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1
Content available remote Sposoby na tani leasing w 2023 roku
PL
W chwili pisania niniejszego tekstu Wibor 1M wynosi 6,07%, a oprocentowanie leasingu z uwzględnieniem marży leasingodawcy wynosi przeciętnie 9-10%, w zależności od przedmiotu. Co zrobić, żeby w 2023 roku dostać tani leasing? Oto nasze propozycje.
EN
People’s ever-increasing needs encourage designers of various vehicles to search for solutions that will provide the most comfortable internal environment conditions. Currently, partly due to the COVID-19 threat, many people use their individual cars to travel to work, college, shops, trips, and holidays. Proper internal air parameters that need to be maintained in vehicles are critical in the sum-mer. The article discusses the thermal comfort of four passengers of a modern car produced in 2017to verify if contemporary production technology can successfully meet the thermal needs of people under actual conditions in the Polish climate. For this purpose, five temperature values were tested:20oC, 22oC, 24oC, 26oC, and 28oC for the car located in the shade and sun. In addition, the Testo 400meter was used to control and measure the internal parameters, and questionnaires were used to find out about the thermal impressions of the respondents. The research was carried out in July when the air temperature in Poland was high
EN
This paper presents a quick-and-dirty method to assess the risk of negative aeration effects occurring in twin-tube hydraulic shock absorbers used in passenger cars at the early design stage. The method is intended to be implemented as an engineering calculation tool based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) steady-state single-phase model. The CFD model was previously validated with the use of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment. The negative aeration effect is a wellknown issue for automotive and railway shock absorbers manufacturers. It results in uncontrolled on-vehicle vibrations and the deteriorated shock absorber damping characteristic. The major aeration contributor in twin-tube hydraulic shock absorbers is the sliding shim intake valve, which requires design optimization to avoid a negative aeration effect. The method validation was conducted with the customized test rig equipped with a transparent cylinder where the specific sliding intake valve was assembled. The proposed method also requires a lumped-parameter model of a twin-tube shock absorber, which allows to simulate boundary conditions in assessing particular reservoirs of a shock absorber, i.e., pressures and flow balance. The method is implemented as a calculation routine that converts CFD pressure regions into a gas concentration indicator (GCI) using the pressure-density characteristic of an oil-gas emulsion of a shock absorber. GCI is calculated based on the sum of particular 2D/3D grid elements. The method application is to minimize the risk of occurrence of negative aeration effects by avoiding expensive and time-consuming experimental tests. This method can also be used for in-production shock absorbers projects as a part of a continuous improvement cycle or in the case of inefficient shock absorbers claimed by a vehicle manufacturer. The application scope of the method can be extended for arbitrary twin-tube designs of shock absorbers in the automotive and railway industries.
EN
In this article, we compare the dynamic characteristics of cars with integral wheelsets and wheelsets with independently rotating wheels. We use Sperling’s comfort index to assess the riding comfort. We compare the riding comfort of passenger cars with integral wheelsets and wheelsets with independently rotating wheels based on Sperling’s comfort index.
PL
W artykule omówiono proces projektowania innowacyjnej tymczasowej bariery ochronnej spełniającej wymagania normy EN 1317 i zapewniającej poziom bezpieczeństwa T1/W1. Proces projektowy wspomagany był przez analizy teoretyczne, modelowe, badania laboratoryjne i symulacyjne (MES). Symulacja numeryczna testów zderzeniowych dała zbliżone rezultaty co do długości kontaktu pojazdu podczas zderzenia, prędkości pojazdu po zderzeniu, deformacji bariery, rozkładu uszkodzeń oraz czasu uderzenia, do wartości uzyskanych w rzeczywistych testach zderzeniowych przeprowadzonych na specjalnym torze. Zachowanie systemu bariery podczas symulacji zderzenia w programie LS-DYNA zostało dobrze odwzorowane. Zaprojektowana bariera po rzeczywistych testach zderzeniowych uzyskała certyfikat potwierdzający wymagane dla danej kategorii barier parametry i została wdrożona do produkcji.
EN
The paper presents a design procedure for an innovative temporary traffic barrier according to EN 1317 with a safety level T1/W1. The design involved theoretical analysis, modeling, lab tests and simulations (FEM). Numerical simulation of the crash tests accurately predicted the contact length for a vehicle, vehicle speed after crash, deformation of the barrier, location of deformation and time. The crash test was carried out on a designated test track. The simulated behavior of the barrier using LS-DYNA program was confirmed by tests. After tests, the designed barrier received an official certification required for commercial implementation.
6
Content available Methodological basis of road acoustic researches
EN
Transport is one of the most burdensome negative sources affecting the natural environment. Long-term exposure of the body to exhaust pollution can cause health problems and, in the worst case, even lead to death. In addition to exhaust emissions, traffic noise is another equally important issue. Due to its nature, variability over time or the design diversity of vehicles in the traffic flow, it is a phenomenon difficult to define. Like exhaust pollution, it affects people's health and quality of life. In addition to its direct impact on the human physical system, it can also cause psychosomatic disorders, which is why a detailed analysis of road noise taking into account the real operation of the vehicle is so important. The paper presents the basic concepts related to the problem of traffic noise in the world, determines the sources of noise in vehicles and the methodology of conducting acoustic road tests. At the final stage of the scientific paper, methods of reducing excessive noise levels in large urban agglomerations were also presented, and the effectiveness of using noise barriers on selected parts of the city road network using proprietary acoustic tests was assessed.
EN
In the future, the simultaneous reduction of pollutant and CO2 emissions will require significantly enhanced powertrain functionalities that cannot only be adequately represented by the ICE (internal combustion engine) alone. Both automated transmissions and especially powertrain electrification can help to meet efficiently those extended requirements. The extended functionalities are no longer applied exclusively with the ICE itself ("Fully Flexible Internal Combustion Engine"), but distributed across the entire powertrain ("Fully Flexible Powertrain"). In addition, the powertrain will be fully networked with the vehicle environment and thus will utilize all data that are useful for emission and consumption-optimized operation of the ICE. Combustion engine and electrification often complement each other in a synergetic way. This makes it extremely sensible for the combustion engine to evolve in future from a "single fighter" to a "team player". If one compares the requirements of such an ICE with the definition of Industry 4.0, then there are extensive correspondences. Thus, it seems quite opportune to call such a fully networked combustion engine designed to meet future needs as “Internal Combustion Engine 4.0 (ICE 4.0)”. This even more so, as such a name can also be derived from the history: e.g. ICE 1.0 describes the combustion engines of the first mass-produced vehicles, ICE 2.0 the combustion engines emission-optimized since the 1960s and ICE 3.0 the highly optimized "Fully Flexible Combustion Engine", which currently offers a high torque and performance potential combined with low fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In addition to further improvements in fuel consumption, the "Combustion Engine 4.0" offers such a low level of pollutant emissions that can best be described as "Zero Impact Emission". This means that such future ICE´s will no longer have a negative impact on the imission situation in urban areas. With the e-fuels topic, the ICE also has the potential to become both CO2- and pollutant-neutral in the medium and long term. This means that the ICE - also in passenger cars - will continue to be an essential and necessary cornerstone for future powertrain portfolios for the next decades.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the environmental effects of changes in material composition in selected internal combustion engines used in passenger cars using LCA analysis. The levels of energy consumption and emissions of pollutants related to material inputs occurring at the stage of engine production have been determined. The simplified LCA model presented in the paper shows the energy consumption and total CO2 and SO2 emissions on the basis of the mass of materials from which the engine is made. The research results presented in the paper give a picture of a modern passenger car engine on the basis of wear and the degree of recovery of materials used for its construction.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of chosen internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). It addresses an LCA of both petrol-fuelled and diesel-fuelled passenger cars. The analyses pertained to the carbon footprint and respiratory inorganics related to the cars in question, considered against the relevant system from cradle to grave. The comparative analysis has shown that the carbon footprint of a diesel-fuelled car is lower than that of a petrolfuelled car. However, the environmental indicators of respiratory inorganics induced by diesel-fuelled cars are higher than those attributable to petrol-fuelled cars. The main determinant of carbon footprint for the life cycle of these ICEVs is the direct atmospheric emission of carbon dioxide associated with their operation. The main determinants of respiratory inorganics for the diesel passenger cars’ life cycle are nitrogen oxide emission and car production. As for the life cycle of petrol-fuelled passenger cars, the largest share of the respiratory inorganics indicator is attributable to the car production and petrol production.
EN
The article concentrates on road safety in Poland, which is one of the countries with a high number of fatalities in European Union. As the passenger cars are the mostly involved in traffic accidents with fatalities, this type of vehicles was analyzed to check relationship between age of the vehicle and its involvement in accidents with fatalities. This type of scientific analysis was made for the first time. For carrying out this research, a method of estimating passenger car fleet in motion in Poland was designed, as the official data were not updated and provided wrong information. The updated information on passenger car fleet when compared with that on the age of vehicles involved in road accidents with fatalities showed that the age of a vehicle has influence on the occurrence of road accidents in Poland. Presented data showed that the fact that people involved in accidents are at a higher risk of loss of life depends on the age of a vehicle. The data from analysis conducted between 2014 and 2015 showed that the risk of being killed increases with the age of the vehicle. Chances of the loss of life of people involved in accident participants are three times more in the case of more than 21 year old cars compared to 5 years old cars.
EN
The subject of this article is a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions for: HC (hydrocarbons), CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) from a passenger vehicle and a motorcycle in laboratory conditions on a dynamometer station. The first vehicle category was represented by a compression-ignition engine with a displacement volume of 1.3 dm3 and a power of 66 kW. The exhaust aftertreatment system included a catalytic converter and a particulate filter. The second category was a motorcycle, equipped with an engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The two-wheeled vehicle was equipped with a three-way catalytic converter. Speeds were modeled on the European type approval test - NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). In order to conduct a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from vehicles of different categories, the obtained results were presented in the form of emissions converted into passenger-kilometers (g/pkm). The research used modern equipment belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group of devices. The analyzes carried out enable the decision making on which vehicles have a greater environmental impact due to their exhaust emissions, taking into account the distance and the number of passengers carried.
PL
Motoryzacja rozwija się m.in. dzięki stosowaniu nowoczesnych systemów informatycznych. Z tego też powodu w pracy przeanalizowano ich wpływ na eksploatację pojazdów osobowych rozpoczynając od charakterystyki systemów, przeprowadzeniu stosowanych badań a skończywszy na wyciągnięciu wniosków.
EN
Automotive industry is growing thanks to the use of modern technologies. The impact of vehicle operation on the environment and safety is significant. Controlling the vehicle's work by IT systems reduces the negative effects on the environment and improves the safety of road users. It depends mainly on the decisions made by drivers, while IT systems help them take them right.
13
Content available Wpływ Eco-drivingu na eksploatację pojazdów
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki oceny wpływu Eco-drivingu na eksploatacje pojazdów. W pierwszej części pracy scharakteryzowano Eco-driving, następnie przedstawiono wyniki analizy oraz badań eksperymentalnych omawianego systemu. Do badań wykorzystano Volvo v 70 oraz Renault Scenic. Artykuł kończy się podsumowaniem i sformułowaniem wniosków.
EN
The article presents the results of the assessment of the impact of Eco-driving on the operation of vehicles. In the first part of the work, Eco-driving was characterized, then the results of the analysis and experimental studies of the discussed system were presented. Volvo v 70 and Renault Scenic were used for the tests. The article ends with a summary and the wording of the conclusions.
14
Content available remote Rozwój motoryzacji indywidualnej w Polsce w latach 1990-2015
PL
W artykule scharakteryzowano rozwój motoryzacji indywidualnej w Polsce w latach 1990-2015. Charakterystyką objęto m.in. rozwój ilościowy i ewolucję markową parku samochodowego. Przedstawiono zmiany w wielkości produkcji, eksportu, importu instytucjonalnego i indywidualnego oraz rejestracji i kasacji pojazdów. Przedstawiono również, jak zmieniał się park pojazdów według rodzaju stosowanego paliwa oraz pojemności skokowej silników. Obok statystycznego obrazu parku samochodów osobowych w artykule przedstawiono zmiany w automobilności Polaków w latach 1990-2015.
EN
The article describes the development of individual motorism in Poland in the years 1990-2015. Characteristics includes quantitative development and brand evolution of the car fleet. Presented are changes in volume of production, export, institutional and individual imports and vehicle registration and scrapping. It also shows how the vehicle fleet changed according to the type of fuel used and the engine displacement. In addition to the statistical image of the passenger car fleet, the article presents changes in the automobility of the Poles in the years 1990-2015.
PL
Zgodnie z tytułem, w artykule porównano samochody osobowe produkowane w wersjach z silnikami ZI i ZS, z uwzględnieniem sytuacji na polskim rynku motoryzacyjnym. Przedstawiono grupę 25 wybranych par pojazdów produkowanych w wersjach silnikowych ZI i ZS. Zdefiniowano mierzalne kryteria porównawcze. Wyniki porównania zaprezentowano w formie wykresów wraz komentarzem. Dokonano także oceny sytuacji na polskim rynku motoryzacyjnym, w kontekście porównania obu typów pojazdów. Artykuł zamykają wnioski końcowe.
EN
According to the title, the article compares passenger cars produced in versions with SIE engines (spark ignition engines) and CIE engines (compression ignition engines), taking into account the situation on the Polish automotive market. A group of 25 selected vehicle pairs equipped with the SIE and CIE engine versions has been presented. The measurable comparative criteria have been defined. The results of the comparison were presented in the form of graphs with a commentary. The situation on the Polish automotive market was also assessed in the context of a comparison of both types of vehicles. The final conclusions close the article.
PL
Celem głównym artykułu jest przedstawienie założeń i rezultatów sześciu modeli jednomotywacyjnych, w tym sześciu rozkładów ruchu dla ruchu pojazdów osobowych na sieci dróg krajowych i wojewódzkich w 2010 r. z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania VISUM. Przedstawiono wyniki ćwiczenia rozkładu ruchu w hipotetycznej sytuacji, gdy cały ruch jest realizowany w jednej z sześciu wyróżnionych motywacji. Celem dodatkowym jest pokazanie implikacji przestrzennych wynikających ze złożenia sześciu modeli jednomotywacyjnych składających się na jeden model wielomotywacyjny. Generalnie wysoki poziom dopasowania w modelach jednomotywacyjnych (poza ruchem turystycznym) świadczy o koncentrowaniu się różnych rodzajów ruchu na tych samych odcinkach. Model wielomotywacyjny jest najlepiej dopasowanym modelem (R2 = 0,72). Prowadzi to do wniosku, że połączenie sześciu motywacji w jednym modelu powiodło się i doprowadziło do poprawy jego dopasowania.
EN
The main goal of the article is to present the assumptions and results of six single-purpose models, including six traffic distribution patterns for passenger cars on the national and voivodship roads network in 2010 with the use of VISUM software. The results of the scientific exercise of a hypothetical situation, where all traffic is realized in one of six distinguished purposes. The additional goal is to show spatial implications resulting from the submission of six single-purpose models into one consisting of one multi-purpose model. Generally, the high level of matching in the single-purpose models (except for the tourist traffic) indicates the concentration of different types of traffic on the same sections. The multi-purpose model is the best fitted model (R2 = 0.72). This leads to the conclusion that the combination of six purposes in one model was successful and led to an improvement in its fit.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono optymalizację ruchu samochodu osobowego podczas jazdy po nawierzchni o zmiennej przyczepności. Model matematyczny pojazdu sformułowano, korzystając w zapisie z transformacji jednorodnych i współrzędnych złączowych. W procesie optymalizacji dobierano przebieg momentów hamujących działających na poszczególne koła pojazdu tak, aby zapewnić utrzymanie się pojazdu w szerokości jezdni. Do rozwiązania zadania optymalizacji zastosowano metody ewolucyjne takie jak: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) oraz Particle Swarm Evolver (PSE). Metody te, w odróżnieniu od klasycznych metod optymalizacji, umożliwiają znajdowanie rozwiązań globalnie optymalnych. W pracy przedstawiono wnioski z uzyskanych wyników oraz zastosowanych metod optymalizacji.
EN
The paper presents a method of passenger car motion optimisation while driving on the road surface with variable friction. A mathematical model of the vehicle has been formulated using homogenous transformation and joint coordinates. During optimisation braking torques values applied to each wheel of the car have been determined. In order to maintain position of the vehicle in the width of the road, optimisation problem has been formulated and solved. Evolutionary methods such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and Particle Swarm Evolver (PSE) has been applied. Those methods, in contrast to the classical optimisation methods, allow to find global optimal solution. In this paper results obtained during numerical simulations have been presented and discussed.
EN
A number of vehicle users pay attention to the impact of changes in the car body geometry during long-term use on the safety level. However, this issue has not been properly dealt with in research studies. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the floor panel, to develop a model to forecast the geometry during the car use and to identify the points which undergo the maximum displacement. The paper presents the effect of the car mileage on the floor panel condition, taking into account variable environmental factors. In the course of the study, the position of points fixing the front suspension, front bench and rear suspension was determined, as was the position of points situated on parts of the load bearing structure of the car body. The results were used to develop a model for forecasting changes of the floor panel geometry during car use. The probability of changes in the floor panel geometry was found to increase with the mileage. The probability of reaching the maximum permissible geometric changes (3 mm) in a floor panel is accurately described by the probabilistic model in the form of the Rayleigh distribution. Diverse models of the floor panel geometry changes were obtained depending on the environmental conditions and type of the base points under analysis.
PL
Wielu użytkowników samochodów osobowych zwraca uwagę na istotność wpływu na poziom bezpieczeństwa zmian geometrii nadwozia pojazdów podczas ich wieloletniej eksploatacji. Jednak dotychczas zagadnienie to nie znalazło odpowiedniego odzwierciedlenia w literaturze. Celem pracy była identyfikacja zmian geometrii płyty podłogowej, opracowanie modelu prognozującego stan geometrii w toku eksploatacji i zidentyfikowanie punktów ulegającym największym przemieszczeniom. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ przebiegu pojazdu na stan geometrii płyty podłogowej z uwzględnieniem zróżnicowanych warunków środowiskowych. Podczas badań określano położenie punktów mocujących zawieszenie przednie, przednią ławę i zawieszenie tylne oraz położenie punktów znajdujących się na elementach struktury nośnej nadwozia. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników opracowano model prognozowania zmian geometrii płyty podłogowej w toku eksploatacji. Stwierdzono, że prawdopodobieństwo zmian geometrii płyty podłogowej podczas eksploatacji rośnie w czasie, wraz ze wzrostem przebiegu. Prawdopodobieństwo osiągnięcia stanu dopuszczalnego (3 mm) zmian geometrycznych na płycie podłogowej dobrze opisuje model probabilistyczny w postaci rozkładu Rayleigha. Uzyskano zróżnicowane modele zmiany geometrii płyty podłogowej w zależności od warunków środowiskowych oraz rodzaju analizowanych punktów bazowych.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano rozważania dotyczące wpływu regulacji unijnych w postaci porozumień wertykalnych w sektorze pojazdów samochodowych spod zakazu porozumień ograniczających konkurencję na koszty napraw samochodów osobowych w Polsce. Rozważania uzupełniono o autorskie symulacje kosztów napraw, obejmujące zastosowanie poszczególnych kategorii części zamiennych w procesach naprawy wyselekcjonowanych samochodów osobowych z czterech wybranych segmentów rynkowych. Zamierzeniem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na istotę podjętej problematyki badawczej poprzez wykazanie, jakie rozbieżności cenowe występują pomiędzy danymi kategoriami części zamiennych, co w przyszłości może ułatwić odpowiedź na pytanie. Zastosowanie, której kategorii części zamiennych prowadzi do najwyższej redukcji kosztów naprawy pojazdu. Adresatami zaprezentowanych wyników badań są zarówno warsztaty naprawcze, użytkownicy prywatni jak i towarzystwa ubezpieczeniowe.
EN
The article presents considerations regarding the impact of EU regulations in the form of vertical agreements in the motor vehicle sector from the prohibition of agreements restricting competition to the costs of passenger car repairs in Poland. The considerations were supplemented with proprietary repairs of repair costs, covering the use of individual categories of spare parts in the processes of repairing selected passenger cars from four selected market segments. The intention of the article is to draw attention to the essence of the research issues undertaken by showing which price discrepancies occur between the given spare parts, which in the future may facilitate the answer to the question: application, which category of spare parts leads to the highest reduction of vehicle repair costs. The addressees of the presented research results are both repair workshops, private users and insurance companies.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono ogólną charakterystykę wypadków drogowych. Omówiono wpływ przeciążenia na organizm człowieka podczas zderzenia. Stworzono model matematyczny opisujący wpływ wybranych parametrów drogowych na przeciążenia podczas zderzenia samochodu osobowego ze stałą przeszkodą.
EN
The article presents general characteristics of road accidents. The influence of overload on the human body during impact was discussed. Authors created a mathematical model describing the impact of selected road parameters on overloads during a car collision with a fixed obstacle.
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