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1

Mental health of Filipino seafarers: the contributory factors and the strategies applied onboard ship

Sarinas B. G. S., Botante J. D. D., Nacion J. S., Bernas M. L. B., Rodriguez O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

125--134

EN

Mental health is equally important with physical health. Many reports found out that poor mental health is one of the major factors of depression among seafarers. This study ascertains the factors affecting mental health and the strategies applied by Filipino seafarers to combat these issues. A survey was used as a research design. A total of 100 seafarers taken through convenience and snowball sampling answered the validated researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent in the JBLFMU Alumni Portal, messenger, and Gmail. Frequency, percentage, and rank were used. Themes were used to classify the strategies applied by seafarers to counteract mental health issues onboard ship. The results revealed that the major contributory factor affecting the mental health of Filipino seafarers is stress, while they believed that a positive outlook in life makes one’s self free from mental health problems onboard. The top three factors are stress, fatigue, and separation from families and friends. The top three strategies to counteract factors that affect seafarers’ mental health onboard ship are staying positive, socializing with crewmates, and communicating with family.

2

Is the use of green certification strategic or not?

Danis M., Acar A. Z., Arslan A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

203--209

EN

Differentiation strategies are the most preferred strategies when it comes to surviving in a highly competitive environment. And the debate as to whether using sustainability for strategic positioning, e.g differentiation, is still a hot topic in literature. To that end, we investigated if green certification of 17 Turkish ports have been used with similar purpose. In this context, this study aims to find out whether the certification attempts of "green ports" in ports that are strategic nodes of global supply chains are strategically justified or just an action to catch up with other competitors. Drawing on qualitative analyses, a green port corpus content has been prepared. This corpus is comprised of 17 green certificated port CEOs’ interviews and their website contents. The results indicate that the Turkish ports generally carry out practices that follow the trends in the world, but they mostly implement them to imitate rather than being strategic.

3

COVID-19 pandemic impact on a global liner shipping company employee work digitalization

Przybyłowski A., Suchanek M., Miszewski P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

759--765

EN

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that began to spread across the world in 2020 still poses a threat not only to human life and health, but also to the global economy. This situation led to the breakdown of many supply chains, and this could have resulted in the collapse of the international exchange of goods. The COVID-19 affected the shipping industries development: shipping operators, port operators, government authorities, shippers, seafarers, passengers, supply chain operators and others. The paper presents the impact of the pandemic on the working model throughout the results of a survey conducted among the office employees of a shipowner company being one of the leaders in the maritime container transport sector. It aimed to investigate the effects of the pandemic as regards the management and organisation processes in the light of digital transformation within this enterprise. Employees were asked to express their opinion on the advantages and disadvantages of the remote work and its influence on the way they performed their duties. At the beginning, employees were most affected by the lack of direct contact with colleagues. At the same time, many of them declared that after the end of the pandemic, they would like to combine the remote and office work . The hypothesis of this research reads as follows: as a reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, a new working model has been created allowing the continuity and the efficiency of operations in the maritime container sector, therefore ensuring the resilience within the global supply chains. The results prove that the transition of office workers to remote digitalised working mode allowed the company to continue operating efficiently during the first phase of the pandemic. Actually, this new mode, which was initially meant to be only a temporary solution, has become the dominant form or a combination with the traditional mode of work, creating a kind of hybrid version working model in the company.

4

Contributing factors and strategies applied onboard ship: basis for development of booklet to enhance seafarers’ mental health

Sarinas B. G. S., Casañare A. F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

751--758

EN

In order to help and save the lives of seafarers, the researchers conducted a developmental research to formally create a booklet in e-copy that is a simple, situational, and handy source of knowledge. This study aimed to identify the component of the booklet based on the study of Sarinas et al. [1] in terms of the factors affecting the seafarers’ mental health and strategies they applied to counteract these issues. The ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model was utilized to develop a booklet. A content validated researcher-made instruments were used to measure the satisfaction of seafarers over the booklet and the acceptability of the experts on the booklet with a reliability index of 0.91 using Cronbach alpha. The content analysis was employed to determine the factors affecting seafarers’ mental health and the strategies to counteract these factors. Meanwhile, frequency, percentage, rank, mean, and standard deviation were used as the statistical tools. Results revealed that, there are 30 factors included in the booklet in the Analysis phase with various situational strategies to combat the factors affecting the mental health of seafarers. Moreover, in the Design phase, there were 10 factors added with corresponding strategies emanated from instructors who were seafarers previously and from experts in mental health. In the Development phase, the booklet made use of the 4 E (Engage, Explore, Explain, and Evaluation) while for the Implementation phase, the e-copy of booklets were given to seafarers as well as the evaluation form for them to assess the booklet and indicate their level of satisfaction. In the Evaluation phase, it shows that seafarers’ level of satisfaction towards the booklet is “Very High” which means that seafarers find the overall appearance and content of the supplemental learning material excellent.

5

A study on the effects of COVID–19 pandemic on Nigerian seafarers

Okeleke Uka J., Aponjolosun Moses O.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2020

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Vol. 5, No. 2

135--142

EN

There is no doubt that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted negatively on global shipping and the effects are also being felt in the Nigerian shipping industry. Through review of extant literature, the effects of COVID-19 on Nigerian shipping industry with specific focus on port operations and Nigerian seafarers were examined. The findings revealed that lock down of the economy and restriction of movements in Nigeria presented a challenging situation for stakeholders in the shipping industry to fulfill their contractual obligations, import and export operations are hampered, Nigerian seafarers are mentally and psychologically disturbed as a result of lack of social support and extension of contract beyond the agreed contractual term with exhausting workload onboard with little or no support from the management who are more concerned about contract execution than the welfare of the crew onboard. However, it was recommended that living and working conditions of Nigerian seafarers onboard in this pandemic era should be given utmost attention by applying practical and pragmatic approach on issues bordering on facilitation of crew change, resupply, repairs, survey and certification and licensing of seafarers.

6

Competitiveness of Turkish Coaster Merchant Fleet: A Qualitative Analysis By Short Sea Shipping Perspective

Çetin I.B., Akgül E.F., Koçak E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 2

389--396

EN

There is an intense competition across many sectors in the maritime industry. Coaster owners being in a market where perfect competition rules apply has to be competitive in order to survive. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Turkish coaster merchant fleet that consists of the vessels whose cargo carrying capacity differs from 1.000 dwt to 12.000 dwt and that carries dry bulk goods and general cargo based on short sea shipping concept covering Black Sea, Mediterranean and Continental Europe. Based on a qualitative research methodology, interviews were held and data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaire, and the data collected from the interviews was categorized in order to describe and explain patterns and themes. The findings of the interviews were analyzed within the context of sector-specific external factors and company-specific internal factors, and the competitiveness of shipowners operating in the Turkish coaster market was analyzed in detail. It is expected that the findings and implications will especially shed light on the decision makers and policy makers in the sector and contribute to the current literature.

7

Conversion timing of seafarer’s decision-making for unmanned ship navigation

Zhang R. L., Furusho M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 3

463--468

EN

The aim of this study is to construct an unmanned ship swarms monitoring model to improve autonomous decision-making efficiency and safety performance of unmanned ship navigation. A framework is proposed to determine the relationship between on-board decision-making and shore side monitoring, the process of ship data detection, tracking, analysis and loss, and the application of decision-making algorithm, to discuss the different risk responses of specific unmanned ship types under various latent hazard environments, particularly in terms of precise conversion timing in switching over to remote control and full manual monitoring, to ensure safe navigation when the capability of automatic risk response inadequate. This frame-work makes it easier to train data and the adjustment for machine learning based on Bayesian risk prediction. It can be concluded that the automation level can be increased and the workload of shore-based seafarers can be reduced easily.

8

An Overview of Chinese Seafarers' Communicative Competence in English-Chinese seafarers' Perspectives

Fan L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 4

577--581

EN

The rapid development of technologies and the increasingly strict international shipping regulations help to explain a significant decrease in shipping losses over decades. However, the number of accidents attributable to human errors, in which communication failures represent one third, has not been reduced proportionally. Under the Manila Amendments 2010, it became a compulsory requirement for every company to ensure that seafarers can communicate effectively. Communicative competence of seafarers has been of vital significance in modern shipping. A majority of merchant ships in international voyages are manned with multicultural and multilingual crew. It is not only the multilingual but also the intercultural character of mariners that leads to miscommunication on board. Additionally, communicative competence involves psycholinguistic, strategic and pragmatic aspects. The concept of communicative competence is relatively new in the context of maritime education and training in China and there is a dearth of research dealing with Chinese seafarers' communicative competence. Through an empirical study, this paper aims to fill in the gap by investigating the current status of Chinese seafarers' communicative proficiency from linguistic, intercultural, psycholinguistic, strategic and pragmatic perspectives to understand their strengths and weaknesses in their English communication. Based on the findings of quantitative data analysis, recommendations are finally made to improve Chinese seafarers' communicative competence.

9

Turkish Women Seafarers and A Quastionnaire Study on Employment Situation

Yilmaz H., Basar E., Ozdemir U.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 2

353--360

EN

Throughout history, women have struggled to gain a place and establish their presence in social life. Mostly, they have continued their life in the position of carrying out family responsibilities. When women want to get involved in the business world, they are facing some problems arising from dogmatic thinking and prejudices, especially among the professions with "male-dominated" judiciary. Maritime profession, one of the oldest professions in the world, was also regarded as a single-gender area until the 20th century. However, in recent years, economical and political changes in the world, equal opportunity in education and incentive works of the International Maritime Organization have led women to work as seafarers. Although female seafarers constitute 2% of the world seafarers, this ratio is higher in developed countries than that of undeveloped or developing countries (URL-1). There is very little information regarding women seafarers in general, including the actual population size. Most of studies focus on passenger ships or cruise ships, not cargo ships (Sohyun, 2010). It is difficult to find relevant studies regarding women seafarers in the world, including in Turkey. In Turkey, women have played an active role and gained an apparent identity in the maritime sector since the 2000s. According to 2015 data, Turkey is ranks the 14th in the world maritime trade with more than 27,6 million deadweight tonnage and manages 1530 vessels (UNCTAD, 2015). In Turkey, many studies related to the employment of seafarers are carried out as in the whole world. However, studies on the employment of women seafarers should be paid more attention. In this study, a questionnaire was carried out with the personnel department managers in Turkish shipping companies. Employment, career, educational status of female seafarers and the general difficulties they face were revealed.

10

Poor sleep, anxiety, depression and other occupational health risks in seafaring population

Andruskiene J., Barseviciene S., Varoneckas G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

19--26

EN

Background: seafaring is an occupation with specific work-related risks, causing increased morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, the research in the area of marine students ‘sleep quality and mental health is lacking in Lithuania, as well as other European countries. The aim was to overview scientific findings, related with occupational health risks in a seafaring population and asses the frequency of poor sleep and the relations among poor sleep, anxiety and depression in the sample of maritime students. Methods and contingent. The scientific literature review, based on PubMed sources analysis, related to occupational health risks in seafaring population, was performed. Questionnaire survey was conducted in 2014 at The Lithuanian Maritime Academy, 393 (78.9 % of them males) students participated. Sleep quality was evaluated by Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Anxiety and depression were assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Sociodemographic questions were used. The Chi-square test r Fisher exact test was used to estimate association between categorical variables. P- Values less than 0.05 were interpreted as statistically significant. Results. Scientific literature review indicate that highly stressful and exhausting working conditions on ships can lead to depression, insomnia, various types of cancer, cardiovascular, communicable, blood-born and sexually transmitted diseases. Poor sleep was found in 45.0 % of the students. Mild depression was established in 6.9 %, moderate in 2.3 %, Severe in 0.8 % of the students. Mild anxiety was found in 19.1 %, moderate in 14.8 % and Severe in 7.9 % of the students. Depression (score ?8) was significantly more frequent among third (fourth) year students (22.2 %) with poor sleep, as compared to the students demonstrating good sleep (2.7 %). Marine engineering programme students whose sleep was poor more often had depression (22.0 %), as compared to the students whose sleep was good (5.7 %). Conclusions. Seafarers have higher hospitalization and mortality rates than age-matched peers, due to exposure to unique occupational health risk factors. Maritime students had poor sleep more than anxiety or depression. Anxiety and depression were more common among the students demonstrating poor sleep rather than good sleep.

11

Analysis and evaluation of activity of the companies providing placement services for seafarers on the example of a manned agency Polaris Maritime Services Ltd. in Szczecin

Kopeć A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2015

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nr 41 (113)

65--70

EN

The scope of this article is to analyze and evaluate the activity of the companies providing placement services for seafarers in Poland. For the intended purpose the study of legal conditions of employment of seafarers on ships was conducted – both national legislation and implemented in August 2013 Maritime Labour Convention (MLC 2006). Farther examination were subjected number and range of activity of all located on Polish area companies providing placement services for seafarers. As a example to analyze the industry manned agency Polaris Maritime Services Ltd. in Szczecin was served, which provides intermediary services in employment of Polish crew for ship owners from around the world. Verification of data from the company and those obtained through a survey allowed for evaluation of situation seafarers taking up employment via an agency and compare it with the situation of those sailors who alone are looking for a job in foreign shipowners alone.

12

The STCW 1995 Convention: Awareness, attitude, and compliance among seafarers

Pador R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 4

435--456

EN

This survey research focused on the STCW 1995 and related awareness, attitude and compliance among 232 selected seafarers in the Philippines. Conducted in August 2004, the study utilized three researcher-made data-gathering instruments- the STCW 1995 Awareness Scale, STCW 1995 Attitude Scale, and Seafarer’s Compliance with the STCW 1995 Code Rating Scale. Means, standard deviations, the ttest for independent samples, the One-Way Analysis of Variance, and the Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis were the statistical tools used. Significance level for all inferential tests was set at .05. The study found out that, generally, the seafarers had “very high” level of awareness of, “neutral” attitude towards, and “above average” compliance with the requirements of the STCW 1995 Convention.

13

Investigation the root causes of seafarers’ turnover and its impact on the safe operation of the ship

Turker F., Er I. D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 4

435--440

EN

Thus, the importance of turnover from the point of view of managers’ is that a high rate of turnover not only necessitates a costly personnel replacement, recruitment, selection and training of new personnel but also disrupts normal operations resulting in a loss of productivity and safety. Besides a loss of critical personnel who is carrying out core activities, like master, chief engineer or chief officer that can not be compensated easily with an other competent alternative, it could definitely result in a loss of production and loss of a skilled worker who is competent and reliable with safety precautions and company politics which means loss of thousands of dollars in maritime transportation. This study concentrates on making an investigation on “intention to quit” and its antecedents. Consequently the effects of turnover on both organizational and safety aspects and their countermeasures are discussed in advanced.

14

Game based learning for seafarers. A framework for instructional game design for safety in marine navigation

Sirris I., Nikitakos N.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 3

297--304

EN

ABSTRACT: Games according to Gee (2003), are 'multimodal texts' belonging to distinct 'semiotic domains' that employ a range of strategies in which images, words, sounds, music, movement and bodily sensations are factors, and their recognition and production evidence of the learning of these emerging literacies. Game based learning and educational game design, is a multifactor domain combining educational psychology, learning theory and computer games research demanding the cooperation of two different scientific areas, education and computer science, having a common work“game design”. In educational games, game design includes a major task, “embedding suitable educational approach and instructional techniques, for specific learning outcome and student profile, into the scenario and game play without loosing the fun and attractive part of it.” In this paper a framework for designing educational games is presented and applied to maritime education for navigational safety training. The game is designed for adult seafarers and maritime faculty students in non-formal educational settings.