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Wyrobiska surowców skalnych w krajobrazie miejskim Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii

Nita Jerzy

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2019

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nr 41 (1)

203--222

PL

Artykuł podejmuje ważną kwestię roli wyrobisk eksploatacyjnych surowców skalnych w krajobrazie obszarów zurbanizowanych. W obszarach tych występuje znaczny deficyt terenów przydatnych do różnych form zagospodarowania. Problem zilustrowano na przykładzie Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii (województwo śląskie). Na podstawie terenowego rozpoznania licznych wyrobisk dokonano analizy i klasyfikacji typologicznych wyrobisk z punktu widzenia ich roli krajobrazowej. Zagospodarowanie wyrobisk powierzchniowych nadal jest problemem otwartym, a ich obecna i docelowa rola w kształtowaniu krajobrazów w układzie przestrzennym konurbacji Górnośląskiej (metropolii GZM) jest bardzo istotna, lecz dotąd mało rozpoznana. Zaprezentowane badania oparto na obserwacjach i pomiarach licznych obiektów (kamieniołomów, piaskowni, glinianek i mniejszych wyrobisk surowców skalnych), analizowanych w dużych skalach przestrzennych. Syntezę wyników przedstawiono kartograficzne w wielu ujęciach. Opracowanie stanowi element naukowej dyskusji nad rolą krajobrazową terenów zdewastowanych przez górnictwo powierzchniowe, które cechuje znaczący potencjał i istotne walory przyrodnicze i kulturowe.

EN

This article deals with the important issue of the role excavations left after the extraction of rock raw materials play in the landscape of urban areas. Such areas suffer from a considerable deficit of land usable for various purposes. This problem is discussed on the basis of the GZM Metropolitan Area (the Silesian Province, Poland). Extensive fieldwork carried out on numerous excavation sites has enabled the author to analyse and to classify them into several types according to their role in the landscape. The reclamation of surface excavations remains an open issue. Undoubtedly, their present and future role in shaping the landscape of the Upper Silesian Conurbation is crucial, but it still remains under-researched. This study is based on the observation and measurement of numerous facilities (quarries, sandpits, clay-pits and smaller excavations of rock raw materials), analysed on a large spatial scale. A synthesis of the results is shown in numerous maps. This study contributes to the scholarly discussion on the role in the landscape of land devastated by surface mining, which possesses considerable potential and is valuable from the perspective of nature and culture.

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Effectiveness of the Sandpits Security System Against Microorganisms and Intestinal Parasites Sand Contamination

Błaszak M., Zatoń K

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

215--223

EN

Playgrounds and sandpits (small architecture objects according to the Construction Law) are subject to meticulous supervision, both at the design stage and subsequent status checks of the objects. One of the requirements arising from the need to protect playgrounds from animals is the necessity for fencing the object (Regulation of 31 December 2002 On Safety and Hygiene in Public and Private Schools and Institutions; Polish Standard PN-EN 1176 Playground equipment and surfacing). Does fencing playgrounds really reduce contamination of sand? To verify this hypothesis, the studies have been conducted on the residential areas’ sandpits, both fence secured and unsecured, located in close proximity to one another. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fences and nets as protection from microbial and parasite contamination of sandpits, mainly due to the access of animals to them. For several seasons of spring and sum-mer the sand was examined in terms of the total number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi (organic matter contamination of sand indicators) and for the presence of coliform bacteria (including Escherichia coli), bacteria of the Salmonella genus and the eggs of intestinal parasites. It can be concluded that fencing playgrounds affects sand pollution less with waste and plant material (as a consequence, it has been reported statistically significantly less heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in the fenced sandpits’ sand). Unfortunately, the fence does not eliminate the risks associated with sand pollution of coliform bacteria. Cats and birds, but also dogs, still have a continuous access to sand. Due to the repeatedly stated carelessness of children and their caregivers, gates left open to the playground do not constitute an obstacle for domestic and stray animals. Another source of sand pollution with intestinal pathogens can be a manner of carriage of new sand, as there is no legislation governing the issue of transport. It has been visually found that the sand has been transported in a vehicle used for waste disposal.

3

Przemiany krajobrazu w obszarze i otoczeniu piaskowni „Krasna-Bielowiec” (Pogórze Cieszyńskie)

Kasprowska-Nowak K., Beczała T.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2014

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nr 26

139--154

PL

W pracy omówiono rezultaty badań geologicznych, geomorfologicznych, archeologicznych i botanicznych w piaskowni „Krasna-Bielowiec” i jej najbliższym otoczeniu. Dostarczyły one cennych informacji na temat przeobrażeń krajobrazu, od neolitu do dnia dzisiejszego. Wyróżniono trzy główne typy krajobrazu: rolniczy, górniczy (łączony z eksploatacją piasku w latach 1997-2007) i pogórniczy. Ponadto przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania nieczynnej już piaskowni do celów naukowych, dydaktycznych i geoturystycznych. Zaproponowano także formy jej ochrony, propozycje udostępniania oraz dalszych badań.

EN

The work discusses results of geological, geomorphological, archaeological and botanical research in the „Krasna-Bielowiec” sandpit and its immediate surroundings, which provided important information on the transformations of landscape from the Neolithic to present day. Three main types of landscape: agricultural, mining (connected with the exploitation of sand in the years 1997-2007) and post-mining, has distinguished. Presents the possibility of using disused an abandoned sandpit for the purposes of scientific, education and a local geotourism. It is also proposed protection of sandpit, proposals for its share and research.

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The spontaneous succession in a sand-pit: the role of life history traits and species habitat preferences

Kompała-Bąba A., Bąba W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 1

13--22

EN

The prediction of species response to human activity is of great interest in contemporary restoration ecology. The purpose of the article was to analyse which species life history traits and species habitat preferences are important during succession after the abandonment of mining activity in a sand-pit. During a 15-year period (1996–2010), 176 phytosociological relevés were placed within vegetation patches of different ages and divided according to soil moisture, thus forming two series of chronosequences that ranged from 0 to ca. 50 years. The datasets were analysed using both DCA/CCA ordinations and regression trees. The successional gradient, apart from the theoretically predicted replacement R by C strategists, revealed the occurrence of stresstolerant ruderals and competitive ruderals in the early successional stages. However, differences were observed between the wet and dry series. On dry soils the ruderals, anemochorous and windpollinated species dominated in the early phases. In the middle successional phases, a preponderance of anemochorous species (nanophanerophytes, light or semi-shade demanding species), nitrogen-poor and competitive ruderals or species typical for nitrogen-rich soils was recorded. In the late successional stages, species with both the ability of vegetative and generative reproduction appeared. On the other hand, on wet sites in the early successional phases, species with vegetative growth, hydrophytes, chamaephytes and stresscompetitors prevailed. Later in the succession, they were replaced by insect-pollinated species in nitrogen rich habitats and stress-tolerant ruderals on less fertile habitats. Finally, competitors started to prevail. Knowledge of the environmental conditions of a given site, the ecological processes and species biology can assist in achieving the desired goals or in initiating or enhancing succession on some disturbed sites.

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Forest communities in the Kuźnica Warężyńska sand-pit

Kompała-Bąba A., Błońska A., Bąba W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2004

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nr 131(12)

197-204

EN

The forest communities, which developed on the reclaimed areas of the Kuźnica Warężyńska sand-pit (Silesian Upland), approximate in reference to floristic composition Querco roboris-Pinetum. It occurs from 14 to 45 species in patches. The participation of character species of the Vaccinio-Piceetea class is relatively low and species from other phytosociological units such as Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class appear more frequently and abundantly. The phytocoenoses show significant differentiation which reflects moisture and trophic conditions, so two subassociations were distinguished: wet Querco roboris-Pinetum molinietosum, which is distinguished by wet meadow species, peat-bog plants and rush species and drier Querco roboris-Pinetum typicum with the participation of psammophilous species of the Koelerio-Corynephoretea class. The method [Krzaklewski, 1999], including in reclamation works plant communities, which develop during natural succession, increases success for re-establishment of self-regulating ecosystems and let create mosaic of plant communities, sometimes very interesting from the scientific point of view and valuable for biodiversity conservation.

PL

Fitocenozy leśne, które wykształciły się na objętych rekultywacją obszarach piaskowni Kuźnica Warężyńska (Wyżyna Śląska) są zbliżone pod względem fitosocjologicznym do boru mieszanego Querco roboris-Pinetum. Poszczególne płaty buduje od 14 do 45 gatunków. Udział gatunków charakterystycznych klasy Vaccinio-Piceetea jest stosunkowo niewielki, natomiast większe znaczenie mają gatunki przechodzące z innych klas zbiorowisk roślinnych. Płaty wykazują zróżnicowanie odzwierciedlające panujące warunki wilgotnościowe i troficzne, dzięki czemu możliwe było wydzielenie na tym terenie dwóch podzespołów: wilgotnego Querco roboris-Pinetum molinietosum, którego fitocenozy wyróżniają gatunki wilgotnych łąk, torfowisk czy też zbiorowisk szuwarowych oraz suchszego z udziałem gatunków psammofilnych z klasy Koelerio-Corynephoretea. Zastosowana na tym terenie obok całkowitego zalesiania, metoda sukcesji kierowanej [Krzaklewski i in. 1999], włączająca do procesu rekultywacji, zbiorowiska pochodzące z naturalnej sukcesji zwiększa szanse na odtworzenie się w pełni funkcjonalnych ekosystemów oraz pozwala na wytworzenie mozaiki zbiorowisk roślinnych często interesujących i wartościowych z punktu widzenia ochrony bioróżnorodności.