Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Selected quality characteristics of sea salt important during transport and storage

Śmiechowska M., Ruszkowska M., Olender O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

|

2021

|

Vol. 15 No. 3

659--665

EN

Salt is obtained in various regions of the world and using differing technologies. The origin of the salt and its production methods influence its composition, properties and application possibilities. In recent years, sea salt has attracted a lot of interest, as it is commonly believed that it is richer in minerals than pure evaporated salt. One of the oldest methods of extracting edible salt in the world is the evaporation of seawater. Salinas are found in coastal zones of seas and oceans around the world. The salt obtained in the salin is transported to its destination by various means of transport, including sea transport. Taking into account the classification of sea cargo, salt is classified as solid mass cargo, and due to the physicochemical properties of salt, the transport of this product by sea requires security. The aim of this study was to present selected quality parameters of sea salt that are important in its transport and storage. Parameters relevant from the point of view of transport, storage, technology and processing, which are important in shaping the quality of sea salts were compared in salts obtained in various European salinas vs. Himalayan salt. These parameters included water activity, degree of granulation and discharge angle and embankment angle. The paper also presents the characteristics of sea salts from microscopic analysis and an assessment of the correct labeling of the product, which is important for the consumer of the packaged product. In land transport, not only sea salt is transported in bulk, but also the product in commercial packaging, most often weighing 1 kg.

2

Determination of mechanical parameters of salts in the cyclic load processes corresponding to the operation of a storage cavern for hydrogen

Polański Krzysztof

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

|

2021

|

Vol. 38, no. 3

5--12

EN

The paper describes the results of laboratory tests of the strength of salt samples made as part of the HESTOR project in order to determine the mechanical parameters of salt. The tests were carried out using an Autolab 2000 apparatus which allows to simulate any load cycles. The tests were made by simulating the operation of the hydrogen storage cavern. In order to observe the differences in salt behavior depending on the sample medium being stored during the test, gases were supplied: nitrogen, as an analogue of natural gas, and helium as a hydrogen analogue.

3

Characteristics of the MK-40 and MA-40 Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment – A Review

Gubari Mohammed Qader, Zwain Haider M., Al-Zahiwat Murtadha Mohammed, Alekseeva Nadezda Vyacheslavovna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2021

|

Vol. 22, iss. 1

39--50

EN

Industrial application of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) for saline water desalination is widely used. In this review, two kinds of IEMs were targeted and focused on: cation-exchange membrane (MK-40) and anion-exchange membrane (MA-40). The characteristics of ion-exchange capacity, structural water content, electrical conductivity and diffusion permeability of counter ions and co-ions, as well as the properties in diffusion of alkaline media were reviewed. IEMs are anionic or cationic fixed exchange groups; the diffusion flows of the two IEMs are scarcely impacted by the kind of an ion selective membrane, as well as of the concentration dependence. The salt diffusion coefficient increases alongside the water content in the membrane, whereas the electrical conductivity increases along with the ion exchange capacity (IEC). In addition, the permeability of the charged polymer increases along with the salt concentration, while for the uncharged polymer it decreases. Thus, the methods and formulas for determining the salt diffusion coefficient and osmotic permeability were studied. Evidently, the differences in the microstructure between membranes will significantly affect the permeability of salt transport in IEMs.

4

Szkodliwość soli w zawilgoconych przegrodach

Monczyński Bartłomiej

Materiały Budowlane

|

2020

|

nr 3

24--26

5

Domy z soli i energetyka w Boliwii

Gierlotka Stefan

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

|

2019

|

R. 87, nr 5

69--70

PL

Boliwia jest najwyżej położonym krajem Ameryki Południowej. Stolica La Paz, leżąca na wysokości ok. 4000 m n.p.m., jest najwyżej położoną stolicą na świecie. Na zachodzie kraju wznoszą się kordyliery Andyjskie. Pomiędzy kordylierami rozciąga się na wysokości 3300-3800 m n.p.m. płaskowyż Altiplano. W południowo-zachodniej części Altiplano znajdują się rozległe solniska, w tym największa na świecie pustynia solna Salar de Uyuni.

6

Microstructure and geotechnical characteristics of a highly plastic clay treated by magnesium chloride

Bahloul Ouassila, Abbeche Khelifa, Bahloul Azzedine

Mining Science

|

2019

|

Vol. 26

249--262

EN

Chemical stabilization of soil is an effective improvement technique because it reduces the ability of the soil to swell. We added different proportions of magnesium chloride to an expansive clay and performed swelling, geotechnical characterization, and mechanical strength tests. The results show that the swelling potential and swelling pressure of the expansive soil were significantly decreased by the addition of magnesium chloride (MgCl2). This treatment also improved the physical and mechanical characteristics and microstructure of the soil. The soil's plastic limit, shrinkage limit, cohesion, and internal friction angle all increased linearly with the addition of the MgCl2 stabilizer. However, we observed that the liquid limit of the soil decreased as the level of magnesium chloride was increased.

7

Rzeźbiarstwo w soli

Wolańska Agnieszka

Przegląd Solny

|

2018

|

T. 14

132--144

PL

Historyczny rozwój solnego rzeźbiarstwa związany jest z tradycją górniczą. Ten rodzaj twórczości uzależniony był od rozwoju technik eksploatacji soli kamiennej. Możliwy był tylko w przypadku kopalń podziemnych, z których sól eksploatowano metodami tradycyjnymi „na sucho”. Pierwsze prace rzeźbiarskie wykonywali górnicy - uzdolnieni artystycznie samoucy. Początkowo ich rzeźby służyły kreowaniu i przyozdabianiu podziemnych kaplic, które powstawały już w XVII wieku w kopalni soli w Wieliczce, a w następnych stuleciach również w Bochni. Początki XX wieku to okres przenoszenia tradycji rzeźbiarskich do kopalni soli w Kaczyce (Cacica). W XX wieku solne rzeźbiarstwo zaczęło rozwijać się również w kopalni soli w Kłodawie. Solne rzeźby są też ozdobą podziemnej katedry w kopalni Realmonte na Sycylii. Poza Europą miejscem, w którym były tworzone solne rzeźby, jest kolumbijska kopalnia soli w Zipaquira, oraz kopalnia Khwera w Pakistanie. Tradycja rzeźbienia w soli przez górników jest wciąż kontynuowana. Powstały nie tylko dzieła o treści religijnej, ale również pomniki ku czci zasłużonych ludzi polityki, nauki i sztuki. Analizując rzeźby solne, można wskazać przykłady kwalifikujące się do sztuki zarówno profesjonalnej, jak i nieprofesjonalnej. Odpowiedź na pytanie, gdzie w przypadku rzeźbiarstwa w soli, biegnie granica między sztuką wysoką a ludową nie jest prosta. Specyfika surowca, jakim jest sól, warunkuje formę i technikę rzeźbiarską. O wyborze gatunku soli decyduje temat i wielkość mającej powstać rzeźby. Sól jako materiał rzeźbiarski jest nietrwała i determinuje nierozwiązywalne częstokroć problemy konserwatorskie. Odrębnym zagadnieniem jest wykorzystanie soli jako materiału rzeźbiarskiego przez współczesnych artystów profesjonalnych niemających związków z górnictwem. Jedno z takich dzieł znajduje się w kolekcji Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Krakowie. Generalnie jednak sól nie jest popularnym surowcem dla współczesnych artystów, wykorzystują ją jedynie nieliczni. Warto podjąć dalsze badania nad rzeźbiarstwem solnym, które jako część dziedzictwa górnictwa solnego wymaga kompleksowych studiów. Przeprowadzenie interdyscyplinarnych badań powinno przyczynić się do jego popularyzacji oraz objęcia jeszcze lepszą ochroną. Celem nadrzędnym mogłoby być wpisanie rzeźbiarstwa w soli na Światową Listę Dziedzictwa UNESCO.

XX

The historical development of salt sculpture is associated with the mining tradition. This type of work depended on the development of rock salt mining techniques. It was only possible in the case of underground mines, from which the salt was excavated using traditional “dry” methods. The first sculptural works were made by miners – artistically talented self-taught men. Initially, their sculptures were used to create and ornament underground chapels, which were founded as early as in the seventeenth century in the salt mine in Wieliczka, and subsequently in Bochnia. The beginning of the 20th century is the period of transferring sculptural traditions to the Kaczyce salt mine (Cacica). In the 20th century, salt sculpture also began to develop in the salt mine in Kłodawa. Salt sculptures decorate the underground cathedral in the Realmonte mine in Sicily. Outside Europe, the art of salt sculptures also emerged in the Colombian salt mine in Zipaquira, and the Khwer mine in Pakistan. The tradition of salt carving is still alive. Not only did the miners create work of religious content, but also monuments in honor of famous people from the field of politics, science and art. While analyzing salt sculptures, one can point to the examples that could be classified as both professional and unprofessional art. When it comes to sculpture in salt, the boundary between high and folk art is not easy to be defined. Special features of salt as a material determines the form and technique of sculpturing. The choice of salt type depends on the theme and size of the sculpture. Salt as a sculptural material is not lasting and often causes problems with conservation work that are difficult to be solved. A separate issue is the use of salt as a sculptural material by contemporary professional artists who have no connection with mining. One of such works is a part of the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Krakow (MOCAK). Generally, however, salt is not a popular material for contemporary artists, used only by a few. It is worth undertaking further research on salt carving, which, as a part of the salt mining heritage, requires comprehensive studies. Interdisciplinary research should contribute to its popularization and even better preservation. The main objective could be the inclusion of salt sculpture in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

8

A novel technique to investigate the bubble coalescence in the presence of surfactant (MIBC) and electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2)

Gungoren C., İslek E., Baktarhan Y., Kursun I., Ozdemir O.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2018

|

Vol. 54, iss. 4

1215--1222

EN

An efficiency of flotation process is strongly dependent upon the collecting ability of air bubbles. On the other hand, the liquid film formed beetween two fully or partially mobile air/liquid interfaces being in contact has low stability, which leads to fast liquid drainage. Therefore, when they approach to each other, they tend to coalescence. Therefore, bubble coalescence is usually controlled with frothers in flotation process. Meanwhile, it is known that dissolved ions inhibit bubble coalescence. In this study, the bubble coalescence in the presence of MIBC was determined using a novel technique with a modified bubble-particle attachment timer. Additionally, the effect of NaCl and CaCl2 on bubble behavior was investigated along with surface tension and bubble coalescence time aspects. As a result of study, it is seen that the bubble coalescence time can be successfully determined with a bubble-bubble coalescence timer.

9

Ocena wybranych cech jakościowych paluszków słonych

Borkowska B., Bianga A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

|

2017

|

nr 99

132--140

PL

Celem pracy była ocena porównawcza jakości sensorycznej i wybranych wskaźników fizykochemicznych paluszków słonych, wyprodukowanych przez trzech wybranych producentów A, B i C. Ocenę jakości badanego produktu przeprowadzono na podstawie oceny sensorycznej oraz oznaczenia suchej masy, kwasowości, soli i cukrów ogółem. Wyniki oceny sensorycznej wykazały, że paluszki słone badanych producentów charakteryzowały się cechami sensorycznymi zgodnymi z wymaganiami PN-A-74111:1998. Zawartość suchej masy, soli i kwasowości były zgodne z wymaganiami normy, z wyjątkiem zawartości cukrów w paluszkach, wyprodukowanych przez producenta (A).

EN

The aim of the paper was a comparative assessment of sensory quality and selected physico-chemical properties of salted sticks by produced for three selected producers A, B and C. Assessment of the quality of the investigational product was based on their assessment of: sensory quality and the determination of dry matter, acidity, total salts and sugars. The results of the sensory assessment showed that the salted sticks from the producers under scrutiny were characterised by sensory properties in compliance with the Polish standard. The content of dry matter, salt and acidity were compliant with the standard, with exception of sugar content in sticks produced by the producer's (A).

10

Investigation of the role of the production process on the luminescence of sea salt products

Hunter P. G., Spooner N. A.

Geochronometria

|

2017

|

Vol. 44, no. 1

121--128

EN

Luminescence dosimetry assumes samples of a given material with diverse provenances behave in a predictable manner, allowing a standardised testing protocol, such as SAR for quartz, to be employed. This article demonstrates that distinct salt products derived from a single manufacturer’s feedstock retain comparable luminescence behaviour. This is the basis of a standardised test protocol: uniting testing procedures which have been shown to be individually applicable. Generalization across samples from different manufacturers and processes is currently under investigation.Luminescent evaluation of five samples produced by Cheetham & Co. gave useful intensities for all emission bands (590 nm, 420 nm and 360 nm TL and blue stimulated OSL), with the spectral and intensity balance of emissions generally similar for each sample. 590 nm emission sensitization was noted after preheating samples to 135°C and 300°C for five minutes. But, the 360 nm TL emission from feedstock salt was a factor of five greater than the same signal from the other processed samples despite the OSL intensity being similar to the other samples.Spectrum variation between aliquots as measured by the 3D TL spectrometer was also investigated and found to be minimal for both the first and second TL glow cycles.

11

Oddziaływanie soli na elementy budynku

Wołoch F., Gaczek M., Fiszer S.

Builder

|

2017

|

R.21, nr 12

70--74

12

Synthesis of Single Crystalline Titanium Oxide and Sodium Titanate Nanorods via Salt-Assisted Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

Hwangbo Y., Yoo J.-H., Lee Y.-I.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2017

|

Vol. 62, iss. 2B

1411--1414

EN

The simple and continuous synthesis of single crystalline anatase titanium dioxide and sodium titanate nanorods by a saltassisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method is demonstrated. This method does not require expensive precursors, long reaction time, and physical templates or surfactant. In addition, its continuous nature makes it a suitable method for the large-scale preparation. Moreover, the effect of a salt concentration in a starting solution on material properties, including morphology and phase of the synthesized products was systematically investigated. The synthesized nanorods had one-dimensionality, a single crystalline and the average diameter of 12.3 nm with dual phases of titanium dioxide and sodium titanate by FE-SEM, XRD, HR-TEM as well as FFT-converted SAED pattern analysis.

13

Department of Economic and Mining Geology

Mucha J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2016

|

Vol. 42, no. 2

223--225

14

The graduation tower of Bad Kösen (Germany) ‒ its history and the formation of thornstone

Engelhardt H. J., Borstel L.

Przegląd Solny

|

2015

|

T. 11

98--108

EN

Graduation towers are wooden frameworks stuffed with blackthorn bundles. Brine is pumped to the top of the towers. Afterwards, the brine flows down on the bundles and drops are formed upon impact with the twigs and branches. The technique results in high evaporation rates due to the enormous surface of the drops, the high air velocity on the drop surfaces, and the dependence of the vapor pressure on the radius of a brine surface. Minerals precipitate as so-called thornstone. Gypsum crystals mostly radiate out from the twigs of the bundles and the surface of the thornstone is comparable with sandroses. A rounding of the crystals is caused by dissolution processes. Samples from the graduation tower in Bad Kösen, Germany, show that the thornstone contains layers of foreign particles, fine-grained carbonates, and sometimes traces of halite. Strontium illustrates that the brine could be evaporated until halite saturation. Due to its high efficiency, the technique made it possible to produce table and pickling salt during the 18th and 19th century, even from low-concentrated brines and under the climatic conditions in Austria, Germany, Poland, and Switzerland. Nowadays, graduation towers are centres of recreation in spa towns. The particle inclusions of the thornstone demonstrate the cleaning of the air. Water evaporation cools the air and the resulting microclimate with fresh, salty aerosols is used for therapeutic inhalations. The trickling of brine creates a relaxing atmosphere and the brines can be used for bath therapies. In addition, the towers are technical monuments, tourist attractions, and event locations. Visitors have the opportunity to learn principles of solution mining and salt processing.

15

Tradycje poszukiwań i wykorzystania surowców mineralnych na Ponidziu

Urban J., Gągol J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2015

|

Vol. 63, nr 8

475--484

EN

Mineral resources of the Ponidzie region, whose usage played an important role in the economic and cultural history of Poland, or whose geological surveys contributed to the development of geological sciences include: Pińczów limestones, gypsum, sulphur, oil and salt (although salt does not occur in this region). The Pińczów limestones have been commonly used for construction and sculpture since the Early Middle Ages, particularly intense during the Renaissance and Baroque periods as well as in the mid-20th century. Also the tradition of gypsum usage dates back to the beginning of the Polish State, which is proved by Early Medieval monuments in Wioelica. Although the sulphur extraction in the Czarkowy mine took place only during the 19th century, this mine was famous as the only one in the Russian Empire. In turn, the discovery of oil near the village of Wójcza in the second half of the 19th centur, caused geological discussion on the sources of this product in the Fore-Carpathian Depression. However, the most interesting is the salt prospection in the 18th and 19th centuries. Owing to the lack of salt in the region, the survey was not successful, but contributed to the comprehensive geological recognition of the region as well as provided springs of mineral water which are still used or has stimulated growth of unique halophilic plant communities.

16

Zagrożenia podczas eksploatacji złoża rudy miedzi w świetle modelowania numerycznego

Pytel W., Pałac-Walko B.

Wiadomości Górnicze

|

2014

|

R. 65, nr 6

335--342

PL

Wybieraniu złoża rud miedzi w kopalniach Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego coraz częściej towarzyszy obecność w stropie zasadniczym rozległej warstwy soli kamiennej. Swoim zasięgiem obejmuje ona północny fragment kopalni „Rudna", środkową i północną część kopalni „Sieroszowice" oraz całość obszaru Głogów Głęboki-Przemysłowy, gdzie projektowana jest eksploatacja rudy miedzi na dużą skalę. Z powodu skromnego doświadczenia w prowadzeniu eksploatacji w takich warunkach, do celów sformułowania rodzajów zagrożeń geomechanicznych, a także środków technologicznych, które pozwolą je opanować i kontrolować, zdecydowano się wykorzystać - o czym mowa w artykule - możliwości modelowania numerycznego.

EN

Selecting copper ore in the mines Copper Increasingly the presence of an extensive layer of salt in the roof proper accompanies the exploitation of copper ore deposits in the mines of the Legnica-Głogów Basin. It covers with its range the northern part of „Rudna" mine, central and northern part of „Sieroszowice" mine and the whole area of Głogów Głęboki-Przemysłowy area. Because of the modest experience of operation in such conditions it was decided to use - as referred to in the article -the possibility of numerical modeling for the purpose of formulating of various types of geomechanical hazards and also technological means that will enable to master and control the hazards.

17

Pół-mobilna instalacja odpylająca dla kopalni soli kamiennej

Bialy B., Both C., Caniboł A.

Przegląd Solny

|

2014

|

T. 10

124--131

PL

Firma KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. eksploatuje w kopalni Polkowice – Sieroszowice, oprócz rudy miedzi, również towarzyszące jej złoże soli kamiennej. Eksploatacja soli kamiennej odbywa się systemem filarowo – komorowym z wykorzystaniem maszyn urabiających do produkcji ciągłej. Dlatego właśnie, bardzo ważne jest zastosowanie urządzeń wychwytujących powstający podczas urabiania pył solny dla zapewnienia zarówno bezpiecznych warunków pracy jak i zwiększenia produktywności. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje proces projektowania, wykonania i uruchomienia na dole kopalni pół-mobilnej stacji odpylającej na sucho, dostarczonej w maju 2013 roku przez firmę CFT GmbH, Gladbeck, Niemcy.

EN

The mining company KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. operates the Polkowice Sieroszowice mine near Lubin, in Poland, where, among copper ore, rock salt is mined. The salt mining is done with the ‘pillar and room’ system by continuous mining. That is why dust removal from the tunnel and keeping the air clean is extremely important both for health and safety at work and for productivity. This paper describes the design and commissioning of a semi-mobile dry dust removal plant for a tunnelling device, which CFT GmbH, in Gladbeck, Germany, delivered in May 2013.

18

Geotouristic attractions of the Danakil Depression

Cieśluk K., Karasiewicz M. T., Preisner Z.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

|

2014

|

nr 1

33--42

EN

Geotourists and unconventional tourists will be definitely interested in the Danakil Valley. It is rarely visited place but absolutely extraordinary in many ways. It is in an area of divergence of lithosphere plates and, therefore connected to that, seismic and volcanic activity can be observed. Stunning terrain forms, geological structures, colours and diversity seem to be unreal. This desert is very inhospitable due to poisonous exhalations, omnipresent salt, an extremely hot climate, water deficiency and the fact that fauna andflora don't exist here. Despite all of these inconveniences, the Danakil Valley is inhabited by the Afars, a population thriving mainly on primitive salt production. Their rare culture is worth attention too. Not so long ago they were hostile and even now natives can be unpredictable and dangerous. Additionally, visitors should remember other difficulties: legal, organisational, financial and, above all, natural and climatic ones.

19

The prehistoric exploitation of salt in Europe

Harding A.

Geological Quarterly

|

2014

|

Vol. 58, No. 3

591--596

EN

The article considers the nature and extent of salt production in prehistoric Europe, in the light of recent fieldwork. The biological needs of humans and animals are described, as this might have determined the extent to which ancient communities sought out salt if they did not have access to it locally. Three main zones of production, utilising solar evaporation, briquetage, and a technique involving wooden troughs, are described; deep mining seems only to have occurred in the Austrian Alps. Lastly consideration is given to the effects of salt production within and between communities, bearing in mind the widely expressed view that in prehistory richness in salt led to richness in other goods.

20

Hygric performance of contemporary and historical creamic bricks

Koronthályova O., Bágel L., Kullifayová M., Ifka T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Budownictwo

|

2014

|

R. 111, z. 3-B

213--220

EN

This paper analyses the effect of microstructure, mineralogical composition and possible salt contamination on parameters of moisture accumulation and transport. Analysis is done for three types of contemporary and two types of historical bricks.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ mikrostruktury, składu mineralnego oraz możliwego występowania soli na akumulację i transport wilgoci. Analizy zostały przedstawione dla trzech typów elementów ceramicznych: materiału współcześnie stosowanego oraz dwóch stosowanych w przeszłości.