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1

Tram stop infrastructure in Poland in the aspect of safety

Rydlewski Mateusz, Tubis Agnieszka, Skroumpelos Georgios

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 65, iss. 1

105--118

EN

Travel comfort depends on many criteria, including, to a large extent, the passenger's sense of security while waiting for the vehicle and while driving. For this reason, tram stops play an essential role in the overall assessment of the functioning of the tram system in cities. The presented results of the literature review indicate that few publications related to safety in the tram transport system concern aspects of the infrastructure of stops. The articles we distin-guished in this area also prove the lack of publications in which the researchers focus on the criteria for assessing the safety of tram stops. The paper aims to present the results of research conducted among experts, which concerned identifying criterions influencing the safety of tram stops and the selection of criteria for their evaluation. In addition, the obtained results are the basis for further analysis of safety at tram stops. The research was conducted among experts representing almost all cities in Poland with a tram service system for residents. The obtained results showed that the critical elements from the safety point of view are those related to technical aspects, i.e., length, width, and height of platforms, which are adapted to both the rolling stock and the size of passenger flows. The second significant group of criteria determining the safety of stops is equipping them with elements supporting their use by people with disabilities, i.e., placing warning fields at the edges of the platform, designating a waiting area for people with reduced mobility, or the use of guiding lanes. It is also crucial to maintain adequate separation of traffic between its various participants so that other people do not use the waiting and passenger exchange zone. The results obtained as part of the analysis will form the basis for the development of a detailed method of assessing tram stops in Poland in terms of their safety.

2

Results of the crash tests of electric cars

Żuchowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 1

483--490

EN

The work presents the results of crash tests carried out with six electrical car models (from 2012-2013), with the weight of 1200-2300 kg (Smart Electric Driver, Mitsubishi IMiEV, Nissan Leaf, CODA, Ford Focus BEV, Tesla Model S). The results were published on the Internet by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (USA), and the tests involved a car travelling at the speed of 56 km/h, hitting frontally into a non-deformable (stiff) barrier, positioned perpendicularly to the car’s direction of movement. Particular attention was paid to the deformation of the car after hitting the barrier, so-called stiffness characteristics of the frontal crumple zone, and to the loads on the dummies placed at the driver’s and passenger’s seat (Hybrid III, a 50-centile man and a 5-centile woman). Results of the tests with electric cars were compared with the results of the tests with over a hundred of combustion engine cars with similar weight and type of car body (sedan, hatchback). The tests proved that, in the majority of electrical cars tested, the deformation of the frontal crumple zone after hitting an obstacle is larger than in case of similar cars with internal combustion engine. Because of that, the dynamic loads on the occupants of the vehicle tend to be smaller, as indicated by measured loads on the heads and chests of the dummies. The results may suggest that the frontal crumple zone may be better constructed in the case of electric cars, while the design possibilities regarding that area are limited in standard cars due to the combustion engine, which is not deformed during the accident, which makes it more difficult for the energy of the crash to dissipate.

3

Bezpieczeństwo pasażerów pojazdu medycznego podczas wypadku drogowego w świetle obowiązujących przepisów homologacyjnych

Sobolewski T., Posuniak P.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 3

5855--5864

PL

Ambulanse drogowe, jako pojazdy specjalistyczne, wyposażane są w sprzęt niezbędny do ratowania życia poszkodowanych w różnego rodzaju zdarzeniach. Mocowany w przestrzeni medycznej sprzęt medyczny (aparatura medyczna, nosze, szafki na akcesoria medyczne, siedzenia, itp.) może być zagrożeniem dla pasażerów przedziału medycznego w czasie wypadku. Montowane wyposażenie medyczne, na skutek nieprawidłowego montażu, w czasie wypadku grozi oderwaniem od punktów mocowania, co stwarza dodatkowe ryzyko obrażeń pasażerów. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zakres badań homologacyjnych wykonywanych dla przedziału medycznego ambulansu ze względu na bezpieczeństwo pasażerów. Opisano metody badań wytrzymałości i skuteczności zamocowania wyposażenia medycznego, noszy i siedzeń, mających bezpośredni wpływ na bezpieczeństwo pasażerów przedziału medycznego ambulansu.

EN

Road ambulances as specialized vehicles, are equipped with the necessary equipment to save the lives of victims of all kinds of events. Mounted in the medical zone, equipment (medical devices, stretchers, cabinets for medical accessories, seats, etc.) can be a threat to the passenger of medical compartment during an accident. Mounted medical equipment, as a result of improper installation, during the accident, threatens detachment from the attachment points, which creates additional risk of injury to passengers. This paper presents the scope of the approval tests performed for medical compartment of the ambulance due to passenger safety. The methods of testing the strength and effectiveness of securing medical equipment, stretchers and seats, which have a direct impact on the safety of the passengers compartment medical ambulance.

4

Aproksymacja wielomianowa charakterystyki deformacji zderzeniowej przedniej części nadwozia autobusu

Prochowski L., Żuchowski A

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 3

5300--5307

PL

Bezpieczeństwo pasażerów autobusów zależy od ich konstrukcji i zastosowanych systemów ochrony. Badania modelowe ułatwiają prace nad doskonaleniem tych systemów. Badania przebiegu i skutków wypadków drogowych są szczególnie skomplikowane. Analizowane w tej pracy charakterystyki deformacji nadwozi są potrzebne, gdy przynajmniej część brakujących rezultatów badań eksperymentalnych chcemy zastąpić badaniami modelowymi, przede wszystkim podczas oceny stanu bezpieczeństwa osób jadących autobusem oraz doskonalenia jego konstrukcji. Proces poszukiwania modeli charakterystyk deformacji nadwozi autobusowych obejmował obliczenia, które uwzględniały różne postaci funkcji wykładniczych oraz wielomiany rzędu od 2 do 6. Natomiast modele liniowe nie opisują złożonego przebiegu charakterystyki deformacji, poza jej początkowym odcinkiem. Uzyskane przebiegi charakterystyk i ich modele potwierdzają swą przydatność do symulacji uderzenia autobusu w przeszkodę oraz podczas analizy obciążeń dynamicznych działających na pasażerów i elementy systemów bezpieczeństwa. Uzyskane modele w przybliżony sposób opisują procesy deformacji autobusów o masie 8 000÷20 000 kg.

EN

The safety of bus passengers depends on the bus construction and the protection systems applied. Model testing facilitates the work on developing such systems. Research on the course and effects of road accidents is particularly complicated. The bus deformation characteristics analysed in this paper are needed in the situation that model test results are to be substituted for at least a part of the data that could not be obtained experimentally, especially when the safety of bus occupants is evaluated and the bus construction is developed. The process of searching for models of bus deformation characteristics included computations where various forms of exponential functions and polynomials of degree from 2 to 6 were considered. As regards linear models, they do not adequately represent the complex shape of the deformation curve, apart from its initial segment. The characteristic curves obtained and their models have confirmed their usability for the simulation of a bus impact against an obstacle and for the analysis of dynamic loads acting on bus passengers and safety system components. The models obtained offer good approximation of the processes of deformation of busses with a mass ranging from 8 000 to 20 000 kg.

5

Analysis of the influence of passenger position in a car on a risk of injuries during a car accident

Prochowski L., Żuchowski A.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2014

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Vol. 16, no. 3

360--366

EN

Experimental tests have been prepared and carried out in order to deepen the analysis of the influence of a position of a rear seat passenger in a passenger car on a risk of injuries during a road accident. This risk is considered and calculated in the aspect of a car passenger position that slightly deviates from the one planned by manufacturers of individual protection devices. Attention was focused on the analysis of measurable effects of the position modification in the area of torso and head movement and neck deformation. The experimental tests included a physical simulation of a frontal collision of a car and a rigid obstacle. They showed that relatively small changes to the initial dummy position could be a reason of significant differences in the movement trajectory and dummy position at the final stage of the crash test. These differences are described in details. The analysis also included the criteria index values that refer to the head, neck and chest injuries. Index calculation results confirm the influence of a small change to the leg and torso position on the index values, thus on the probability of injuries of the rear seat passengers in a passenger car.

PL

Przygotowano i przeprowadzono badania eksperymentalne, które mają na celu pogłębienie analizy wpływu pozycji osoby siedzącej na tylnym siedzeniu w samochodzie osobowym na ryzyko jej obrażeń w czasie wypadku drogowego. Ryzyko to jest rozważane i obliczone w aspekcie zajmowania przez człowieka w samochodzie pozycji nieznacznie odbiegającej od zaplanowanej przez producentów urządzeń ochrony indywidualnej. Uwagę skupiono na analizie wymiernych skutków zmiany tej pozycji w obszarze ruchu torsu i głowy oraz odkształcenia szyi. Badania eksperymentalne były symulacją fizyczną czołowego uderzenia samochodu w sztywną przeszkodę. Pokazały one, że stosunkowo niewielkie różnice w początkowej pozycji manekina mogą być przyczyną znacznych różnic w trajektorii ruchu oraz położeniu manekina w kulminacyjnej fazie testu zderzeniowego. Różnice te zostały szczegółowo opisane. Analizie poddano także wartości wskaźników kryterialnych, które dotyczą powstawania obrażeń głowy, szyi i klatki piersiowej. Wyniki obliczeń wskaźników potwierdzają wpływ już niewielkiej zmiany położenia nóg i torsu na ich wartości, a zatem na prawdopodobieństwo powstawania obrażeń u osób jadących na tylnych siedzeniach samochodu osobowego.

6

Praktyczne wykorzystanie i zastosowanie systemów zarządzania flotą, funkcje nadzoru i kontaktu stanowiska dyspozytorskiego z kierowcami

Gancarz T.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2014

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R. 15, nr 7-8

14-18

7

The analysis of the influence of the rear seat passenger position on the kinematics and dynamic loads on a torso and legs during a road accident

Prochowski L., Żuchowski A

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 2

335--342

EN

The analysis carried out by the authors indicates high threat to the rear seat passengers in passenger cars during a road accident. Vehicle designers indicate potential threats for passengers when they take a position in a car which is unexpected by a manufacturer of passive protection systems. Based on that, the tests were prepared in order to consider several different positions of a rear seat passenger. In particular, attention was paid to a threat to passengers when they take a position unexpected by a manufacturer of the passive protection systems in a car. Indicating and justifying a need to adjust the operation of the individual protection means to a passenger anatomy and current passenger position in a car in order to optimize his protection makes an important aim of these tests. This paper presents the results of the tests performed with a Hybrid III dummy, size M50, placed in three different positions in the back seat of a car. During each test, a series of physical values were measured and the motion of a dummy against the car body and the car interior components were filmed. The effects resulting from a change of a passenger’s position, observed on the courses of dynamic loads occurring during an accident, were analysed. Despite of small changes to a passenger’s position, their significant influence on the dummy movement during a frontal collision of a car and an obstacle was observed.

8

Bezpieczeństwo w zarobkowym transporcie lotniczym pasażerów

Merkisz-Guranowska A., Andrzejewska S., Kamyszek K.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2013

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R. 14, nr 3

213-224

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie bezpieczeństwa w zarobkowym transporcie lotniczym pasażerów. Opisano definicję bezpieczeństwa oraz czynniki, które determinują poczucie bezpieczeństwa wśród pasażerów. W dalszej części poruszono problem wypadkowości w transporcie lotniczym oraz określono najczęstsze przyczyny wypadków lotniczych. Następnie scharakteryzowano działania podejmowane w celu zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa na lotniskach oraz na pokładzie statków powietrznych.

EN

The concept of security in the commercial air passenger transport is presented in the article. At the beginning the authors define the mentioned concept and enumerate the factors which determine the sense of security among passengers. Then the problem of accidents in the air transport and their most frequent causes are described. Furthermore, the efforts to strengthen the security that are made at the airports and on board of aircrafts are presented.

9

Risk of injury for the front and rear seat passengers of the passenger cars in frontal impact

Żuchowski A.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

507-518

EN

The dynamic loads acting on a human body during a road accident may cause bodily injuries. They are dependent not only on the car structure and applied means of individual protection but also on the anthropometric features of a human body and its location in car. The safety of the car occupants on the rear seats in the passenger cars has been treated as a secondary issue so far. The achieved stage of the structure of that equipment for the rear seat occupants makes an important confirmation of that state. Usually there is no adjustment of the seat belt fixing point position, seat belt pretensioners, seat adjustment. This paper considers the risk of injury for the front and rear seat passengers of the passenger cars on the basis of analysis of dynamic loads that can affect them during the road accident. The attention was paid to the adults and children aged about 10 years. The dynamic loads were analysed with making use of experimental results of frontal flat barrier impact. During the tests, the passengers are protected by typical passive safety systems on the front and the rear seats. In the evaluation used the criteria of the biomechanical human body resistance to the impact load effect. The attention is paid to relations between a seat occupied in a car and the probability of injuries. The analysis of the laboratory impact tests was preceded by the assessment of risk of injury of the front and rear seat passengers in the real road accidents, which has been prepared based on the literature data.

10

Jakość kolejowych przewozów turystycznych

Milewski D., Panasiuk A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Problemy Transportu i Logistyki / Uniwersytet Szczeciński

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2007

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Nr 6

69--82

PL

[...]Problematyka jakości dóbr czy usług jest niezwykle istotna dla funkcjonowania każdego podmiotu gospodarczego, w tym również i kolejowych przewoźników turystycznych. Dzisiaj możliwość świadczenia rzetelnych usług nie wystarcza już w konkurencyjnym otoczeniu do utrzymania i zwiększenia swojego udziału w rynku, tym bardziej że przewoźnicy turystyczni (także i kolejowi) spotykają się z silną konkurencją wewnątrzgałęziową, a także ze strony innych gałęzi transportu. Szczególnej wagi nabiera zatem możliwość przedstawienia konkurencyjnej oferty, której wyznacznikiem byłyby najwyższe standardy jakościowe. Umiejętność ciągłego dostosowywania się do potrzeb i wymagań konsumentów warunkuje więc osiąganie przez przedsiębiorstwa świadczące usługi przewozowe zakładanych celów.[...]

EN

The paper presents issues relating to the possibilities of measuring the quality of tourist rail. On the basis of identification of the general relations between transport and tourism there were formed the quality features of rail transport services. Assuming that rail is basic means of domestic tourist transport there were shown the factors influencing the quality level, quality features and the possible methods of the quality level evaluation.