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1

Evaluation of selected heavy metal and selenium pollution in water and sediments of Lake Eğirdir (Isparta/Türkiye) using statistical analysis and pollution indices

Özçelik Şule, Tekin-Özan Selda

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 2

186--207

EN

The purpose of this study is to assess heavy metal and selenium pollution in water and sediment of Lake Eğirdir using some indices. The water and sediments have the highest content of Fe. According to Water Quality Index (WQI) results, the lake water is in the good category, while the low pollution category depends on HPI and HEI values. The Enrichment Factor (EF) showed that the sediments contained very high, extremely high and significant levels of Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Fe. The Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) revealed that Lake Eğirdir was not polluted with Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn. Based on the results of the Contamination Factor (CF), Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn were in the low contamination category. The results of The Pollution Load Index (PLI) for lake sediments indicated no contamination for all metals in all seasons. Sediment quality guidelines were used to determine the possible risk of heavy metal contamination of sediments, and the results show that Cd and Pb were at the minimal effect threshold (MET), while Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were at the lowest effect levels (LEL). These results indicate that precautions should be taken to prevent an increase in metal pollution and reduce the existing pollution.

2

Investigations of the impact of the magnetic field on the process of formation of scaling in thermal devices

Ismailov Oybek, Khurmamatov Abdugaffor M., Ismoilov Mirzaakbar, Auesbaev Alisher U., Utegenov Usnatdin

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 2

115--121

EN

Water is used as working fluids in hydro and thermal power engineering, as well as in heat supply and cooling systems. In the process of heating water in water-heating boilers, scale forms due to the precipitation of crystals of mineral additives and mineral salts. Over time, the accumulation of scale with low thermal conductivity leads to a decrease in the internal diameter of the pipes. Consequently, the flow of liquid is hindered, the hydraulic resistance increases and the thermal conductivity of the device decreases. The scale layer is usually removed by acid washing of the internal heat exchange surfaces or mechanical washing. However, both methods involve the use of a substantial amount of chemicals and result in highly polluted wastewater. In addition, it significantly increases operating costs. The article uses statistical methods for processing experimental data, and generally accepted methods for conducting experiments to study the patterns of scale formation using control and measuring instruments and accurate methods for measuring technological parameters. The main purpose of the paper is to study the influence of a constant magnetic field on the formation of mineral salts deposits on the surface of walls of thermal appliances used in chemical, oil refining, and food processing industry. The influence of a constant magnetic field on the formation of scale on the surface of the walls of the heating element in a water heater has been established. According to the results of an experiment aimed at preventing the accumulation of mineral salt deposits on the surface of the heating element in a water heating boiler under the influence of a magnetic field, the amount of mineral salt precipitate deposited on such surface can be reduced up to 5.2 times. Consequently, the prevention of mineral scale formation is achieved, eliminating the need to use expensive chemicals. The stable operation of the devices contributes to enhanced thermal efficiency. Under the influence of a magnetic field, scale formation decreases on average by a factor of 5, as long as the water temperature does not exceed 70°C. However, if the temperature rises above 90°C, the scale formation rate gradually increases.

PL

Woda jest wykorzystywana jako płyn roboczy w energetyce wodnej i cieplnej, w systemach ciepłowniczych i chłodniczych. W procesie podgrzewania wody w kotłach wodnych powstaje kamień kotłowy w wyniku wytrącania się kryształów dodatków mineralnych i soli mineralnych. Z biegiem czasu wzrost grubości kamienia o niskiej przewodności cieplnej prowadzi do zmniejszenia wewnętrznej średnicy rury. W rezultacie przepływ cieczy staje się utrudniony, wzrasta opór hydrauliczny i maleje przewodność cieplna urządzenia. W celu usunięcia warstwy kamienia stosuje się zwykle mycie kwasem wewnętrznych powierzchni wymiany ciepła lub oczyszczanie mechaniczne. Wszystkie te metody wiążą się z użyciem dużej ilości chemikaliów i wytwarzaniem mocno zanieczyszczonych ścieków. Ponadto znacznie zwiększają one koszty eksploatacji. W artykule zastosowano metody statystyczne przetwarzania danych eksperymentalnych oraz ogólnie przyjęte metody prowadzenia eksperymentów do badania przebiegu powstawania kamienia kotłowego za pomocą przyrządów kontrolno-pomiarowych oraz dokładne metody pomiaru parametrów technologicznych. Głównym celem pracy jest zbadanie wpływu stałego pola magnetycznego na powstawanie osadów soli mineralnych na powierzchni ścianek urządzeń cieplnych stosowanych w zakładach przemysłu chemicznego, rafineryjnego i spożywczego. Określono wpływ stałego pola magnetycznego na powstawanie kamienia kotłowego na powierzchni ścianek elementu grzejnego podgrzewacza wody. Zgodnie z wynikami eksperymentu mającego na celu zapobieganie osadzaniu się osadów soli mineralnych na powierzchni elementu grzejnego w kotle wodnym pod wpływem pola magnetycznego, ilość osadów soli mineralnych osadzonych na powierzchni elementu grzejnego kotła wodnego można zmniejszyć nawet 5,2-krotnie. W rezultacie zapobiega się tworzeniu kamienia kotłowego i nie stosuje się drogich chemikaliów. Sprawność cieplna urządzeń osiągana jest dzięki możliwości stabilnej pracy urządzenia. Tworzenie się kamienia pod wpływem pola magnetycznego zmniejsza się średnio 5-krotnie, dopóki temperatura wody nie przekroczy 70°C. Jednakże, gdy temperatura wzrośnie powyżej 90°C, tempo tworzenia się kamienia stopniowo wzrasta.

3

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water, Sediment, and Polychaeta (Neoleanira Tetragona) from Coastal Areas Affected by Aquaculture, Urban Rivers, and Ports in South Sumatra

Rozirwan, Az-Zahrah Shahnaz Ajeng Fatimah, Khotimah Nadila Nur, Nugroho Redho Yoga, Putri Wike Ayu Eka, Fauziyah, Melki, Agustriani Fitri, Siregar Yusni Ikhwan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

303--319

EN

Industrial activities in coastal areas can produce pollutant substances that are detrimental to the ecological environment. This study aimed to assess the ecological risks of heavy metal pollution in water, sediments, and polychaeta (Neoleanira tetragona) affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports. Water parameters such as temperature, DO, pH, and salinity were measured in situ at fifteen observation stations. Samples were taken at three locations around the aquaculture area, namely the Barong River, the Musi River Estuary as an urban river area, and Tanjung Api-api port in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Analysis of sediment grain size and substrate types using the method of Shepard’s triangle Heavy metal concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey statistical analysis. Ecological risk assessment uses the bioconcentration factor (BCF), index geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and pollution load index (PLI). Based on the results, the concentration of heavy metal Pb in water was not detected until 0.625 mg/L, and Cu was not detected. Furthermore, Pb in sediments was 1.261–11.070 mg/kg, Cu was 0.193–19.300 mg/kg, Pb polychaeta was not detected until 0.0044 mg/kg, and Cu ranged from 0.0003–0.0014 mg/kg. Ecological risk assessment for BCF showed that the level of accumulation of polychaeta (N. tetragona) was categorized as an excluder (BCF < 1). Igeo and Cf indicate uncontaminated pollution levels (Igeo < 0) and low contamination (Cf < 1). Meanwhile, the Pollution Load Index is included in the nonpolluted category (PLI <0). Based on the results, the quality of the ecological environment affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports is still classified as safe for ecological risk assessment; further studies are needed regarding the relationship between pollution levels and the physiological response of biota.

4

Chemical assessment and spatial distribution of selected elements in aquatic sediments in the region of Peja (Kosovo)

Laha Fisnik, Gashi Fatbardh, Musliu Arbër

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 1

139--160

EN

In Kosovo, the supply of potable water from water sources is represented by about 40%. This study represents the geochemical analyses of sediments, spatial and statistical analyses of major elements in sediments (fraction <63 µm) of water sources in the Drini i Bardhë River basin. For a better understanding of the geochemical consistency of sediments, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used and the amounts of P and S were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). By comparing the concentrations of Ba, Se, and P with the existing criteria, it was found that 26 of 50 sample points exceed recommended norms, which cause low/significant toxic effects and 23 of 50 sample points include anomalies of the analyzed elements. In terms of statistical interpretation, the average concentration of the studied elements decreased in such order: Ca > Al > Mg > K > S > P > Na > Ba > Sr > Li > Rb > B > Ga > Cs > Be > Se. In terms of correlation analyses, elements such as Li, Be, Mg, P, and Ba did not show a significant positive correlation with any element. Cluster analysis of R-modality shows a branch of dendrogram linked with Ca, Al, Mg, S, K, P, Na, Ba, Sr, Cs, B, Ga, Se, Be, Rb, and Li. Spatial distribution maps of major elements show that high concentrations of Li, Ca, and Ba were located mostly in the northern part, high concentrations of B, Na, Mg, Sr, and Cs were located in the north-east part, high concentrations of Be and Al were located in the north and south part and high concentrations of P, S, K and Rb were located mostly in the south-east part of the catchment basin. This high concentration of elements is impacted by the lithology of rocks and by the minor influence of human activity (the case of P).

5

Analysis of the Mangrove Ecosystem Due to the Influence of Mount Bromo’s Cold Lava Material on Permata Pilang Beach, Probolinggo

Muttaqin Andik Dwi, Soemarno Soemarno, Purnomo Mangku, Zakiyah Umi

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 4

272--281

EN

Accretion and erosion, which are natural geological phenomena in mangrove areas, provide interesting views that have implications for sustainable area management. This research aims to analyze the ecosystem that exists in the cold lava sedimentation of Mount Bromo and explore aspects of geological attraction, which is a natural factor that cannot be avoided. This study highlights several factors that contribute to mangrove ecosystem management, including water quality, level of mangrove exploitation, canopy cover. Furthermore, this study. Research found that Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris and Rhizophora mucronate are the types of mangroves on Permata Pilang beach. The density value of 1156 ind/Ha indicates medium density. The diversity index is proven by a value of 1.39 indicating adequate productivity. Mangrove canopy cover of 72.60% indicates a medium mangrove forest condition with a density of 1000–1500 ind/Ha. The results of sediment analysis show that very fine sand is dominant, namely 40.94% of the sediment composition, while the lowest percentage is very fine mud at 0.33%. Types of mangrove vegetation such as Rhizophora sp and Avicennia alba can be found in sediments ranging from very fine sand to mud. The research results show that the water quality at Permata Pilang Beach is good. The findings show an average value of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity of 31.7 °C; 8.5; 7.8 mg/L and 30.9 ppt. Water temperature and pH are classified as good if they range between 28–32 °C and 5.6–9.4 respectively. The ideal dissolved oxygen level in a mangrove ecosystem is between 3–7 mg/L. The recommended salinity range in mangrove ecosystems is 10–30 ppt.

6

Metal pollution status and health risk assessment of beach sediments along the Mersin coast, Turkey

Özbay Özgür, Akçay Ismail

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

461--470

EN

In the present study, the ecological risk assessment of metal contamination in beach sediments along the Mersin coast was determined using the metal contents of beach sediments in Mersin, Kızkalesi, Susanoğlu and Taşucu region obtained between 2006 and 2009. Furthermore, the potential health risk assessment for ingestion and dermal contact pathways of adults and children was determined. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals showed that there is no pollution in the beach sediments for the metals Cu, Pb and Zn for the all studied coasts. However, the high ecological risk indices calculated in this study strongly suggested an apparent Cd, Cr and Ni pollution in the studied beach sediments due to natural and anthropogenic contamination. Study findings indicated the HI values were greater than 1 for the metal Cr. The TCR values were higher than 1.00E-04 for the metals Cr and Ni calculated for adults, and for the metal Cu, Cr and Ni calculated for children, respectively. All these findings showed that there is a high carcinogenic risk for adults and children resident in the Mersin province from carcinogenic Cr and Ni whilst the studied coasts have additional health risks to children from carcinogenic Cu.

7

Element-based ecological and human health risk assessment in a lagoon system in a densely populated basin

Aykir Dilek, Fural Şakir, Kükrer Serkan, Mutlu Yunus Emre

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 1

1--19

EN

This study analysed the ecological deterioration and health risk in sediment samples taken from Dalyan and Poyraz Lagoons in the Karacabey floodplain of Turkey, which is under pressure from agriculture, industry and settlement activities. Multi-element analyses were performed with ICP-MS on the surface and core sediment samples from the lagoons. Total organic carbon, chlorophyll degradation products and carbonate analyses were performed to determine the transport and illuviation dynamics of the elements. While Pb and Zn showed moderate enrichment at some sampling points, no enrichment of the other elements was detected. According to ecological risk analysis data, Cd and Hg posed a moderate ecological risk at some sampling points. The modified hazard quotient data indicated very high contamination of Ni, a high level of As contamination and significant Cr contamination. A carcinogenic health risk was detected from Ni, Cr and As due to the lithological characteristics of the basin. It was concluded that the lithological characteristics, the agricultural and mining activities carried out in the Susurluk Basin – which is drained by Koca Stream – and domestic and industrial waste contributed to the higher element concentrations in the Karacabey floodplain.

8

Control mechanisms on the reactive silicate fluxes by using on board resuspension experiments in the eutrophicated coastal environment

Özkan Ebru Y., Buyukisik Hasan B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 3

343--365

EN

This study aims to differentiate bio-mediated and biogenic CO3-2precipitation or terrestrial CO3-2 input using on board incubation techniques, to investigate the effects of resuspension in the coastal environment and to increase our understanding of predicted relationships between silicate releases and other biogeochemical variables in resuspension events. Relationships between dark silicate flux and BSi, CO3-2, OrgC, Mn (manganese) according to the seasons were examined. The silica flux is controlled by the CaCO3 coating on the diatom skeletons due to the fact that diatom skeletonsact as crystallization nuclei in the calcite precipitation that is biologicallya ffected. The reduction in flux with BSi may be due to the reduction in thesurface areas of larger diatom species. The negative linear relationships observed between silica fluxes and CO3-2 is indicative of RSi fluxes constrainedby bio-mediated carbonate increase. Linear relationships which are the samein their slopes but differ in their intercepts, reveal the effect of the changein diatom size on silica flux. Smaller diatoms have more surface area perunit volume, meaning an increased silica flux. On the other hand, seeing different CO3-2 values at stations with the same orgC value have increased the confidence interval (CI) 95% in the linear relationship. The presence ofdifferent silica flux values in stations with the same carbonate value may beexplained both by different orgC values and by diatoms containing different group sizes. The silica flux is controlled by the CaCO3

9

An overview of the (eco)toxicological effects of flame retardants emerging in water and sediment

Dowbysz Adriana M., Samsonowicz Mariola, Kukfisz Bożena

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

44--49

EN

Flame retardants (FRs) that have an adverse effect on human and the environment have been subject to regulation since 1972. However, FRs emerging as a replacement, are not proving to be fully environmentally safe. Water and sediment contamination by FRs, including organophosphorus (OPFRs) and novel brominated (NBFRs) ones, is a matter of major concern. Due to their common usage, many release sources, and relatively high mobility, they pose a threat to aquatic organisms and ecosystems. This review summarises studies on the OPFRs’, and NBFRs’ simultaneous occurrence in water and corresponding sediment. The main sources of occurrence and routes of entry of FRs into the environment are presented. The newest reports on the ecotoxicity of selected FRs had been summarised in order to bring the matter to attention. The research revealed that although great efforts had been made to study the occurrence of OPFRs and NBFRs in water and sediment separately, there is a lack of research on their occurrence in both media in the same area. Although major efforts have been made to study the ecotoxicity of OPFRs, there are some deficiencies for the NBFRs. Considering their relatively high ecotoxicity, further studies should be conducted on joint ecotoxicity, which may cause synergistic or antagonistic effects.

10

Study of the Variations in the Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Heavy Sand Minerals in the Hilla River Sediments

Hameed Iman A., Rahman Haleema Abdul Jabbar Abdul, Anmar Alsaadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

318--330

EN

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Hilla River sediments on the heterogeneity of the distribution of heavy sand minerals for the fine and very fine sand classes as well as for the surface and subsurface layers. The results showed that the heavy sand minerals that were determined according to the specific gravity of each mineral and the specific gravity of the particles of minerals identified in the soils under study ranged between (2.5–4.5) and were divided into four groups in terms of the specific gravity. The first group included each of the minerals (Mica and Chlorite) of low specific gravity, while the second group contains (Pyroxene, Amphibole, Epidote Group). The third group includes minerals (Tourmaline and Garnet, Staurolite and Kyanite) and the two groups are classified as minerals of medium-specific gravity; in turn, the fourth group contains minerals of high specific gravity, namely (Zircon, Rutile and Opaques). As a result, the most important factors affecting the sedimentation, sorting and sedimentation processes are the conveyor’s speed, load capacity, the size of the separation particles and their specific gravity. The complete mismatch of the horizontal distribution of the minerals of one group is due to the varying ranges of the specific gravity of the minerals within the general range of specific gravity.

11

Spatial Dynamics of Microplastic Pollution in Water and Sediments of the Ciliwung River along with Conditions of Water Quality Field Parameters and Population Density

Mahendra Alloysius Pamurda Dhika, Pratama Mochamad Adhiraga, Moersidik Setyo Sarwanto, Rahmawati Suphia, Iresha Fajri Mulya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

296--309

EN

Microplastics are emerging contaminants that degrade from textile plastic products, petroleum, and cosmetic equipment with sizes less than 5 mm. There are more than 70,000 settlements located along the Ciliwung River in DKI Jakarta that use the river water as a source of clean water. The most common type of waste found in the Ciliwung River to date is plastic waste, which can cause flooding and other disasters. The Ciliwung River can currently be found with microplastic pollution which has an impact on exposure to living things in the river, such as in case studies in the Ciliwung River estuary area. The problem is the exposure to 75% of blue panchax fish (Aplocheilus sp.) as many as 1.97 particles per fish with sizes of 300 to 500 μm. This research will focus on analyzing the dynamics of microplastic quantity in water and sediment of the Ciliwung River along with the correlation between field parameters and population density around the banks of the Ciliwung River. When viewed from the seven points that represent the Ciliwung River downstream to upstream in DKI Jakarta Province, the number of microplastics is in the range of 320–741 particles/L. For the dominating form, it can be analyzed that the majority of microplastic forms are fragments (97%), followed by fibers (2.9%) and pellets (0.1%). While in the sediment, the number of microplastics in the Ciliwung River sediment is in the range of 6560–10630 particles/kg. The population density factor has the highest correlation to the number of microplastics with a value of r = 0.702. This is associated between population density and high microplastic emission loads.

12

Pesticides in Small Agricultural Catchments in the Czech Republic

Konečná Jana, Zajíček Antonín, Sáňka Milan, Halešová Taťána, Kaplická Markéta, Nováková Eva

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

99--112

EN

Generally, pesticides are the products containing at least one chemical substance which should protect plant or plant products against pests/diseases. Among them, the most important ones are herbicides, followed by insecticides and fungicides. As a result of intensive agriculture techniques, large amounts of pesticides are applied on agricultural soil. They remain and degrade in soil, but they can enter water bodies and negatively affect water quality and the aquatic ecosystem. The article deals with the level of pesticide load in soil, bottom sediment and surface water in chosen agriculture catchments in the Czech Republic. Results revealed that the main general problem is glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, although their application has been constrained for several years. Furthermore, the difference in contents of chosen parent pesticide substances and their metabolites in soils and waters were pointed out.

13

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in Sediments, Water and Aquatic Biota in Lake Beratan, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province – Indonesia

Watiniasih Ni Luh, Hendrawan I. Gede, Nuarsa I. Wayan, Wiradana Putu Angga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

323--332

EN

Microplastics (MPs) has become a very serious global threat, especially to the health of animals, humans and the environment. In this study we aim to investigate the contamination of MPs in sediment, air, and aquatic biota collected from the waters of Lake Beratan in Bali Province, Indonesia. Lake Beratan is one of the strategic areas that continues to develop as a tourist destination, agriculture and fisheries, as well as a source of water for daily needs. Sediment, water, and aquatic biota samples were collected from 4 stations that represent the Beratan Lake area. Each sample obtained was then followed by the pre-treatment stage using 5 M NaCl solution. Furthermore, the extraction process for each sample used wet oxidation peroxidation (WPO) with the addition of Fe (II) catalyst. The highest average weight of MPs in the sediment samples was obtained at the 1st sampling point of 2.53% which was dominated by soft fragments. The percentage of MPs weight in the water samples was varied at each sampling point with the highest obtained at the 4th point of 99.2% and was dominated by hard-shaped fragments at all sampling points. The collected aquatic biota was also contaminated by MPs of 68% in fish and 36.40% in shrimp. The types of MPs found in the digestive tract of aquatic biota are in the form of fragments, filaments, films and foam. These results indicate that the aquatic environment of Lake Beratan, Bali has MPs content that varies in sediment, water and aquatic biota which are often consumed by the local community. This must be of particular concern and further investigation, especially regarding the environmental management of the lake area and the relevant authorities in formulating regulations to reduce the harmful effects of MPs contamination.

14

Characterization of Chromium (VI) Interaction with Rivers Sediments-In Relation to the Composition

Azzouz Sarah, Boukhalfa Chahrazed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

72--78

EN

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the mobility of chromium (VI) in aquatic systems by studying its interaction with different rivers sediments. The studied sediments were collected from the river Essouk which flows through a mining area in Skikda, and from the river Hemimime which flows through an industrial area in Constantine. The Cr(VI) fixation experiments on the studied sediments were carried out in batch. The results obtained show that the fixation of Cr(VI) is mainly related to the composition of the sediments. Sediments with a predominance of schwertmannite fix Cr(VI) better. The predominance of jarosite or calcite in sediments, implies a low Cr(VI) retention capacity. In the three cases, the kinetics of Cr(VI) fixation follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm is best described by the Freundlich model in the case of the jarosite predominance and by the Langmuir model in the case of the schwertmannite or the calcite predominance.

15

Bridge headwater afflux estimation using bootstrap resampling method

Kiraga Marta, Bajkowski Sławomir, Urbański Janusz

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 69, nr 1

21--37

EN

The bridge structure’s development causes a riverbed cross-sections contraction. This influences the flow regime, being visible during catastrophic floods. Then the flow velocity increases and water piles up upstream the bridge, where headwater afflux could be observed. These changes depend on the watercourse geometry and the bridge cross-section properties, especially on the degree of flow contraction under the bridge. Hydraulic conditions under the bridge depend on flow velocity, dimensions, and shape of abutments, the granulometric composition of bedload, which can be quantitatively characterized by hydraulic resistance coefficients. The research subject of headwater afflux is equated with the recognition of morphodynamic processes occurring along the passage route. The headwater afflux could be estimated by empirical formulas and by the energy method using Bernoulli’s law. Empirical methods are optimized by adopting various statistical criteria. This paper compares the headwater afflux values calculated using two existing empirical formulas, Rehbock and Yarnell, and compares them with the results of laboratory tests. Following the assumption that the free water surface is influenced by flow resistance, an attempt was made to include friction velocity in the empirical formulas. Based on the Authors’ database, the coefficients used were optimized using bootstrap resampling in Monte Carlo simulation. The analyses demonstrated that the formula best describing the phenomenon of headwater afflux upstream the bridge is an empirical formula built based on the historical Yarnell formula, which includes friction velocity value. The optimized equation provides an average relative error of 12.9% in relation to laboratory observations.

PL

Zabudowanie koryta rzeki filarami i przyczółkami mostu powoduje zwężenie jego przekroju. Wpływa to zmiany warunków przepływu, które widoczne są przede wszystkim podczas wezbrań katastrofalnych. Następuje wtedy zwiększenie prędkości przepływu oraz spiętrzenie wody przed mostem. Zmiany te zależą od geometrii koryta cieku oraz przekroju mostowego, a szczególnie stopnia zwężenia strumienia pod mostem. Warunki hydrauliczne pod mostem zależą od prędkości przepływu, wymiarów i kształtu podpór, składu granulometrycznego rumowiska, które scharakteryzować można ilościowo za pomocą współczynników oporów hydraulicznych. Tematyka badawcza spiętrzenia pod mostem stawiana jest na równi z rozpoznaniem procesów morfodynamicznych zachodzących na długości przeprawy. Spiętrzenie pod mostami określa się wzorami empirycznymi oraz metodą energetyczną wykorzystującą prawo Bernoulliego. Metody empiryczne optymalizuje się przyjmując różne kryteria statystyczne. W artykule porównano spiętrzenie pod mostem obliczone za pomocą dwóch znanych formuł empirycznych Rehbocka oraz Yarnella i porównano je z wynikami badań laboratoryjnych. Kierując się przesłanką, że na ukształtowanie swobodnego zwierciadła wody w rejonie mostu wpływają także opory przepływu, podjęto próbę włączenia prędkości dynamicznej do formuł empirycznych. Na podstawie własnej bazy danych współczynniki wykorzystanych formuł zoptymalizowano z użyciem metody bootstrap resampling w symulacji Monte Carlo. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że formułą najlepiej opisującą zjawisko spiętrzenia pod mostem jest formuła empiryczna zbudowana na podstawie historycznej formuły Yarnella. Uwzględniając w niej prędkość dynamiczną i optymalizując uzyskano średni błąd względny 12.9%. Taka wartość średniego błędu względnego potwierdza słuszność przyjętego podziału pola prędkości na odpływie. Stwierdzono, że metoda bootstrap resampling w symulacji Monte Carlo stanowi użyteczne narzędzie inżynierskie przy optymalizacji formuł w badaniach hydraulicznych. Szczególnie cennym elementem artykułu jest wykorzystywanie próby danych historycznych.

16

Identifcation of sediment–basement structure in West Papua province, Indonesia, using gravity and magnetic data inversion as an Earth’s crust stress indicator

Lewerissa Richard, Sismanto, Lapono Laura A. S.

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 1

209--226

EN

West Papua province in eastern Indonesia is positioned in a dynamic tectonic zone along with the collision of the Australian, Pacific, and Eurasian plates. The interaction resulted in the formation of strike-slip faults such as Koor, Sorong, Ransiki, and Yapen, that are prone to earthquakes in the region. The rocks of West Papua in the northern part are a contribution to the Pacific Ocean plate consisting of ophiolite and volcanic arcs of the archipelago, even while the rocks of the Australian plate in the southern part are dominated by quaternary and siliciclastic sedimentary. It has a wide variety of resources, including oil and gas. This study combines the interpretation of regional gravity and magnetic data derived from satellite observations to identify the subsurface structure of West Papua. This is performed since most studies were conducted on the surface and did not significantly focus on the subsurface. The composition of subsurface is determined through three-dimensional (3-D) unconstrained inversion modeling using the iterative reweighting inversion of regional gravity and magnetic anomalies as a function of density contrast and magnetic susceptibility of rocks. In depth variations, gravity inversion produces density contrast ranging from −0.348 to 0.451 gr/cm3 , whereas magnetic inversion provides rock susceptibility varying between −0.363 and 0.223 SI. Gravity and magnetic inversions characterize the subduction of the Pacific Ocean plate in the north, extensive intrusion of igneous rocks, and low density-susceptibility contrast in the Bintuni basin as a source of oil and natural gas. The boundary between the sediment layer and the basement is believed to be 15–20 km deep, with rocks from the uplifted mantle in the north and a Silur-Devon aged Kemum formation in the south.

17

Effects of anthropogenic activities on nutrient parameters in the North Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Sığacık/Aegean Sea)

Çulha Saniye Türk, Karaduman Fatma Rabia, Gündoğdu Ayşe, Barış Kamil Emre

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2022

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Vol. 51, No. 2

189--202

EN

This study aims to examine the physicochemical parameters of seawater (temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, suspended particulate matter, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphate-phosphorus, burnable organic matter in the sediment), and possible effects of pollution in Sığacık Bay where different anthropogenic activities are carried out. Samples of surface seawater (0 m), bottom seawater (2 m), and sediment were collected monthly from four sampling sites between September 2013 and September 2014. Annual mean nutrient values were determined as 1.6 ± 0.14 μg.at.NH4+-N l-1, 0.1 ± 0.01 μg.at.NO2--N l-1, 0.8 ± 0.08 μg.at.NO3--N l-1, 0.7 ± 0.08 μg.at.PO43--P l-1, SPM 21.4 ± 0.33 mg l-1. The BOM content in the sediment was 5.6 ± 0.39%. As a result of the study, it was determined that Sığacık Bay was polluted by anthropogenic point and non-point source pollution. According to the water quality criteria, the bay was found to be in the group of polluted seawater in terms of phosphate phosphorus.

18

Combining multivariate statistical analysis to shed light on distribution and interaction of halogens in two economic ports along Red Sea Coast in Egypt

Zokm Gehan M. El, El-Said Ghada F., El Sayed Abeer A.M.

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (1)

103--106

EN

Mabahiss Bay and Safaga Bay are two important ports along the Red Sea coast of Egypt. The present study is the first to monitor halogen concentrations in these two ports. Certain halogens (F, Cl, Br and I) in coastal waters and sediments exhibited different behaviors. Fluoride (1.92–8.31 mg/L and 0.34–1.24 mg/g), chloride (20.76–22.68 g/L and 0.38–8.31 mg/g), bromide (95.90–151.84 mg/l and 6.66–50.61 mg/g), and iodide (2.77–39.19 μg/L and 1.71–3.76 μg/g) appeared in the seawater and sediments of Mabahiss Bay, respectively. In Safaga Bay, F, Cl, Br and I yielded ranges of (1.80–10.15 mg/L and 0.14–0.74 mg/g), (21.47–22.57 g/L and 0.68–1.42 mg/g), (15.98–146.51 mg/L and 6.13–74.59 mg/g) in seawater and sediments, respectively. In Mabashis Bay exclusively, the bromide and iodide levels in seawater increased significantly, and the sediments were vice versa. The average fluoride value in the two ports' seawater was higher than that in the unpolluted Mediterranean Sea. In contrast, the average bromide content in Mabahiss Bay seawater exceeded the Mediterranean Sea level. The seawater chloride content of the two ports was within the Mediterranean seawater's value, but the iodide concentration was lower than that of the unpolluted seawater. The application of different multivariate statistical techniques showed that halogen's distribution and halogen's geochemical characteristics control interaction in each region, ground flux, and proximity to human sources.

19

Importance of river sediments in soil fertility

Kaletova Tatiana, Arifjanov Aybek, Samiev Luqmon, Babajanov Farrukh

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

21--26

EN

Article deals with a fractional and chemical composition of sediments from the sediment reservoir in Ilyash village, Ferghana region, Uzbekistan (Syr Darya river basin) and analyses their feasibility. As a key factor in the study of this process was considered the fractional and agrochemical composition of sediments moving with water in the sediment reservoir, and the change of their share in the water along the length of the reservoir. The main composition of the sediments in reservoir consists of fractions >0.25 and 0.25–0.01 mm, with the average fraction of 69% in the inlet and 60% in the outlet. The river sediments are rich in minerals important for the irrigated cropland. Based on the results we conclude that it is possible to regulate the number of chemical compounds in the water by controlling the exploitation regime of reservoir and the sedimentation process in it.

20

Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Inaouene Watershed Upstream the Idriss 1st Dam, Northern Morocco

Laaraj Marouane, Mesnage Valerie, Nabih Soumaya, Mliyeh Mohammed Mouad, Lahmidi Ikram, Benaabidate Lahcen

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

157--170

EN

In order to evaluate the degree of sediment contamination by metallic trace elements in the watershed of Oued Inaouene (North-East of Morocco), samples of surface sediments were taken along the river and at the level of the Idriss 1st dam. The objective was to obtain thorough knowledge of the environment (metallic element content, organic matter content, granulometry, and pH, EC, CaCO3 content) in order to identify the degree of pollution in these sediments. The results of analysis have highlighted a contamination accentuated by Ba, Sr, P, Cu, Pb, In fact, this element is present at very high levels, with a maximum content ppm for the samples taken upstream of Oued Inaouene. This increase is related to the physicochemical conditions of the environment, despite the diversity of sources of pollutants. The analysis of hazardous heavy metals showed the values under the detection limits. The qualitative study allowed to identifying the source of contamination, it is an anthropogenic source related to the discharges of cities in vicinity of Oued Inaouene, and natural considered as the main source of pollution by trace elements of sediments that constitute an important reserve of pollutants in the environment.