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Significance of Stump-Sprouting for the Population Size Structure and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Endangered Species, Magnolia cylindrical

Li J., Wu Y., Wu T., Cao L., Chen J., Qiu Z., Zhang Y., Xu G., Zhang J., Liu P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

247--257

EN

Magnolia cylindrica Wils. is one of the third most-protected wild plants in China. To describe the size structure and dynamics of its population, field data were obtained from eight newly established sites, using a contiguous grid quadrate method in Jiulong Mountain of East China. The population size structure and spatial distribution pattern were discussed based on a theoretical distribution model and assembling intensity index. The population size structure showed a declining trend because of the lack of seedlings. The number of stump-sprouting, size class III (sapling trees) individuals was large enough to make up for the shortage of small seedlings and the complete regeneration of populations through sprouting. The distributions of M. cylindrica, both seedling populations (Group A) and overall populations (Group B), were mostly clumped. The spatial pattern intensities of the populations at different stages (mainly small trees, middle trees, and big trees) were higher for Group A than those for Group B. The two groups have the same tendency in that the pattern intensity declined from small trees to the larger ones. Group A and Group B differed in spatial pattern: small and middle trees were randomly distributed in seedling populations, but aggregated in overall populations. The populations of M. cylindrica (both group A and B) were characterized by the pattern scale between 16 to 32 m2, measured by Greig-Smith and Kershaw methods. These results suggest that sprouting should be seriously considered in population rehabilitation and forest tending management and the area of forest tending management should be close to the maximum intensity.

2

Ukorzenianie sadzonek chryzantemy wielkokwiatowej z zastosowaniem diod elektroluminescencyjnych

Woźny A., Rymarz D.

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2017

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T. 21, cz. 2

153--160

PL

Doświetlanie upraw jest powszechnie wykorzystywane do poprawy plonowania i jakości roślin ozdobnych. Diody to obiecujące rozwiązania technologiczne, których liczne zalety przewyższają tradycyjnie stosowane lampy sodowe. W produkcji chryzantem szczególnie istotne jest pozyskanie prawidłowo wykształconych i dobrze ukorzenionych sadzonek. W całorocznej uprawie sterowanej konieczne jest doświetlanie sadzonek ukorzenianych od listopada do połowy lutego. W przeprowadzonym doświadczeniu badano możliwość zastosowania światła emitowanego przez diody w trakcie ukorzeniania sadzonek trzech odmian chryzantemy wielkokwiatowej. Wykazano, iż lampy do doświetlania roślin zbudowane w technologii LED mogą z powodzeniem zastąpić lampy sodowe (HPS) jako dodatkowe źródło światła na etapie ukorzeniania sadzonek. Mniejsze zużycie energii w porównaniu z konwencjonalnymi lampami sodowymi z pewnością zwiększy opłacalność całorocznej produkcji chryzantem.

EN

Supplementary lighting is commonly used to increase yield and quality of ornamental plants. Light – emitting diodes (LEDs) represent a promising technology for the greenhouse industry that has technical advantages over traditional sodium lamps. In the production of chrysanthemums it is particularly important to have properly developed and well-rooted cuttings. In year – round controlled cultivation of chrysanthemums it is necessary to use supplementary lighting from November to mid-February. The possibility of application of LED during the rooting of two cultivars of chrysanthemums was investigated. Our data suggest that LEDs are suitable replacements for HPS lamps as supplemental light sources during the cuttings rooting. Lower energy consumption compared to conventional sodium lamps will increase the profitability of year – round controlled production of chrysanthemums.

3

Causes of variation in generative reproduction of Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce in N-Poland populations

Kosiński I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

443--456

EN

Seed production, seedling establishment and survival into the generative phase are important stages in the life cycles of clonal species. The aim of this study was to assess the variation of generative reproduction and factors affecting its size in the natural populations of Polygonatum odoratum. It was hypothesized that: (a) seed output in a population is strongly affected by biotic and abiotic environmental factors, and weakly related to population abundance, (b) seeds’ ability to germinate and seedlings’ survival depend on the seed size. The field studies were conducted in five populations of Polygonatum odoratum in 2000–2011. Sex allocation in flowers was estimated as the number of hermaphrodite flowers on shoots and ovules in ovaries. Generative shoots, flowers and fruits on them were recorded in each population. The type and size of damage to plants by large herbivores and insects were recorded. The three sowing experiments were conducted in order to estimate seedling performance and survival. The populations differed significantly in the fraction of hermaphrodite flowers and ovule number. The number of generative shoots and flowers on them as well as the seed output significantly differentiated the populations and patches. In the first year of study, the mean seed output ranged from 0.3 to 123.7 m-2, and it markedly decreased in two populations, where there was no seed at last years of study. Generative shoots were often grazed by roe-deer, leaves were eaten by Phymato cera aterrima and flowers were infested by Con tarinia polygonati larvae. Seedling emergence was significantly correlated with the mean seed mass. Seven-year-old individuals were able to reach generative phase. In conclusions, the results suggest that the generative shoots provide a long-term inflow of seeds to the population. Under experimental conditions, substantial survival enabled the plants to potentially reach generative maturity. In studied populations, the most important reason for dynamic of seed output was animal pressure (in order – grazing, flower infestation and defoliation). The effect of these biotic factors was visible in a short period – in the current year. In contrast, the impact of abiotic factors (e.g. lighting), was appeared in a longer period.

4

The effect of gaps size on colonization process in Molinietum caeruleae meadows with different habitat conditions

Kostrakiewicz K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 4

677-686

EN

The disturbances defined as an external factor causing biomass removal are a key component of all ecosystems. In phytocenoses with a continuous vegetation cover and a large proportion of perennial plants the fine-scale disturbances create gaps, which are the temporary competitor-free microsites suitable for plant recruitment. The investigations of natural colonization of different size gaps in Molinietum caeruleae meadows were carried out in patches dominated by small species creating delicate, erect or procumbent stems (MC), prevailed by large-tussock grasses (GR), and overgrown by willows (SA). Each patch was represented by ten plots, divided into four square subplots of 0.16 m2, 0.09 m2, 0.04 m2 and 0.01 m2. In each of them the aboveground parts of plants were clipped and removed with the litter. the seedlings recruitment was observed in 2007.2009. The highest species richness in gaps was observed in the MC patch and might be caused by week competition for light from neighbouring plants with delicate, procumbent stems and narrow leaves. The smaller rate of recruitment in SA and GR patches could be caused by overshading willows as well as by the competition from large and dense tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa and Molinia caerulea. At all patches species richness declined with the decreasing gap size. The developed seedling pool represented both species occurring in the surrounding canopy and such which were not found there. However, their contribution varied between particular patches. Regardless gap size, the MC seedling pool was dominated by species which did not occur in the established vegetation, whereas in GR gaps both groups were represented by similar numbers of taxa and the SA gaps become dominated by species present in the surrounding canopy. Irrespective of patch character, in each subplot the medium-seeded species were represented most abundantly. The recruitment of genets of large-seeded species decreased, while the abundance of individuals ofsmall-seeded taxa increased with the increasing gap size. In the light of the performed study, one might suggest that extent-controlled disturbances can be used as an effective way of the conservation of Molinietum caeruleae patches dominated by small meadow species being outcompeted by large-tussock grasses and over-shaded by willows.

5

Na czym polega sylwopastoralizm i jakie przynosi korzyści?

Gąsiorek S., Kostuch R.

Ekoinżynieria

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1998

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nr 3

32-34

EN

The author discusses advantages following from the applocation of an integrated pasture-forest method of land use.It has been found that trees growing in pastures are of advantageous effect both on animals that may seek for protection against sunshine and wind and on grasstype plants.Pasture trees are also of positive effect on soil and landscape-it has been observed that soil erosion processes caused by wind or water get reduced.