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BRAT: A BRidge Attack Tool for cyber security assessments of maritime systems

Hemminghaus C., Bauer J., Padilla E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

35--44

EN

Today’s shipping industry is largely digitalized and networked, but by no means immune to cyber attacks. As recent incidents show, attacks, particularly those targeting on the misleading of navigation, not only pose a serious risk from an economic perspective when disrupting maritime value chains, but can also cause collisions and endanger the environment and humans. However, cyber defense has not yet been an integral part of maritime systems engineering, nor are there any automated tools to systematically assess their security level as well-established in other domains. In this paper, we therefore present a holistic BRidge Attack Tool (BRAT) that interactively offers various attack implementations targeting the communication of nautical data in maritime systems. This provides system engineers with a tool for security assessments of integrated bridge systems, enabling the identification of potential cyber vulnerabilities during the design phase. Moreover, it facilitates the development and validation of an effective cyber defense.

2

Methodology for identification of potential threats and ship operations as a part of ship security assessment

Prill K., Szymczak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2016

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nr 48 (120)

176--181

EN

This paper presents the development of a methodology for the identification of possible intentional threats and key ship operations that may be significant for a ship’s security assessment, carried out by a Company Security Officer. The applicable international and domestic legal regulations regarding ship security systems are here analysed. Key factors and parameters that may provide support for the proper identification of realistic threats are also identified, giving practical relevance to this paper. The information reported here may be of support to those responsible for the development and revision of a ship’s security assessment as it addresses an important part of the maintenance of navigational safety of ship operations under the provisions of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code – ISPS Code.

3

Zarządzanie mocą bierną w krajowym systemie elektroenergetycznym w horyzoncie długoterminowym

Lis R., Błajszczak G.

Rynek Energii

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2010

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nr 1

44-49

PL

Właściwe zarządzanie rozpływem mocy biernej jest dla operatorów sieci przesyłowej i dystrybucyjnej priorytetowym zadaniem ze względu na bezpieczeństwo elektroenergetyczne kraju. W artykule opisano zasadnicze elementy au-tomatycznej metody identyfikacji obszarów systemu elektroenergetycznego, które są podatne na utratę stabilności napięciowej - ze względu na lokalny deficyt mocy biernej. Dla wszystkich możliwych układów pracy systemu opisana technika umożliwia znalezienie słabych węzłów i grupowanie ich w tzw. obszary VCAs (Voltage Control Area) na podstawie istotnych podobieństw w stanach powyłączeniowych. Dodatkowo, metoda identyfikuje generatory, które wpływają na bilans mocy biernej w analizowanym obszarze VCAs. Metoda została z powodzeniem zaimplementowana w tzw. interfejsie VCA, który pomyślnie przeszedł pierwsze testy na sieci będącej w operatywnym kierowaniu przez PSE Operator S.A. zdefiniowanym obszarze tzw. VCAs.

EN

On-line dynamic security assessment has grown in popularity in recent years due to the need to deal with the ever-increasing challenges of secured system operation. In on-line security assessment systems, a snapshot of the actual system condition is captured and analytical engines are used to assess security in near-real-time. This has greatly reduced the uncertainties previously introduced by forecasting required in conventional off-line operational studies. Basic on-line VSA systems are now quite mature, and new features and functions are in development including more comprehensive analyses and artificial intelligence that can be used to assist the operators in maintain secure systems. The paper presents a highly automated method identifying voltage control areas, areas prone to voltage instability, and reactive power reserves requirement ensuring voltage stability under all considered contingencies.

4

Methodology of hospital security assessment using logical trees

Mikulik J., Zajdel M.

Automatyka / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 13, z. 2

463-467

EN

Nowadays, in dangerous reality, when various attacks' threats aimed at peacefully minded people are growing and to it more and more new illnesses and even epidemics are appearing rapidly and with greater strength than before, there is a pretty greater need for high security maintenance inside buildings, especially inside buildings of health service. This paper describes a method of hospital security assessment using sanitary zones division and logical trees and also presents innovative matrix model dedicated to this end.

PL

W dzisiejszej, niebezpiecznej rzeczywistości, kiedy rośnie groźba zaistnienia wszelkiego rodzaju ataków, skierowanych przeciwko pokojowo nastawionej ludności, a coraz to nowe choroby i epidemie wybuchają z większą częstotliwością i siłą, rośnie potrzeba wysokiej dbałości o bezpieczeństwo w budynkach użyteczności publicznej, zwłaszcza służby zdrowia. Niniejsza praca pokazuje metodę szacowania stopnia bezpieczeństwa szpitala w oparciu o strefy sanitarne, prezentując użyty do tego celu nowatorski, elastyczny model macierzowy.