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EN
This paper aims to validate the performance capabilities of a Pressure Reducing Turbine (PRT) with respect to initial predictions based on analytic calculations. The designed equipment was installed in a beverage facility, located in Brazil. The validation procedure consists of analyzing the data collected in several periods of PRT’s operation, accessed remotely via an online server. The analysis of empirical data identifies the behavior of two key variables: generated power and effective efficiency. However, the observed boundary conditions differed significantly from expected values, forcing the turbine to operate in off-design conditions. The turbine model was hence refined and used to predict the PRT’s performance in such conditions. Results showed satisfactory accuracy for both power and efficiency predictions.
EN
An analysis was made of the hues of the wood of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) resulting from processes of thermal treatment (colour modification) with saturated steam: tI = 112.5 ±2.5°C for τ = 5.5 hours (mode I), tII = 127.5 ±2.5°C for τ = 6.5 hours (mode II) and tIII = 137.5 ±2.5 °C for τ = 7.5 hours (mode III). Mode I produced a darker brown hue of Norway maple wood described with the following coordinates in the CIE-L*a*b*colour space: LI * = 77.2 ±1.8, aI * = 9.1 ±1.7, bI * = 18.9 ±1.5. Mode II led to a light brown-pink colour with the coordinates LII * = 70.9 ±1.5, aII * = 11.0 ±0.6, bII * = 18.9 ±0.8. Maple wood thermally modified in mode III acquired a unique brown-red colour with the coordinates LIII * = 63.3 ±1.9, aIII * = 11.1 ±0.5, bIII * = 19.2 ±0.6. When the temperature of the saturated steam used in the thermal treatment process is increased, and the exposure time of the wood is prolonged, the colour of the wood becomes darker. Specific hues are achieved through increases in the values of the red coordinate a* and yellow coordinate b* in the CIE-L*a*b*colour space. The irreversible changes in the colour of Norway maple wood achieved in some modes of colour modification with saturated steam broaden the possibilities for its use in the fields of construction and carpentry, as well as in art and design.
PL
Najczęściej budowanymi systemami wytwarzania pary na statkach marynarki handlowej są jednostopniowe, jednociśnieniowe systemy produkujące nasyconą parę wodną, będącą podstawowym nośnikiem energii cieplnej. Ich stopniowy rozwój pozwalał na ciągły wzrost wydajności. Przyszły rozwój tych systemów powinien być prowadzony w kierunku zwiększania temperatury wody zasilającej z wykorzystaniem energii odpadowej dostępnej w siłowniach okrętowych.
EN
The single stage, single pressure systems saturated steam production, which is the primary heat transfer medium are the most frequently built steam systems on the merchant marine ships. Their progressive development allowed to constant increase of the overall steam production. In the future the trend of these systems development should be based on feed water temperature increasing by means of utilization of waste heat which is available in ships engine room.
5
Content available remote Matematyczny opis nasycania drewna
PL
W artykule przedstawiono drewno jako materiał porowaty jego budowę oraz możliwości nasycania drewna impregnatami. Podano przykład modelu matematycznego nasycania drewna ze skraplaniem pary nasyconej.
EN
The paper presents woods as a porous material and the possibilities of Wood impregnation. It also provides an example of a mathematical model of wood treatment with condensation of saturated system.
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