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1

A fully-balanced current-tunable all-pass filter with CAPRIO technique

Wankan Chai, Prathepha Krittanon, Sa-ngiamvibool Worawat

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 10

288--291

EN

This paper presented the improvement of the first-order all-pass filter fully-balanced current-turnable with the Caprio technique. The proposed circuit was designed with NPN transistors, a capacitor, and a resistor. The amplitude of the signal can have been directly controlled by adding an external resistor (Ree) and has been tuneable electronically. The circuit has a relatively simple architecture. The Caprio technique can reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) to a low level. The proposed circuits were verified by the SPICE simulation, confirming the theoretical analysis.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono udoskonalenie filtra wszechprzepustowego pierwszego rzędu, w pełni zbalansowanego z obrotnicą prądową z wykorzystaniem techniki Caprio. Proponowany układ został zaprojektowany z wykorzystaniem tranzystorów NPN, kondensatora i rezystora. Amplituda sygnału może być bezpośrednio kontrolowana przez dodanie zewnętrznego rezystora (Ree) i jest dostrajana elektronicznie. Układ ma stosunkowo prostą architekturę. Technika Caprio może zredukować całkowite zniekształcenia harmoniczne (THD) do niskiego poziomu. Zaproponowane obwody zweryfikowano symulacją SPICE, potwierdzając analizę teoretyczną.

2

Foci for Determining the Insensitivity Features of Nanometer RDX: Nanoscale Particle Size and Moderate Thermal Reactivity

Wang Y., Song X., Song D., Zhang J., Song K.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 4

799--815

EN

In this paper, the reasons why nanometer RDX showed lower sensitivity than micro RDX is discussed. Herein we supposed two factors affect the sensitivity of nanometer RDX. Firstly, according detonation physics models, a nanometer particle size results in small hot spots and a high critical temperature. These features suggested high safety for nanometer RDX based on the hot spot theory. A further factor is the thermal reactivity of nanometer RDX, which considerably affects the safety of nanometer energetic materials. Employing the Kinetic Compensation Effect, we calculated the kinetic parameters of micro and nanometer RDX. The results indicated that there was no obvious distinction between the activation energies of micro and nanometer RDX, which implies almost the same reactivity of micro and nanometer RDX. Incorporating the results of small hot spots, high critical temperature, and the unchanged reactivity of micro and nanometer RDX, we concluded that nanometer RDX should exhibit low sensitivity as an intrinsic feature.

3

A 10.7-MHz Fully Balanced, Q-of-267, 103-dB-Dynamic-Range Current-Tunable Gm-C Bandpass Filter

Sa-Ngiamvibool W.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 10

204-209

EN

A 10.7-MHz fully balanced, high-Q, wide-dynamic-range current-tunable Gm-C bandpass filter is presented. The technique is relatively simple based on three fully balanced components, i.e. an adder, a low-Q-based bandpass filter and a differential amplifier. The high-Q factor is possible through a tunable bias current. As a simple example at 10.7 MHz, the paper demonstrates the high-Q factor of 267, the low total output noise of 2.089 Vrms, the 3rd-order intermodulation-free dynamic range (IMFDR3) of 82.59 dB and the wide dynamic range of 103 dB at 1% IM3. The center frequency is current tunable over 3 orders of magnitude. Comparisons to other 10.7-MHz Gm-C approaches are also included.

PL

Zaprezentowano strony prądowo filtr zrównoważony 10.7 MHz pasmowy Gm-C. Technologia bazuje na trzech elementach – sumatorze, filtrze pasmowym i wzmacniaczu różnicowym. Osiągnięto dużą dobroć dzięki strojeniu prądowemu. Przedstawiono przykład filtru i porównano z innymi filtrami.

4

Highly Energetic Salts of 3,6-Bishydrazino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine

Klapötke T. M., Preimesser A., Schedlbauer S., Stierstorfer J.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2013

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Vol. 10, no. 2

151--170

EN

3,6-Bishydrazino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine was synthesized as described by hydrazinolysis of 3,6-bis-(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Doubly protonated 1:1 and 1:2 salts of the highly energetic anions were synthesized. These are bishydrazinium-tetrazine dichloride dihydrate (1:2) (BHT-2HCl•2H2O) (2), bishydrazinium-tetrazine (5,5´-azotetrazolate) dihydrate (1:1) (BHT-ATz•2H2O) (3), bishydrazinium-tetrazine bis (3,5-dinitrotriazolate) dihydrate (1:2) (BHT(DNT)2•2H2O) (4), bishydrazinium-tetrazine bis (5-nitrotetrazolate) (1:2) (BHT(NT)2) (5), bishydrazinium-tetrazine (5,5´-bistetrazolate) dihydrate (1:1) (BHTBT•2H2O) (6), bishydrazinium-tetrazine bistetrazolylamine (1:1) (BHT-BTA) (7), bishydrazinium-tetrazine bis (3-amino-5-nitrotriazolate) (1:2) (BHT-(ANTA)2) (8) and bishydrazinium-tetrazine 4,4´,5,5´-tetranitro-2,2´-bisimidazolate (1:1) (9). Compounds 2-6 could be characterized by low temperature X-ray diffraction. All of the compounds were suffciently analyzed by 1H and {1H}13C and 14N NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN), mass spectroscopy (FAB)) and vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman). The detonation parameters of the most promising candidates 5 and 9 in terms of energetic applications were calculated using the EXPLO5 V5.05 computer code. The energies of formation were calculated using CBS-4M electronic enthalpies and the atomization method. Furthermore, since all of the compounds are energetic materials, sensitivity tests towards impact (IS), friction (FS) and electrostatical discharge (ESD) were carried out. In addition their thermal stabilities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter with a heating rate of 5 °C min-1.

5

5,5'-Dinitrimino-3,3'-methylene-1H-1,2,4-bistriazole - a Metal Free Primary Explosive Combining Excellent Thermal Stability and High Performance

Dippold A. A., Feller M., Klapötke T. M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2011

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Vol. 8, nr 4

261-278

EN

The synthesis of 5,5´-dinitrimino-3,3'-methylene-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1) and selected nitrogen rich salts are presented. All compounds were fully characterized in terms of sensitivity and energetic properties. Besides a chemical characterization including multinuclear magnetic resonance study (1H, 13C, 14N) and vibrational analysis (IR, Raman), X-Ray diffraction was performed. Thermal stability was determined using differential scanning calorimetry. Detonation parameters were calculated using the EXPLO5.4 code based on CBS-4M computed heats of formation. The presented compound 5,5´-dinitrimino-3,3´-methylene- 1H-1,2,4-bistriazole shows excellent thermal stabilities in combination with high sensitivities and therefore is of interest for possible applications as metal free primary.

6

Hydrazinium 5-Aminotetrazolate: an Insensitive Energetic Material Containing 83.72% Nitrogen

Fischer N., Klapötke T. M., Scheutzow S., Stierstorfer J.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2008

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Vol. 5, nr 3-4

3-18

EN

Hydrazinium 5-aminotetrazolate (2) was synthesized via two facile routes. Both the reaction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (1) with hydrazine hydrate in aqueous solution and the reaction of 1 with diluted hydrazine solution in THF yield 2 in excellent purities and yields. 2 was characterized comprehensively by X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The heat of formation was calculated (CMS-4M) using the atomization method to be 373 kJ mol-1. With this value and the X-ray density several detonation parameter (heats of explosion, detonation pressure, detonation velocity, explosion temperature) were calculated with the EXPLO5 computer software. An incredible high value (9516 m s-1) was obtained for the detonation velocity. Therefore experimentally tests to determine the velocity of detonation were performed. In addition the use of 2 in solid propellant compositions was calculated and tested in combination with oxidizers, e.g. ammonium dinitramide. Lastly the sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined with the BAM drophammer, friction tester and an ESD machine.