego w obniżeniu podlaskim i lubelskim skłonie kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego. Wyróżniono dwie grupy systemów depozycyjnych - aluwialne i estuariowe oraz system otwartego wybrzeża. System aluwialny był początkowo reprezentowany w północno-wschodnich i zachodnich depocentrach synryftowych przez stożki aluwialne. Dystalne części stożków były obszarami depozycji fluwialnej. Duże, piaskodenne rzeki roztokowe spływały poprzecznie do osi basenu sedymentacyjnego. W końcowych stadiach ewolucji basenu aluwialnego wyrównanie topografii ryftowej i wzrost tempa subsydencji w jego południowo-wschodniej części spowodowały rozwój rzek systemu anastomozującego. Spływały one wzdłuż osi basenu z północy na południe. Zmiana rodzaju przepływu rzek roztokowych z okresowego we wczesnych etapach rozwoju basenu aluwialnego na ciągły w późniejszych stadiach, rozwój równi zalewowych rzek systemu anastomozującego i zmiana koloru osadów akumulowanych przez rzeki świadczą o zmianie klimatu suchego, pustynnego na bardziej wilgotny, umiarkowany. Późnoediakarska sukcesja silikoklastyczna basenu lubelskiego jest zapisem transgresywnego etapu ewolucji estuarium. Jej przebieg odzwierciedla pięć kolejnych parasekwencji budujących transgresywny ciąg systemowy. W najwcześniejszych etapach rozwoju estuarium lubelskie miało charakter mieszany, falowo-pływowy. W fazie maksymalnego rozwoju, w miarę znaczącego wzrostu oddziaływania pływów, było to makropływowe, hypersynchroniczne estuarium o kominowej geometrii. Na przełomie ediakaru i kambru wraz z rozwojem ciągu systemowego wysokiego stanu względnego poziomu morza rozpoczął się regres i stopniowa likwidacja estuarium lubelskiego, które przekształciło się w estuarium o mieszanej energii falowo-pływowej i następnie w otwarte wybrzeże z udziałem falowania.

18

Wykorzystanie sejsmostratygrafii do rozpoznania rozkładu mioceńskich facji zbiornikowych w północno-wschodniej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego

Pietsch K., Porębski S. J., Marzec P.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2010

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T. 36, z. 2

173-186

PL

Interpretacja sedymentologiczna i sejsmostratygraficzna, wykonana dla przekroju usytuowanego w północno-wschodniej części rowu Wielkich Oczu i przebiegającego poprzez wyniesienie Markowice - Lubliniec oraz dalej na NE, umożliwiła identyfikację spągowej niezgodności kątowej sarmatu (UN0) oraz wydzielenie w formacji z Machowa nie mniej niż siedmiu sekwencji genetycznych zbudowanych głównie z osadów deltowych. Niezgodność UN0 odzwierciedla epizod ekstensyjny nałożony na regionalną, fleksuralną rotację dna basenu w kierunku SW i jest przykryta zespołem frontalnych, podnoszących się w przeciwnym kierunku wyklinowań litosomów deltowych zasilanych ze źródła orogenicznego. Wyklinowania te mogą stanowić pułapki dla gazu generowanego i akumulowanego w heterolitach czoła delty i prodelty. W kierunku SE niezgodność ta przykryta jest lokalnie przez gazonośne, gruboławicowe arenity kwarcowe o proweniencji platformowej. Jest możliwe, iż podobne piaskowce występują także lokalnie na wyniesieniu Markowice - Lubliniec na powierzchni UNO, poniżej zespołu wspomnianych wyklinowań.

EN

Sedimentological and seismostratigraphic interpretation of a dip cross-section located in the northwestern part of the Wielkie Oczy Graben, across the Markowice - Lubliniec elevation and farther to the NE resulted in the identification of the base-Sarmatian angular unconformity (UNO) and allowed to subdivide the Machów Formation into seven genetic sequences composed mainly of deltaic deposits. The unconformity reflects extension episode superimposed on regional south-westward rotation of the basin floor and is overstepped and upplapped towards the NE by deltaic bodies fed from an southerly (orogenic) source. The upplaping pinchouts may form combined, structural-stratigraphic traps for methane generated in delta front-prodelta heteroliths. Unconformity UNO is farther to the SE overlain locally by gas-bearing massive sandstones of intrabasinal or northerly provenience, and similar sandstones may be expected to occur in the study area below the belt of upplapping pinch-outs.

19

Sposób korelacji anomalii sejsmicznych z informacją otworową w analizie sedymentologicznej rejonu Pustków–Sędziszów (południowa część zapadliska przedkarpackiego)

Stankiewicz B., Dzwinel K., Pasek P.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2010

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nr 439 (2)

417--421

PL

Zintegrowana analiza anomalii sejsmicznych wraz z interpretacją danych geofizyki otworowej dała podstawy do odtworzenia środowiska sedymentacji osadów mioceńskich zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Zmienność wykształcenia osadów, zarówno pionową, jak i poziomą, prześledzono na podstawie szczegółowej korelacji międzyotworowej, a następnie, wykorzystując dodatkowo analizę charakteru wykształcenia krzywych geofizyki otworowej, dokonano próby określenia zarysu architektury depozycyjnej. W celu odtworzenia środowiska sedymentacji na większym obszarze, posłużono się szczegółową interpretacją zdjęcia sejsmicznego 3D. Analiza form geoanomalii i badanie spójności zapisu sejsmicznego zaowocowało wydzieleniem różnych elementów paleomorfologii, takich jak: koryta, wały przybrzeżne, stożki i litosomy.

EN

Integrated analysis of seismic anomalies together with well logging data interpretation was a basis for reconstruction of processes of depositional environment of the Miocene succession, in the Carpathian Foredeep. Vertical and lateral variability of sediments was analysed using detailed wells correlation. Then, using the analysis of a shape of well logs, the outline of depositional architecture was determined. In order to determine the sedimentology environment in a larger area, the detailed 3D seismic data results interpretation was used. The analysis of geoanomalies forms and coherence of seismic record resulted in differentiation of various paleomorphology elements such as: channels, subaqueous levees, fans and lithosom.

20

Sequence stratigraphy of Carboniferous paralic deposits in the Lublin Basin (SE Poland)

Waksmundzka M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 4

557-597

EN

Based on lithofacies analysis of clastic, clay and carbonate rocks, wireline logs and sequence stratigraphy, sixteen depositional sequences have been distinguished in the paralic Carboniferous succession of the Lublin Basin from the Visean to the base of Westphalian B. The facies evolution and depositional architecture of the deposits belonging to three types of depositional systems tracts, i.e. lowstand (LST), transgressive (TST) and highstand (HST) have been reconstructed. The sequences are bounded by type 1 basal unconformities formed during subaerial erosion following relative sea-level fall and lowstand. This erosion, that in some cases reached down to the LST deposits of the underlying sequences, mainly affected the HST deposits. Relative sea-level rise controlling the base level of the rivers during lowstand was the basic factor influencing facies development, cyclicity and thickness of fluvial deposits, as well as the vertical and lateral transformation of rivers in theparalic Carboniferous succession. Vertical transition of high- to low-energy fluvial environments can be observed within the LST. The LST deposits typically occur in incised shelf valleys and in non-incised fluvial systems. Within the LST of sequences 2 and 4 to 10 commonly occur medium and large systems of simple incised valleys that developed in a coastal-plain system. The LST of sequences 11 to 15 comprises large systems of compound incised valleys that developed in a piedmont system. Relative sealevel rise in the late lowstand, sea-level oscillations during transgression and highstand and the volume of sediment supply were the main factors influencing facies development, cyclicity, thickness and lateral distribution of the deltaic deposits, shallow-shelf shales and limestones. Within the TST commonly occur coarsening-upward and non-gradational cyclothems that correspond to parasequences and were formed in the distal parts of the inner-shelf delta lobes. In the HST, the most commontypes are coarsening-upward cyclothems developed during the progradation of innershelf delta lobes and small lake deltas, as well as non-gradational cyclothems formed in lakes on a delta plain without influence of delta lobes. The transgression of sequence 7 probably had the widest extent of all the sequences in the paralic Carboniferous succession of the Lublin Basin. It was presumably much wider to the N, NE and NW than the presently accepted boundaries of the basin. Based on analysis of three curves of relative sea-level changes in the paralic Carboniferous succession of the Lublin Basin and the transgressive-regressive curve for the Carboniferous of Western Europe, the sequences distinguished have been correlated with the chronostratigraphic scheme for the Carboniferous System. The diachronous commencement of sedimentation has been confirmed and evaluated. The lack of deposits of sequence 5 in the eastern part of the basin suggests the presence of a stratigraphicgap encompassing the upper Brigantian. The position and range of stratigraphic gaps present elsewhere in the basin has also been indicated. In the north-westernmost and easternmost parts of the study area the gap has the widest range, encompassing the upper Arnsbergian to lower Marsdenian strata. The mid-Carboniferous boundary between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian has been located at the base of sequence 8.