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1

Market Overview in Terms of the Offered Solutions of Equipment and Machines for Planting Seedlings with a Covered Root System

Szaroleta Michał, Legutko Stanislaw

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 67, nr 1

9--14

EN

The market review in terms of the offered solutions and the design of devices intended for planting seedlings with a covered root system was made under Doktorat Wdrożeniowy program. There are many solutions on the market for this type of work, from the simplest - manual, to highly advanced structures, often aggregated with vehicles such as an agricultural tractor or a tracked excavator. The article covers a full cross-section of the market, so as to show both the simplest and the most economical to produce them, as well as the more technologically advanced ones.

2

Effects of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) Rooting on Seedling Emergence in Białowieża Forest

Sondej I., Kwiatkowska-Falińska A. J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 4

380--389

EN

The wild boar is an omnivorous animal, and by foraging (rooting) disturbs the top soil layer. In some regions of Poland and Europe seasonal fluctuations in rooting have been observed. Wild boars not only eat plants, but also strongly modify their habitat. In Białowieża National Park wild boar most frequently visit oak-hornbeam forests on fertile soil. On sites where the forest floor is covered with dense vegetation the germination of seeds is difficult, and wild boar rooting can promote the removal of diaspores from deeper layers of the soil seed bank. Within a 3-year observation on 30 subplots about 10,000 seedlings emerged representing 38 species. Our study revealed that rooted patches are characterised by a very rich and diverse flora of seedlings representing mostly forest species, but their density is low. The dominant species germinating in the disturbed ground vegetation is Urtica dioica, a species forming the persistent soil seed bank. There is a possibility that seedlings of herbaceous plants emerging on permanently rooted patches are of exogenous origin, since the seeds germinating there were in many cases damaged by repeatedly rooting animals and had no chance for further growth and reaching the generative phase. However, the soil seed bank in the rooted area has to be analysed to confirm this theory, that they have exogenous or endogenous origin. Seedling density in a repeatedly rooted oak-hornbeam forest is determined by factors other than those related to rooting. In this context the present study did not demonstrate a negative impact of rooting intensity on seedling emergence.

3

The effect of tropospheric ozone on flavonoids and pigments content in common buckwheat cotyledons

Dębski H., Wiczkowski W., Szawara-Nowak D., Bączek N., Piechota M., Horbowicz M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2017

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Vol. 24, nr 3

457--466

EN

Tropospheric ozone forms in photochemical reactions or by refuse burning and combustion of exhaust gases from engines, and during some industrial processes. The mean ambient ozone concentration doubled during the last century, and in many urban areas has reached the phytotoxic level. In the present study, there was determined the effect of ozone fumigation on levels of individual flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and total phenols in the cotyledons of four common buckwheat cultivars (Hruszowska, Panda, Kora and Red Corolla). Six-day-old buckwheat seedlings were grown in controlled conditions and treated with an elevated dose of ozone (391 μg · m−3) during 5 days for 1 h each day. After the experiment, the cotyledons of the seedlings were analysed for individual flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and total phenols. Shoot elongation was also measured. Individual types of flavonoids in buckwheat cotyledons were found to respond to an elevated ozone dose in various ways. The response was also dependent on the cultivar evaluated. In the cotyledons of ozonized buckwheat seedlings, contents of C-glucosides of luteolin and apigenin decreased or did not change depending on the cultivar examined. In the case of flavonols, the contents of quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-galactoside and rutin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside) were markedly reduced in most cultivars. O3 had no effect on the level of anthocyanins and chlorophylls but it decreased carotenoids, and tended to inhibit buckwheat growth. In conclusion, a thesis can be formulated that, due to high reduction in important flavonoids, an elevated level of ambient ozone decreases the nutritional value of common buckwheat seedlings.

4

Effect of xenobiotics in the soil on the germination of maize

Parus A., Szulc P., Zbytek Z.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 61, nr 4

92--95

EN

The study focused an assessing the influence of xenobiotics, such as NaCl and diesel oil on germination and early development of maize (Zea mays L.). Through the test the seed germination and growth inhibition of shoot and root of maize were evaluated. The experiments were carried out at different xenobiotics concentration and their mix. It was observed that the presence solely of compounds did not toxic for root growth, but i increase in their concentration caused decreasing of seed germination and root and shoot development. Both sodium chloride and diesel oil were more toxic for shoot and strongly inhibited its growth. The addition of diesel oil to soil contaminated with sodium chloride caused strongest inhibition of seed germination and plant growth.

PL

W pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki badań, których celem była ocena wpływu ksenobiotyków, takich jak chlorek sodu i olej napędowy na kiełkowanie i wczesny rozwój kukurydzy (Zea mays L.). Analiza toksyczności związków chemicznych została przeprowadzona na podstawie oceny hamowania kiełkowania nasion oraz wzrostu pędu i korzenia roślin. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono przy różnych stężeniach ksenobiotyków i ich mieszaniny. Stwierdzono, że jedynie obecność małych dawek związków nie jest toksyczna dla kiełkowania i początkowego wzrostu i rozwoju kukurydzy, ale zwiększenie ich stężenia spowodowało obniżenie zdolności kiełkowania nasion oraz rozwoju korzeni i łodyg. Zarówno obecność chlorku sodu, jak i oleju napędowego w glebie były bardziej toksyczne dla łodyg i silnie hamowały ich wzrost. Uprawa kukurydzy w glebie zanieczyszczonej zarówno olejem napędowym jak i chlorkiem sodu wykazywała silniejszą inhibicję kiełkowanie nasion i roślin wzrostu w stosunku do upraw prowadzonych na glebie zawierającej jeden rodzaj zanieczyszczenia.

5

Trade-off of sexual and asexual recruitment in a dominant weed Ligularia virgaurea (Maxim.) In alpine grasslands (China)

Wu G., Hu T., Liu Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

81-86

EN

Ligularia virgaurea (Maxim.) is a typical naturally-occurring native noxious weed, widely distributed in alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau, China. Three field sampling plots (30 m ' 50 m) dominated by L. virgaurea were selected to study its population colonization mode and the relationship between sexual- and clonalrecruitment in alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, NW China. Field investigations were conducted on its soil seed bank, seed rain and the individuals of new recruitment (seedlings and ramets) to study its sexual and asexual recruitment. And, 46 individuals which produced the seeds were selected randomly to study their relationship between seed production and ramet production. Results showed that there were more ramets (26.23 ramets m[^-2]) and less seedlings (6.70 seedlings m[^-2]) and a mean value of seed rain was close to 8.04 seeds m[^-2], but the soil seed bank for this species was not found in study sites. Significantly negative correlations (r = -0.416, P <0.001) between seed number per individual and ramet number per adult individual were found for L. vrigaurea in studied alpine grasslands. Our results revealed that clonal reproduction was the main population colonization mode. In addition, there was a significantly negative relationship between seed production and ramets for this species.

6

Effects of seed mass and light on seedling success in Artemisia sieversiana Willd in the Tibetan Plateau

Wu G., Li W., Du G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 3

469-474

EN

Seed mass and light availability are important factors which affect seedling recruitment in plant populations. Effects of seed mass and light availability on seed germination and seedling recruitment in Artemisia sieversiana Willd, which is a widely distributed herbs and a common component species in alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau, were tested in a manipulative field experiment. Our research indicated that seed mass and light significantly affected seed germination and seedling emergence and survival and there was a significant interaction effect between seed mass and light availability on these life traits within species. Our study showed that larger seeds presented significant advantages in germination, seedling emergence and survival than smaller seeds under different light availability, especially under deep shade. Our results suggested that seedling success of Artemisia sieversiana appears to be regulated by an interactive effect of seed mass and light availability in alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In addition, seedlings from larger seeds have more and more stronger advantages from germination, emergence to survival stage than seedlings from smaller seed within species.

7

The effect of mining and vegetation scarification on the survival and establishment of Pinus rotundata Link. and P. sylvestris L. in contrasting peat bog habitats

Mach J., Lanta V., Bastl M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

239-250

EN

The survival and establishment of tree seedlings represents a critical step in the process of forest stand regeneration. In this study, we evaluated the effect of peat mining and vegetation scarification (removal of understorey vegetation and peat moss layer up to depth of 15 cm) on seedling survival and establishment of two congenerous tree species, P. rotundata and P. sylvestris, under different moisture and light conditions. Two long-term experiments with planted and sown seedlings were conducted on three peat bogs in the Bohemian Forest and the Trebon Basin (Czech Republic). Significant differences in seedling survival and establishment for both pine species were found. The positive effect of lower groundwater level and shading was the best predictor for survival and establishment of planted seedlings of both pine species in a mined peat bog, especially for P. rotundata. Nevertheless, low groundwater level and vegetation scarification had negative effect on P. rotundata seedling survival and establishment in pristine peat bogs. P. rotundata seems to be more adaptable to newly appearing conditions in both environments of abandoned mined peat bog and of vegetation scarification. Our results suggest that it is more reasonable to use seedlings of P. rotundata than seedlings of P. sylvestris to restore mined peat bogs.

8

Nowe zestawy pojazdów przeznaczone dla szkółek leśnych do transportu sadzonek drzew

Dubowski A. P., Grzelak J., Karbowski R., Pawłowski T., Rakowicz A., Weymann S., Wojtkowiak R., Zembrowski K.

Logistyka

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2009

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nr 6

CD-CD

PL

Nowe zestawy pojazdów złożone z samochodu skrzyniowego i naczepy typu gęsia szyja opracowano w PIMR z przeznaczeniem dla transportu sadzonek drzewek w szkółkach leśnych. Leśny zestaw pojazdów wyposażono w nowej kategorii system sprzęgu kulowego (średnica kuli 60mm) oraz nowoczesny elektroniczny układ sterujący hydraulicznymi hamulcami naczepy. Dla potrzeb wstępnych badań drogowych i leśnych zbudowano wirtualne i rzeczywiste modele: naczepy typu gęsia szyja, stalowego kontenera, lekkiego składanego żurawika. Kontenery są chronione opończami wykonanymi z agrotkaniny STRADOMAGRO, w trzech kolorach-białym czarnym i zielonym. Wstępne drogowe i leśne badania wykazały, że tkaniny te dobrze chronią przewożone sadzonki drzewek leśnych. Nowe zestawy drogowe powinny zmniejszyć nakłady pracy ludzkiej, poprawić jej jakość oraz bezpieczeństwo i efektywność transportu w szkółkach leśnych w Polsce.

EN

New transportation units for forestry tree nursery were designed and build in PIMR that are based on light trucks coupled with gooseneck trailers. Forestry transportation unit is equipped with new category of ball hitch and its coupler (60 mm in dia) as well as with modern electronic system for steering hydraulic brakes in gooseneck trailer . Virtual models as well as real steel models of gooseneck trailer, steel container , light collapsible lift were made for preliminary road and forestry tests. Containers were equipped with new protective covers made from three different colors (white, black, green) nonwoven agrotextiles STRADOMAGRO for secure transportation of Styrofoam blocks with forestry trees. Road and forestry preliminary tests shown that such kind of agrotextiles are well protecting small trees during transportation. New road units should reduce human work, improve its quality and improve of safety and efficiency of forestry nurseries transportation in Poland.

9

Cechy biometryczne sosny czarnej (Pinus nigra Arn.) struktura biomasy

Sporek M.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr S4

613-618

PL

Badania prowadzone były na 5-letnich sadzonkach sosny czarnej (Pinus nigra) z zakrytym systemem korzeniowym, które wyhodowano w Leśnej Szkółce Kontenerowej w Kostrzycy. Znaczenie aplikacyjne takich badań sprowadza się do ustalenia optymalnych relacji pomiędzy biomasą części nadziemnej (pęd główny, gałęzie, igliwie) a biomasą części podziemnej (korzenia). Właściwa skala tych relacji decyduje o udatności nasadzeń w uprawach w warunkach polowych poddanych silnej antropopresji czy też na gruntach zdegradowanych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że istnieje istotna korelacja między ma-są części nadziemnej a systemem korzeniowym r = 0,77. Przy klasyfikacji siewek można posługiwać się ich grubością w szyjce korzeniowej (do), która jest łatwa do określenia i ściśle wiąże się z aparatem asymilacyjnym (r = 0,63), a także z całą częścią nadziemną sadzonki (r = 0,74).

EN

Studies were conducted on 5 year-old seedlings of the black pine (pinus nigra) with covered root system, planted in the Container Forest Tree Nursery in Kostrzyca. Importance of such studies for application consists of identification of optimal relations between the biomass of the overground parts (the main stem, branches, needles) and the biomass of the undergrounds parts (the root). The proper scale of these relations is decisive for the efficiency of plantings in field conditions exposed to strong anthropopressure, or on degraded grounds. The studies showed a significant corelation between the biomass of the overground parts and the root system. In classification of seedlings, their width at the root collar (d0), which is easy to determine and closely associated with the assimilatory apparatus (r = 0.63) and with the whole biomass of the seedling (r = 0.74), can be used.