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1

Sensitivity of transport object control quality for measuring the inaccuracy of state variables

Lisowski Józef

Journal of Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 6, No. 1

19--30

EN

This work analyzes the sensitivity functions and optimum control of a transport and logistics process model. It explains the fundamental model of controlling safe ship movement as a differential game, and optimizing control algorithms through multi-matrix game and multi-stage positioning game. The sensitivity features for controlling safe ship in actual collision scenario are described in relation to inaccurate information of process position and variations in its varables, based on the determination of computer simulation algorithms in Matlab/Simulink software.

2

Global and local planning of ship route using MATLAB and Simulink

Kupraty O., Tomara M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

205--215

EN

This article considers a new method of decomposing the ship route into global and local planning using MATLAB and Simulink developed by the authors. The authors propose to create a program code in MATLAB and operate it into Simulink. Wherein, the corrective coefficients were written in MATLAB. Such trajectories are constructed as a set of points, collected into the special matrix. In determining of the angle value of the rudder was used the ship’s turning ability such as: high (HG), middle (MD) or low (LW) with regard to passage area. Moreover, in the article were analyzed and calculated the ship rudder effectiveness for Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. The paper is devoted to the problem of safety navigation. First of all is the task of planning the path: the trajectory of the vessel’s movement in the local water area. The purpose of planning the vessel trajectory in the local water area is to ensure navigation safety due to marine traffic and environmental conditions. One of the tasks of the present work is controlling following a desired trajectory. The article notes affect of the vessel motion deviation into control process.

3

EGNOS performance in several maritime campaigns

Lacarra E., González R., Lopez-Martinez M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 4

855--861

EN

This article presents the EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) performance observed along several maritime campaigns carried out in European waters with the objective to demonstrate the availability of corrections and the suitability of the accuracy to support maritime navigation. The regions selected correspond to those located in the border area of EGNOS coverage and include the following campaigns: Norwegian coast in 2018, Southwest of Europe in 2018 & 2019, Finnish coast in 2019, Baltic Sea in 2021 and Irish coast in 2022. These results in real maritime environment aim at demonstrating that EGNOS L1 service is suitable to support maritime navigation in ocean waters, coastal waters and harbour entrances/approaches according to the operational requirements defined in the IMO Res. A.1046 (27), being beneficial for maritime community.

4

Analysis of pier contact accident in busan new port of south Korea by System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP)

Kim S. R., Wamugi W. J., Camliyurt G., Kim D. W., Park Y. S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

299--304

EN

Marine accidents are caused by complex and diverse causes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse accidents from the perspective of the whole system rather than the existing analysis models that focus on cause-effect. The STAMP analysis is a constraint-based model that focuses on improper management or enforcement of safety-related constraints in system operation. Thus, as a case study of the application of the STAMP technique in marine accident analysis, the Milano Bridge pier contact accident that occurred on April 6, 2020 in Busan New Port of South Korea was analysed by the STAMP technique in this study. Through this study, it was proposed to break away from the domestic accident investigation, which focused only on the punishment of the ship operator, and to suggest improvements that enable organizations related to the marine accidents to take initiative to take efforts for safety.

5

The impact of the offshore wind farm on radar navigation

Stupak T., Wilczyński P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

647--656

EN

Offshore wind farms can improve safety at sea because they are clearly visible landmarks at sea. Although they limit the sea area available to sailors and ships, they will increase the scope of observation of the sea traffic from land, constitute additional landmarks and, thanks to the installation of additional devices in their waters, expand the area of communication between ships and land services, and increase the scope of information on sea traffic available to the services. They also practically do not limit the possibility of observation through the farm's reservoir.

6

Statistical analysis of bulk carrier accident from 2011 to 2020

Nwigwe T., Kiyokazu M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

153--157

EN

The high rates of casualties in bulk carrier shipping have attracted a worldwide concern for safety and regulatory control from numerous governmental and private agencies. Between 2011 and 2020, a total number of 34 bulk carriers’ ships has been identify as total loos, resulting to the death of 128 seafarers. In this study, the statistically analysis of bulk carrier accident occurring from 2011 to 2020, in terms of their frequency, types of accident, locations of incidents and the factors that influence their occurrence has been reviewed. This study will contribute to decision-making and guidance on rational safety resource allocation that will help reduce the high casualty rates in bulk carrier.

7

Ship causalities – reasons and statistical analyze

Denev Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

607--610

EN

The paper deals with most recently damages caused ship accidents and their number in the World Ocean. A lot of them are a result of bad technical condition or human mistake. The first reason is due to ship age, non- qualitative maintenance and non- qualitative repair of ship hull thought its life cycle, while the second reason is mainly of labour safety neglect. Analyzed period covers 27 years, from 1994 up to 2021. The analyze is done for two ships group- merchant and special ships. The paper described damages on ship hull and its structural members caused ship accidents and environmental pollution in relation with age of ships. The number and degree of marine causalities are analyzed. Moreover, statistical analysis presents the often causalities and areas in the World Ocean by ship and damage types. Finally, probabilistic density distributions of damages were shown by Fisher distribution curve. The damages on Fisher distribution curve are presented independent one another.

8

Navigation’s safety improving by efficiently analysis of the ship’s power Plant energy flows interconnection

Veretennik A., Kulyeshov I., Mikhailov S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

39--42

EN

The operation of an autonomous movable objects, such as a sea transport vessels, implies the presence of a source of potential energy on board the vessel and the possibility of converting this energy into the work required for the autonomous movable object (vessel). Being an autonomous object, a transport vessel should be provided with energy for it moving, energy for heat exchange processes on board and electricity for powering electrical equipment, automation and navigation systems, and household needs on board. An analysis of the component of the engine room equipment made it possible to designate (combine) the generating equipment of mechanical energy flow, equipment which are generating the heat energy flow and equipment which are generating the electric energy flow. Based on the results of the research the relationships between the energy flows are identified connections and ways to ensure stabilization of energy generation on board the cargo vessel is outlined. Using the results of the research the relationships between the energy flows will reduce the likelihood of accidents on board a cargo vessel due to a stop in the generation of one of the energy flows and thereby ensure increased safety of man at sea. Taking into account the peculiarities of the distribution of energy flows in ship power plants can be an effective tool not only to improve the economic performance of it, but also to increase the safety of navigation and navigation in general, due to the reliable provision of uninterrupted and efficient operation of ship power plants.

9

Modeling navigation, ecologic and economic results of planned voyage of ship on the Northern Sea Route

Pastusiak T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

611--623

EN

Over the years, many publications have been published on planning ship’s passage through the NSR and input and output data modeling. Results were not considered in terms of errors of modeled output data. Basic research for the years 2008 - 2020 was carried out in the study on opening and closing dates of ice-free transit corridor on the NSR and probable number of tariff zones where paid assistance of icebreakers would be required. Mathematical relationships of average values and probable errors of navigational, ecological and economic ship voyage performance were developed. For this purpose, partial derivatives of functions were used. The outcomes of the study have shown that changes of total average cost of vessel’s transit voyage depends mostly on number of tariff zones where assistance of icebreakers is required. But navigation with icebreakers assistance ensures smaller standard deviation of total voyage time and thus more precise scheduling of ship's voyage timetable through the NSR. The higher probability of meeting requirements set by decision-maker when planning a long-term voyage of ship, the shorter time window for meeting these requirements. Outside the favorable time window, the navigational, ecological and economic results of voyage deteriorate very quickly.

10

Legal analysis of the U.S. supreme court position upon a safe berth warranty and evaluation of the UK legal position

Boviatsis M., Daniil G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

27--32

EN

This research is focused upon the evaluation of safe berth clause pursuant to US law, in conjunction with UK law, based on the recent US Supreme Court ruling over “ATHOS I”, which was fixed pursuant to an ASBATANKVOY charterparty to carry a cargo of heavy crude oil from Venezuela to Paulsboro, New Jersey. The dispute arose during the final stretch of the voyage, as the vessel entered the Delaware River, an uncharted abandoned ship anchor ruptured the vessel’s hull causing 264,000 gallons of oil to spill. The Oil Pollution Act 1990 required the Owners to fund the clean-up costs in the first instance (limited to US$45 million) and the US Federal Government’s Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund reimbursed Owners for an additional US$88 million in clean-up costs. Owners and the US Federal Government filed suit against voyage charterers for breach of the ASBATANKVOY charterparty safe berth clause. The case went through two trials, and before the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit twice, before the Supreme Court were asked to determine ultimate liability. The question before the Court was whether the safe berth clause was a warranty of safety, which meant that liability for an unsafe berth would be imposed on voyage charterers irrespective of whether they exercised due diligence. The answer to that question was yes; the language of the safe berth clause in this case was unambiguous and unqualified. The obligation on the voyage charterers was to designate a berth that was free from harm or risk such that the vessel come and go from always safely afloat. The Court went on to comment that “charterers remain free to contract around unqualified language that would otherwise establish a warranty of safety, by expressly limiting the extent of their obligations or liability. In the absence of any such qualifying language however the Supreme Court has made it clear that a charterer is liable to the owner for any consequences arising out of the ship being ordered to an unsafe berth, an obligation unfettered by any issues of due diligence or the degree of knowledge on the part of the charterer.

11

Evaluation of tugboat response time as an accident prevention measure in the strait of Istanbul

Kodak G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

281--287

EN

The Strait of Istanbul, 17 nautical miles long, is one of the main routes of international maritime trade. Connecting the Black Sea countries with other countries of the world, the Strait is the second busiest waterway in the world in terms of international ship traffic. In addition to busy sea traffic, limited geographical conditions also make it difficult to navigational safety. The Strait of Istanbul is the only chokepoint that stands out with the risk of maritime accidents on the primary routes of world maritime trade. This situation poses a risk for both the transiting ships and the city of Istanbul, which has a dense population around it. Some of the accidents that took place in the recent history have caused worldwide concern due to the environmental pollution they cause. Considering the advantages provided by the developing shipbuilding technology and today load capacity of the ships, a disaster that will occur in a possible accident today will cause much greater destruction than in the past. In this direction, it has become a necessity to examine the accident profile in the strait in order to develop effective accident prevention measures and to strengthen the level of navigational safety in the region. In this study, maritime accidents that occurred in the Strait of Istanbul over a 16-year period were discussed in terms of their types and the response time of tugboats to a possible accident was examined.

12

Assessment of factors contributing to the risks of accident

Prayogo D., Ndori A., Andromeda V. D., Kurnianing Sari D., Hartoyo H., Sulistiyowati E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

33--37

EN

The study is research and development by utilizing the ex post facto approach. The research area is at the KM. Gunung Dempo. The research information was collected using a questionnaire method and then analyzed using evaluative analysis techniques via descriptive-quantitative analysis. This study is evaluative research with N-Gain. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Valid data in the validity test results can be used for research. Two items of data were found to be invalid during the validity test. Result of N-Gain was 0.766 which was in high category, meaning that implementation of system model changed into suitable and powerful to enhance understanding. Result of t-test showed that t for statistical test was 93.398 with significance level = 0.000 (p<0.05), meaning that the model was effective. Drill Program implemented is in a good category. Correlation coefficient of pre-test and post-test was 0.878. Result of N-Gain was 0.766 which was in high category, meaning that implementation of Training application system version turned into top and powerful to enhance learning. Result of t-test showed that t for statistical test was 93.398 with significance level = 0.000 (p<0.05), meaning that the model was effective.

13

Application of the multi-criteria navigational safety assessment method for the proposed variants of the designed waterway

Formela K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

633--636

EN

The article presents an exemplary application of the multi-criteria navigational safety assessment method for the proposed variants of the designed waterway in order to verify it. This method comprehensively considers the most important environmental and technical aspects related to the implementation of the planned investment. The method can be used for the purposes of navigational analysis, i.e. an engineering document that meets the requirements of the regulation of the competent, which subject to agreement with the Director of the territorially competent Maritime Office.

14

Analysis of inflatable liferaft layout effectiveness towards the evacuation process for passenger ships based on IMO MSC.1/Circ. 1533

Mulyatno L P., Yudo H., Prasanti S. A., Amiruddin W.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

625--631

EN

The inflatable liferaft layout applied to passenger ships for the effectiveness of the evacuation process must be based on IMO MSC.1/Circ. 1533 regulations with the maximum evacuation duration is n ≤ 60 minutes. Based on the data from KNKT, in 2021, sea transportation became the biggest contributor to accidents with 342 people dying and missing. Liferaft is one of the main safety tool used during an emergency to save the people and leave the ship. This study used Thunderhead Pathfinder software which was Agent Based Evacuation Simulation combined with 3-D simulation results. The modeling was conducted with two types of layout liferaft and two scenarios of dangerous conditions, the first was a fire in the engine room and the second is the ship experiencing a 20° of heel. The results of this study indicate that there was a difference in the total evacuation duration between the existing layout and the layout that has been changed according to the writer's suggestion. In fire conditions there is a difference of 1 minute 18 seconds in case 1, 1 minute 16 seconds in case 2, 1 minute 38 seconds in case 3, and 22 seconds in case 4. In the heel condition there is a difference of 1 minute 19 seconds in case 1 and 1 minute 25 seconds in case 2. The results of the evacuation simulation modeling with the liferaft layout on the navigation deck that have been modified according to the writer’s suggestion in all cases are getting a value of n ≤ 60 minutes and also have complied with the IMO MSC.1/Circ. 1533 regulations.

15

Alarm handling onboard vessels operating in DP mode

Nepal S., Gudmestad O. T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

51--56

EN

This paper explores concerns regarding the design, implementation, and management of alarms in DP vessels that, while in operation, need an incredibly high level of accuracy along with high reliability and safe operations. The Human, Technological, and Organizational factors (HTO) method is primarily used as analysis tool to find weaknesses in alarm handling during DP operations. The research focuses on results collected from Dynamic Positioning Operators (DPO) and instructors. Findings from the survey are presented and compared to the results from past accidents and technical requirements from Petroleum Safety Agency Norway via YA 711. Three accidents from past are referred to picturize the findings from the survey results. Furthermore, the conclusion is given with recommendations reflecting the findings from the survey. The main findings are an urgency to establish a centralized marine accident investigation system which enforces learning and recommendation to make operations safer. In addition, the survey also suggests that prohibition of clients or limiting their access to the bridge is necessary. Manufacturers could focus on research and development of alarm prioritization, on structuring and presentation, and profiting by taking feedback from end-users to make DP operations safer.

16

A theoretical analysis of contemporary vessel navigational systems: assessing the future role of the human element for unmanned vessels

Polemis D., Darousos E. F., Boviatsis M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

637--646

EN

This article aims to investigate the contemporary challenges of electronic navigation and assess the appropriate amendments should autonomous vessel technology becomes widespread in the near future. Vessel control systems and maritime communication are essential and sending and receiving alarm signals is critical to contemporary ship navigation. Numerous location and shipping information systems, such as GPS, Loran-C, and Decca, have arisen in recent decades to improve navigational safety. Other systems, including VHF and Inmarsat, have been developed to enhance the efficiency of maritime communication on board and to transmit risk and safety-related data. Additionally, safe navigation requires systems like Navtex, EGS, DSC, Epirb, and others [1].

17

A tale of two disruptive maritime technologies: nuclear propulsion and autonomy

Wróbel K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

733--741

EN

Modern industries often attempt to implement innovations that have a disruptive potential. In shipping, this included a largely unsuccessful introduction of nuclear propulsion in late 20th century, among other concepts. Nowadays, introduction of increased autonomy is being associated with prospects of various industry-wide benefits, but is also burdened with serious obstacles. The objective of this study is to investigate reasons behind the failure of nuclear-powered merchant ships introduction and whether lessons learnt from it can be applied to the prospective implementation of autonomous merchant ships. It advocates that three aspects of maritime technology are crucial for its successful implementation: perceived level of safety, economical feasibility, and legal setup.

18

A study on the safety at sea for boat captains and motormen in region VI: modified basic safety course with typhoon awareness

Dohina A. D., Picpican S. M., Robles L. L., Toledo V., Cordero A. S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

289--293

EN

Safety of crew, passengers, cargo and vessel is the most important aspect in terms of navigation. Boat Captain’s is responsible for the safety of vessel of less than 35GRT. The primary reason while MARINA conducting the MBSTC Training with Typhoon Awareness together with the ISCOF to be sure that they are enough knowledge in terms of safety at sea. Life is a very important to all of us that’s why the boat Captain must be aware about the safety of his crew, passengers, cargo and vessel. When disaster and emergency happen onboard you must know what to do. Based on this premise, the objective of this study is to train the Boat Captain and Motormen in Medical First Aid, Advanced Fire Fighting, Personal Survival Techniques and Collision Regulations. The study employed qualitative research using purposive sampling to gather the opinions and ideas of the respondents.

19

Effective learning from safety events reporting takes two: getting to the root & just culture

Carrera-Arce M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 4

775--780

EN

SAFEMODE is an EU-funded project under the Horizon 2020 programme. The project brings together experience from the whole safety value chain including manufacturers, service providers, regulators, academia, and small-medium enterprises. This paper focuses on two core aspects the project is addressing: 1) the systematic collection, analysis, and categorization of Human Factors (HF) data from maritime and aviation safety events, and 2) the development of a Just Culture framework for maritime to encourage reporting of safety events and learning from them, and at which respondents feel they are treated in a fair and just manner when reporting. Learning from safety events is only possible if root causes of accidents and incidents are properly and systematically identified, analysed, and categorized, and reporters know that reporting is a “safe” and beneficial practice. The implementation of these two outcomes as part of the institutionalization strategy of the project includes recommendations to industry guidance and practice and proposals to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

20

Analysis of maritime accidents in the context of demand for MoB MEDS the mobile base of the marine emergency diving service

Jurczyński M., Rutkowski G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

209--215

EN

The purpose and scope of this paper is to present the demand of Polish waters for the boat MoB MEDS the Mobile Base of the Marine Emergency Diving Service, which would enable necessary underwater works (repairs and inspections) for ships requiring immediate assistance. The MoB MEDS boat could also protect sensitive sea areas against potential oil and / or chemical spills from the ship, which could seriously threaten the safety of human life, the safety of navigation and the protection of the natural environment with its unique ecological values. Mentioned demand is supported by the analysis of selected statistical data on maritime accidents in Polish waters and planned maritime investments.