Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Wzmocnione techniki przesłuchań jako element działań antyterrorystycznych, podejmowanych przez organy demokratycznego państwa prawnego

Karwel J.

Wiedza Obronna

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2016

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nr 1-2

105--124

PL

Autor przez analizę zapisów zawartych w kodeksie karnym, jak i dokumentach z zakresu prawa międzynarodowego, przedstawia niecelowość stosowania wzmocnionych przesłuchań (tortur) wobec zatrzymanych osób podejrzanych o terroryzm. Zwraca uwagę, że takie działania obnażają słabości merytoryczne funkcjonariuszy organów ścigania dokonujących przesłuchań. Przestrzega, że tortury stosowane wobec terrorystów zamieniają się w tortury stosowane wobec domniemanych terrorystów, następnie wobec wrogów społeczeństwa, następnie wobec wrogów władzy i w konsekwencji zawsze miejsce terrorysty zajmuje opozycjonista i zwykły obywatel.

EN

Enhanced interrogation techniques are known to be used by some secret and intelligence services in order to gather information about terrorism activities. Purpose of an article is to answer whether and if so to what extent these techniques could be used as an effective element of combating terrorism in the democratic rule of law state. To answer this research question Author conducts analysis of legal and scientific documents and a study of differences and similarities between Polish and American law and evaluates interrogation process of Aby Zubaydaha and other suspects of terrorism activities.

2

Zagrożenia ze strony organizacji terrorystycznych i obcych służb specjalnych w Afganistanie

Malinowski S.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2014

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R. 4, Nr 5

73--85

PL

Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienia wybranych zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa informacji niejawnych w aspekcie zagrożeń ze strony obcych służb specjalnych i organizacji terrorystycznych oraz przedsięwzięć realizowanych w przedmiotowym zakresie w odniesieniu do funkcji pełnionej przez kierownika jednostki organizacyjnej. Autor koncentruje się na przedstawieniu podstawowych doświadczeń w tym zakresie w ramach PKW w Afganistanie. Opisane doświadczenia poświadczają konieczność ochrony w zakresie ataków terrorystycznych i w tym samym stopniu służb wywiadowczych obcych państw.

EN

The article is a description of particular security aspects of dealing with the dangers under-mining the protection of classified information. The threats usually arise from the actions of terrorist organizations and foreign secret services. The field of experience within this spectrum lies within a range of functions of the chief of organizational units. Author focuses on an overview of experiences found around the works of Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan. The experiences give prove that the most dangers arise from the unforeseen actions of the terrorist organizations and foreign secret services.

3

Służby specjalne jako element bezpieczeństwa narodowego

Haftarczyk K.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2011

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Nr 3

194-203

PL

Minione lata to okres zdecydowanej redefinicji zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego, także w Polsce. Zakończenie „Zimnej Wojny”, stabilizacja relacji z Niemcami, normalizacja sytuacji w innych państwach sąsiednich, wreszcie odsunięcie zagrożenia – tak lubianym swego czasu przez scenarzystów z Hollywod – scenariuszem „buntu generałów” w Rosji, wreszcie polskie członkostwo w NATO i Unii Europejskiej spowodowały, że zagrożenie bezpośrednią, otwartą agresją z zewnątrz obecnie jest znikome. Służby specjalne to ogólna nazwa opisująca instytucję, która prowadzi działania operacyjno-rozpoznawcze o charakterze niejawnym. Domeną służb specjalnych jest pozyskiwanie i ochrona informacji kluczowych dla zapewnienia wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego bezpieczeństwa państwa. W państwach demokratycznych działania służb specjalnych wymykają się niekiedy spod kontroli organów nadzorczych. Służby specjalne prowadzą także operacje poza swoim macierzystym krajem, łamiąc nieraz miejscowe prawo. Służby specjalne reżimów totalitarnych i państw niedemokratycznych stosują czasem techniki niedozwolone przez prawo ich państwa macierzystego, jak przekupstwo, szantaż, skrytobójstwo oraz nielegalny handel bronią i narkotykami.

EN

Recent years mark a period of profound redefinition of threats and dangers to national security, also in Poland. The end of the Cold War, stabilization in Polish-German relations, normalization of the situation in the other neighbouring countries and an averted threat of the so- called ‘Russian military generals rebellion’ scenario – so popular with some Hollywood screenwriters in the past – finally, Poland’s accession to NATO, significantly cut the risk of an open, direct outside aggression. The term ‘intelligence services’ refers to governmental agencies involved both in the collection of confidential information and in counter-intelligence activities. Intelligence agencies are devoted to gathering and protecting information crucial to national security, both domestic and external. In democratic countries their operations occasionally raise issues of ministerial control and accountability to parliamentary procedures. Intelligence agencies carrying out national security operations abroad sometimes break local law. The intelligence agencies of totalitarian regimes and non-democratic states sometimes employ various practices and techniques prohibited by their own law, such as bribery, blackmail, treacherous assassination, illegal weapons and drugs trade.

4

Partnerstwo czy wspólnota celów ? : historia i współczesność stosunków turecko-izraelskich

Czarnota Zygmunt, Moszumański Zbigniew

Wiedza Obronna

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2010

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nr 3

3--22

5

Działania specjalne Żandarmerii Wojskowej

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 1(70)

81-92

EN

The importance of special forces and special operations has been constantly growing since the Second World War. Special forces conduct operations unassisted in conditions when the use of conventional forces is not possible or recommended due to political, military, operational or tactical reasons and in other forces’, organizations’ or institutions’ support operations. The article does not cover the whole of special forces’ subject matter as it presents only the participation of one of providing security bodies, i.e. Military Police units in accomplishing special operations tasks and the opportunities how to use Military Police in special operations and actions. The character of contemporary threats requires more significant engagement of specific military forces, special forces including and also Military Police, particularly its specialised elements. The Polish Armed Forces’ fundamental mission in peacetime is to maintain forces and capabilities necessary to carry out tasks in order to protect and ensure Poland's security and to offer necessary military assistance to civilian authorities, mainly in case of non-military threats (such as natural disasters and catastrophes). However, Poland’s admission to NATO caused that our country much more of-ten participates in peace and stabilisation missions conducted outside the territory of Poland. Although Military Police activities and operations have a special character, they differ from special forces’ military operations. The main difference is the special forces’ aim. The military policemen’s goal is not to eliminate (kill) the opponents (enemy) but to detain, arrest and take them to court.

6

Współczesny model polskich służb specjalnych. Służby informacyjne czy policyjne?

Bożek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 1(58)

92-104

EN

In all publications concerning the secret service two basic models of their functioning are discussed. In the first one the secret service perform mainly the information functions and thus is not equipped with any tools of penal reaction to an event. Even in a situation when in their activities they confirm that a crime has been committed, they do not perform penal investigation but transfer the materials to the prosecutor’s office or police. In the second model the secret service functions include acquiring, analysing and transferring information on threats, as well as recognising and detecting crimes and chasing criminals. The information function is traditionally attributed to intelligence services, whereas mixed solutions are applied in case of counterintelligence services. The investigation (police) function, apart from information function appears in the counterintelligence activities. The task of services that perform this function is to chase people suspected of committing crime that is a special kind of breaching the law. Classic examples of information secret service model are British and German intelligence and counterintelligence services, whereas American and Russian counterintelligence present the mixed solutions’ model where secret service perform both information and police functions. Polish law concerning secret service legal status resemble American and Russian solutions rather than British or German. It cannot be forgotten, however, that also Polish experiences played an important role in forming the secret service legal position. The post-war experiences, where the Polish People's Republic’s security bodies were legally able to conduct penal investigations, are more visible on this background. In the Polish secret service model, binding due to law regulations of 2003 and 2004, ABW - Interior Security Agency is another service that apart from the Police, Border Guard and Military Police is equipped with police function. In the area of detecting and recognising crime, it has trial rights included in the Penal Code. Other Polish secret services - AW - Intelligence Agency and WSI - Military Intelligence Agency are information services that combat threat using operational methods. Therefore, one can claim that the secret service reorganisation conducted in 2002 has not brought any significant changes in the secret service functioning. Due to the same reasons, one can say about a certain continuity in the organisational and functional model of secret service in the last 15 years.

7

Zadania i uprawnienia służb specjalnych w zakresie ochrony porządku konstytucyjnego RP

Zalewski S.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 2(55)

302-315

EN

Safeguarding the constitutional order is one of national security areas. The scope of this protection is large and includes the sphere connected with the institution of power and procedures to create it in democracy conditions and also human rights and citizens protection. Binding laws, Constitution in particular regulate the relations in this area. The scope of the constitutional order protection objects is also large and includes judicial, executive and legislative bodies. Therefore the protection of the constitutional order as a national security component may be the subject of research in regards to bodies’ and services’ tasks and authorities. The article presents special services’ role and tasks and their constitutional authorities in the area of safeguarding constitutional order. This problem gains importance in Polish conditions as special services' organisation underwent essential changes in recent years. Basing on the Polish special services’ current position in the organisational and legal structure, a thesis has been formed of a leading role of Internal Security Agency in safeguarding the constitutional order, with the appearance in this area the role of Military Information Services. It has been proved that in the area of special services’ activities directed to protect the constitutional order, tasks connected with secret information protection gain more importance. Protection and control function connected with filling the services’ role of protecting the state distinguishes the role and legal position of special services. Attention is drawn to the fact that in order to accomplish tasks to counteract and prevent threats for the state constitutional order, special services have the constitutional powers to undertake operational reconnaissance actions and as far as the Internal Security Agency is concerned - investigation and inquiry activities.

8

Działania agenturalne polskich służb specjalnych w okresie międzywojennym

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 4(53)

420-427

EN

The activities of the Polish counter-intelligence in the between the wars period greatly depended on the political situation. Moreover, the changing international arrangements, the growth of foreign intelligence activities also influenced the defensive bodies. Agents work was an essential part of the secret activities. The Secret Service effects depended on their effectiveness. The motives to recruit agents were of great importance as they were a kind of binder in the co-operation period. The training of collaborates helped to gain necessary information, allowed to draw right conclusions from the observation and evaluate the recognised phenomena. The comparative analysis and checking the credibility of information was an important matter. The command of special services conducted periodical verifications of the agents in order to eliminate ineffective collaborates and improve the efficiency of activities. Poland’s protection against the influence of foreign intelligence was a very complex process. Therefore military branches tried to recognise the intentions of Germany and the Soviet Union. This goal was achieved to a certain degree, depending on the possibilities.

9

Metody zwalczania niemieckich służb specjalnych przez kontrwywiad Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej w początkowych latach niepodległości

Ćwięk H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 1(38)

296-307

EN

The departments of interior and military affairs dealt with fighting against German special services after Poland regained its independence. The military counterintelligence posts worked on the influence of German espionage in the army and protected this resort’s secrets. Civilian bodies often played a typically executive role as the counterintelligence operations’ command was in military hands. The counterintelligence bodies, in the framework of their special services, observed and worked on people who had natural possibilities to conduct spy tasks. The essence of defence actions was to recognise the German intelligence influences and then to liquidate the spy networks. It was important to prepare agents to carry out special duties. The character features, level of intelligence, possibilities to perform certain tasks and motives of actions were taken into consideration. The motives of gaining agents were important as they created a kind of a bond in the time of co-operation. The most valuable sources of information were the agents who acted of ideological reasons, of high intelligence level and aware of certain aims. The counterintelligence posts developing special tasks tried to avoid scheme actions. Taking into account the possibilities of German secret services, they attempted to inspire them to certain endeavours.

10

Ogniwa ochrony państwa w czasie kryzysu polityczno-militamego : próba nowego spojrzenia

Drost M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1998

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nr 2(31)

11-24

EN

The author presents suggestions of a new approach towards the role and place of forces that create the chains of the state protection relating to crisis situations. New tasks facing the State Protection Office in case of a political-military crisis have been outlined. The article contains propositions of organisational changes in the Police, State Fire Department, and Boarders Guard. Suggestions of changes referring to Nadwiślańskie Military Units have been presented concerning mainly organisational structures, the way of functioning and the scope of tasks.