Optical fields generated in complex multilayered structures of modern semiconductor optoelectronic devices are described in the present paper using the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as an example. Usually scalar theoretical approaches starting from the scalar wave equation ensures sufficient exactness of modelling of VCSEL optical fields. In the case of microresonator lasers as well as in more exact modelling of a VCSEL operation, however, the full vector approaches are necessary to be applied. Interactions between optical and other (i.e. mainly electrical, thermal and mechanical) physical phenomena inside VCSEL resonators are also described. Their role is particularly important in highly excited devices when physical phenomena taking place inside their volumes are strongly interrelated with one another.
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