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Minerały wtórne z kopalni Breiner (Maramureş, Rumunia) jako przykład tworzącej się współcześnie mineralizacji wtórnej

Januszewska Anna, Kruszewski Łukasz, Siuda Rafał

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

174--178

EN

The former gold and silver mine of Breiner, is located in the village of Băiuţ, in the mining area of Băiuţ-Tibleş (Maramureş, Romania). The local polymetallic occurrences are characterized by a rich sulfide (Cu, Pb, Zn sulfides/sulfosalts) and arsenic mineralization. While the primary mineralization is relatively well known, the diverse paragenesis of second- ary mineralization has never been the subject of detailed research. Based on diffraction studies, several species of weathered minerals have been identified, most of which have never been reported in the study area before. The dominant minerals in the mine belong to the melanterite and halotrichite groups. The occurrence of rare phases on a global scale has also been observed - zaherite Al12(SO4)5(OH)26 20H2O, tooeleite Fe6(AS3+O3)4(SO4)(OH)44H2 and wattevilleite - a species with uncertain chemistry, possibly Na2Ca(SO4)24H2O. The formation of these parageneses is related to currently occurring weathering processes of primary ore mineralization that undergoes decomposition under low pH conditions.

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Wybrane zagadnienia biomineralogii

Pawlikowski Maciej

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 11

834--839

EN

Biomineralogy is the science between mineralogy, biology, medicine and biochemistry. It is focused on problems concerning mineralization of tissue and organs of human, animals and flora. It concerns interaction between mineral and biological tissue, as well as between biochemical components of living organism. These processes are important for good functioning of organs and human life.

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Epithermal Cu mineralization in the Stary Lesieniec rhyodacite quarry, Lower Silesia : primary and secondary mineral paragenesis

Mederski Sławomir, Kruszewski Łukasz, Pršek Jaroslav

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 43

EN

Primary epithermal and secondary Cu mineralization in the Stary Lesieniec rhyodacite quarry, located within the Intra-Sudetic Depression, was studied using reflected light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe. Samples containing copper sulphides, baryte, and secondary weathering minerals were collected from mineralized veinlets in the Upper Carboniferous rhyodacite. Copper sulphides (chalcocite Cu2S, djurleite Cu31S16, anilite Cu7S4 / digenite Cu9S5, and covellite CuS) are the major ore minerals and are associated with quartz, hematite, and very minor uraninite. The samples studied indicate phase transformation from chalcocite to anilite, which indicates that Cu sulphides began to crystallize at ~100°C. Then, during the epithermal stage of precipitation, the temperature of the solutions dropped <72°C, based on the Cu-S ternary diagram and anilite stability. Admixtures of Ag, Fe, Bi, and Se in the sulphides are very minor. Supergene paragenesis is represented by chrysocolla with minor brochantite and very scarce malachite. These only bear trace impurities at the anionic sites. The supergene oxidation process began with the formation of abundant chrysocolla, at a relatively neutral pH. After dropping of the pH to ~4-6, brochantite was deposited.

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Wstępne wyniki badań geochemicznych i mineralogicznych stref wietrzenia złoża cynku i ołowiu (obszar śląsko-krakowski)

Swęd Maciej

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

198--199

EN

The study area is located within the Silesia-Cracow zinc-lead ore district. Secondary minerals were collected from the reclaimed zinc-lead underground mine in Bolesław and from the currently operated zinc-lead underground mine Olkusz-Pomorzany. The main goal of investigations was the geochemical and mineralogical comparison of weathering zone developed within horst and tectonic graben. Semi-quantitative chemical composition was determined using the SEM-EDS method and quantitative chemical composition was determined employing the EMP microanalysis. Mineralogical investigations were performed with the XRD. The predominant zinc mineral of weathering zone located within tectonic horst is hemimorphite. No primary and secondary lead minerals were observed in this zone. In contrast, the weathering zone within tectonic graben contains secondary carbonate zinc and lead minerals. These differences could result from pervasive sulfide minerals (especially marcasite) in a graben unit, and limestones which are the main gangue rock of this zinc-lead ore.

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Analysis of Distribution of Secondary Minerals and their Associations on The Surface of Diamonds and in Derrivative Products of Metasomatically Altered Kimberlites

Dvoichenkova Galina, Chanturiya Valentin, Morozov Valery, Podkamenny Yury, Kovalchuk Oleg

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

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R. 21, nr 1

43--46

EN

The theoretical and experimental studies resulted in establishing regularities in the distribution of secondary minerals and their associations in metasomatically altered diamond-bearing kimberlites and products of their processing. Based on integrated mineralogical research, it was found out that the composition of the altered kimberlites and the fine-dispersed clayey slurries formed during their processing constituted the basis of hydrophilic formations on the surface of diamond crystals not recovered by the methods of grease and froth separation. Particles of these minerals concentrate in fine-dispersed slurry products of kimberlite ore processing, interact with the crystal surface, reduce their hydrophobic properties and, accordingly, recovery in processes of grease and froth separations into concentrates.

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę teoretyczną i badania eksperymentalne w celu ustalenia prawidłowości w rozkładzie minerałów wtórnych i ich związków w metasomatycznie zmienionych diamentach kimberlitowych i produktach ich przetwarzania. Na podstawie zintegrowanych badań mineralogicznych stwierdzono, że zmienione kimberlity i drobnoziarniste produkty ich metamorfozy stanowiły hydrofilowe formacje na powierzchni kryształów diamentu, które nie zostały odzyskane metodami flotacji pianowej. Cząstki tych minerałów koncentrują się w drobno zdyspergowanych produktach przerobu rudy kimberlitowej, oddziałują z powierzchnią kryształu, redukują ich właściwości hydrofobowe i odpowiednio przechodzą w procesach flotacji do koncentratów.

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Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland)

Kozłowski A., Matyszczak W.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 4

537--554

EN

The study presents fifteen oxygen-bearing secondary minerals of bismuth from the north-eastern part of the Variscan Karkonosze granitoid pluton in the northern zone of the Bohemian massif. The minerals were investigated by optical, electron microprobe, classic chemical, XRD, IR absorption and fluid inclusion methods. The late, very low temperature epithermal solutions most probably caused formation of sillénite, kusachiite, bismoclite, bismutite, beyerite, kettnerite, pucherite, schumacherite, namibite and eulytite. Solutions dominated by supergene (meteoric) waters were the parents for bismite, russellite, koechlinite, ximengite and walpurgite. The paper also contains information on early research on the investigated minerals.

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Paragenezy hipergeniczne złoża Radzimowice (Góry Kaczawskie)

Siuda R.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 8

442--449

EN

The polymetallic Radzimowice deposit is located in the vicinity ofRadzimowice village, about 20 km east of Jelenia Góra (Western Sudetes, Poland). The deposit consists of several ore veins. The primary ore assemblage is represented by arsenopyrite, pyrite and chalcopyrite, and less common galena, sphalerite, Cu-Pb-Sb sulphosalts of Cu andPb, and native gold. The mining activity in this area started in the mid-12th century and lasted until the mid-20th century. This paper presents general information about typical parageneses of secondary minerals occurring in the oxidation zone of the Radzimowice deposit. Based on the mineralogical investigations, 43 secondary mineral species have been recognized. Such a rich assemblage of secondary minerals makes the oxidation zone one of the most interesting formations of this kind in Poland. Phosphates (pseudomalachite, phosphosiderite) and sulphides (covellite, chalcocite) of copper were ascertained in the near-surface part of the supergene zone. Secondary lead minerals (cerussite, pyromorphite and mimetite) were found only in medieval dumps. Phosphates and sulphides of Cu and supergene lead minerals belong to sub-recent secondary parageneses. Since the end of local mining activity in 1957, the intensive weathering processes caused the decomposition of ore minerals in the mine galleries, producing recently forming associations of new minerals. The first mineral paragenesis is represented by recently formed arsenates. Kankite, scorodite and zykaite are the most widespread constituents of this assemblage. Large accumulations ofpitticite, forming stalagmites up to 10 cm in length, are sometimes found in old mine galleries. In those parts of the abandoned mine, where pyrite is a dominant primary mineral, huge accumulations of the minerals related to acid mine drainage are present. Schwertmannite, ferrihydrite and poorly crystalline goethite are the main representatives of this paragenesis. Associations of basic copper sulphates are present in all parts of the abandoned mine. Langite, posnjakite, brochantite and devilline are the most common minerals of this assemblage. Sulphates of Cu and Al (chalcoalumite and cyanotrichite), native copper, cuprite and malachite are locally found to coexist with these phases. Precipitations of secondary minerals play an important role in the retention and liberation of considerable amounts of toxic elements. Dissolution ofthese phases can result in the release ofarsenic and heavy metals into the groundwater and in the migration ofthese elements into the environment.

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Secondary minerals of Pb-Zn Stan Terg skarn deposit, Kosovo - X-Ray Diffraction and Raman spectroscopy study

Kołodziejczyk J., Janicka U., Prsek J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

486--87

EN

Stan Terg deposit, one of numerous occurrences within the Vardar Zone on the Balkan Peninsula, is located in the north-eastern part of Kosovo. The formation of the deposit was controlled by metasomatic processes between carbonates and volcanic intrusive rocks. Ore bodies are located on the contact between Tertiary volcanic breccias, and Triassic metamorphic Trepca Series (represented by schists and carbonates). Significant number of ore precipitated from hydrothermal fluids in paleokarst cavities. Galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite are the main components of the primary ore assemblage (Forgan 1950, Schumacher 1950, Palinkas et al. 2013). The weathering zone is not well developed in the deposit. Development of weathering zone was stopped by tuff series overlaying the area after volcanic activity. Gossan occurs, but it is seldom (Forgan 1950). However, the circulating water through the karstic system could have dissolved sulphides, as well as neighboring rocks, which led to the precipitation and formation of secondary minerals on the galleries walls inside the mine. The aim of the study is identification and description of secondary minerals paragenesis that is present on the corridor walls inside the mine. The knowledge about this kind of secondary minerals may led to determination of weathering conditions in the deposit. Secondary minerals described in this study occur in minor amounts and should be regarded rather as a curiosity and as a supplement of knowledge about Stan Terg deposit. Samples were collected at 6 level of the mine. 20 samples were investigated using of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and 5 samples by Raman spectroscopy. Secondary minerals occur mainly in form of fine-grained crystals, dripstones or incrustations. Among them copiapite, roemerite, epsomite, bianchite, melanterite, rozenite and gypsum have been recognized. Copiapite is present in form of yellow and yellowish fine-grained crystals. It is most common secondary mineral in the mine. It occurs together with roemerite and epsomite. Roemerite, macroscopically not visible, occurs in minor amounts. Epsomite occurs in form of fine-grained, fibrous aggregates, crusts or dripstones. It exhibits white color, but may be also orange, if mixed with copiapite. Small amounts of bianchite were found (using XRD) within fine-grained crusts of epsomite. Melanterite occurs as crusts and stalactites. It builds clear phases or occurs together with other, yet not recognized minerals. A further study of melanterite is needed for successful characterization this additional phases. Rozenite was confirmed only by XRD. This mineral occurs in greenish-white fine-grained aggregates. Gypsum is a widespread mineral in the deposit. It occurs as single phases (with fibrous, fine-grained, needle-like or tabular crystals habit) or in lesser amounts with all other secondary minerals. Weathering of primary ore minerals is related to underground water circulating through karst cavities and fractures within the Stan Terg deposit. Recognized secondary minerals are being an effect of metal sulfides oxidation when oxygen and water are present in the environment. Highly soluble sulphates are formed in such condition. Copiapite, rozenite, melanterite, roemerite, bianchite may be caused by quickly oxidization of pyrite to aqueous Fe2+ and SO42- . The source of zinc in bianchite is sphalerite, whereas the presence of the magnesium in epsomite may be linked to Mg-reach carbonates. All of described minerals precipitated from the solution.

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Nowe dane o minerałach wietrzeniowych złoża Miedzianka-Ciechanowice w Rudawach Janowickich (Dolny Śląsk, Polska)

Siuda R., Gołębiowska B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 3

226-226

EN

The abandoned deposit of polymetallic ore in Miedzianka-Ciechanowice is located in the northern part of the Kowary-Czarnów Unit, within the eastern metamorphic cover of the Karkonosze granite. This deposit is formed mainly of hydrothermal veins related to the Karkonosze granite and Intra-Sudetic Fault. Lenses-forming contact-metasomatic ores are also present. The ore assemblages are rich in Cu, and poor in Pb, Ag, As and Fe. The Miedzianka- -Ciechanowice deposits were mined from the early Middle Ages to the middle of the 20th

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Środowiskowe uwarunkowania procesów (bio)ługowania metali z odpadów poflotacyjnych rud cynkowo-ołowiowych

Pacholewska M., Cabała J., Cwalina B., Sozańska M.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne

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2007

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R. 52, nr 6

337-342

PL

Działalność wydobywcza i produkcja koncentratów Pb-Zn prowadzona przez ZGH BOLESŁAW S.A. powoduje powstawanie corocznie ok. 1,5 do 1,6 mln t odpadów poflotacyjnych. Zawierają one znaczne ilości węglanowej skały płonnej (dolomity) oraz metalonośnych minerałów siarczkowych, takich jak: piryt i markasyt, galena, sfaleryt, których koncentracja w odpadach dochodzi do 20 % wagowych. Dynamika procesów uwalniania metali z odpadów, zależy od wielu czynników fizycznych i chemicznych, a także od obecności mikroflory autochtonicznej. Poznanie tych zależności pozwoli na ocenę potencjalnych zagrożeń środowiska. W pracy wykazano, że aktywność metaboliczna utleniających bakterii siarkowych i żelazowych w badanych składowiskach odpadów może prowadzić do przemian fazowych minerałów występujących w odpadach i zwiększenia ładunków metali ciężkich uwalnianych do środowiska. Stężenia metali, w szczególności Cd i Zn w roztworach ługujących pożywek, stymulujące aktywność bakterii siarkowych przewyższają kilkakrotnie lub kilkunastokrotnie poziomy koncentracji metali w pożywkach stymulujących aktywność bakterii żelazowych. Na efektywność (bio)ługowania metali ciężkich (Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn) wywierają wpływ także czynniki abiotyczne, z których istotną rolę odgrywa ustalanie się równowagi kwasowo-zasadowej w obecności alkalicznej skały płonnej.

EN

The mining and production of Zn-Pb concentrates that are conducted by the BOLESŁAW Mine and Metallurgical Plant annually produce approximately from 1.5 to 1.6 m t of flotation tailings. This waste contains aignificant amounts of carbonate gangue (dolomites) and metalliferous sulphide minerals, such as: pyrite and marcasite, galena and sphalerite, whose concentration in the tailings reaches 20 % in terms of weight. The dynamics of metals release from the flotation tailings depends on numerous physical and chemical factors as well as the presence of indigenous microflora. Finding these relations will allow you to estimate potential environmental threats. The paper shows that the metabolic activity of sulphur- and iron-oxidizing bacteria in the examined tailings storages may result in phase transitions of minerals in the flotation tailings and increase in the quantity of heavy metals released into the environment. The concentrations of metals, in particular of Cd and Zn, in leaching solutions of nutrient mediums stimulating the activity of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria exceed the concentrations of metals in leaching solutions stimulating the activity of iron-oxidizing bacteria several times, and more. Finally, abiotic factors also influence the efficiency of heavy metals bioleaching (Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn). Normalization of acid-base balance in the presence of alkaline gangue plays a significant role among these factors.

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Study of the ways of improving the efficiency of the Dnieper brown coal basin exploitation.

Gumenik I., Panasenko A., Malook V.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2002

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Vol. 98, nr 34

161-166

EN

Ecologically oriented technologies of open-cast mining operations have been developed and proved. They are supposed to be applied during operations, finishing and liquidation of coal open-cast collieries taking into account complex utilization of mineral raw materials, environmental protection and nature rehabilitation while exploiting the Dnieper brow-coal basin.

PL

Technologie przemysłu wydobywczego metoda odkrywkową zorientowane na ekologię zostały rozwinięte i sprawdzone. Przewiduje się, iż znajdą one zastosowanie w procesach wydobywczych węgla i jego obróbki i zaprzestania działalności kopalni biorąc pod uwagę kompleksowo rozumianą utylizację surowców mineralnych, ochronę środowiska naturalnego oraz rekultywację terenów na podstawie procesów wydobywczych węgla brunatnego Zagłębiu Dnieprowsk.