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1

Effects of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) Rooting on Seedling Emergence in Białowieża Forest

Sondej I., Kwiatkowska-Falińska A. J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 4

380--389

EN

The wild boar is an omnivorous animal, and by foraging (rooting) disturbs the top soil layer. In some regions of Poland and Europe seasonal fluctuations in rooting have been observed. Wild boars not only eat plants, but also strongly modify their habitat. In Białowieża National Park wild boar most frequently visit oak-hornbeam forests on fertile soil. On sites where the forest floor is covered with dense vegetation the germination of seeds is difficult, and wild boar rooting can promote the removal of diaspores from deeper layers of the soil seed bank. Within a 3-year observation on 30 subplots about 10,000 seedlings emerged representing 38 species. Our study revealed that rooted patches are characterised by a very rich and diverse flora of seedlings representing mostly forest species, but their density is low. The dominant species germinating in the disturbed ground vegetation is Urtica dioica, a species forming the persistent soil seed bank. There is a possibility that seedlings of herbaceous plants emerging on permanently rooted patches are of exogenous origin, since the seeds germinating there were in many cases damaged by repeatedly rooting animals and had no chance for further growth and reaching the generative phase. However, the soil seed bank in the rooted area has to be analysed to confirm this theory, that they have exogenous or endogenous origin. Seedling density in a repeatedly rooted oak-hornbeam forest is determined by factors other than those related to rooting. In this context the present study did not demonstrate a negative impact of rooting intensity on seedling emergence.

2

The effect of tropospheric ozone on flavonoids and pigments content in common buckwheat cotyledons

Dębski H., Wiczkowski W., Szawara-Nowak D., Bączek N., Piechota M., Horbowicz M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2017

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Vol. 24, nr 3

457--466

EN

Tropospheric ozone forms in photochemical reactions or by refuse burning and combustion of exhaust gases from engines, and during some industrial processes. The mean ambient ozone concentration doubled during the last century, and in many urban areas has reached the phytotoxic level. In the present study, there was determined the effect of ozone fumigation on levels of individual flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and total phenols in the cotyledons of four common buckwheat cultivars (Hruszowska, Panda, Kora and Red Corolla). Six-day-old buckwheat seedlings were grown in controlled conditions and treated with an elevated dose of ozone (391 μg · m−3) during 5 days for 1 h each day. After the experiment, the cotyledons of the seedlings were analysed for individual flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and total phenols. Shoot elongation was also measured. Individual types of flavonoids in buckwheat cotyledons were found to respond to an elevated ozone dose in various ways. The response was also dependent on the cultivar evaluated. In the cotyledons of ozonized buckwheat seedlings, contents of C-glucosides of luteolin and apigenin decreased or did not change depending on the cultivar examined. In the case of flavonols, the contents of quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-galactoside and rutin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside) were markedly reduced in most cultivars. O3 had no effect on the level of anthocyanins and chlorophylls but it decreased carotenoids, and tended to inhibit buckwheat growth. In conclusion, a thesis can be formulated that, due to high reduction in important flavonoids, an elevated level of ambient ozone decreases the nutritional value of common buckwheat seedlings.

3

Effects of Litter Accumulation on Plant Communities in Fenced Desert Steppe

Li X., Liu B., Chen L., Song N.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

333--340

EN

The litter decomposition plays an important role in nutrient circle of grassland ecosystem, the water holding ability of litter and physical and chemical characteristics have been studied exclusively over the past century. However, the effect of litter accumulation on plant community in desert steppe under fenced condition was little known. In this study, four typical plant communities were employed to identify the effects of litter accumulation on plant communities. The results showed the trend of litter accumulation amount in the four different types of plant communities was best represented by Birk model. The accumulation of litter had different effects on the number of seedlings. When litter accumulation reached 300–400 g cm-2, green-up dates advance 7 days. The amount of seedling germination and the number of plant species reached a peak. Meanwhile, plant density, coverage, average height, richness, and evenness reached maximum values. It was concluded that when opposite fencing time was about 6 years, and the optimum amount of litter accumulation was about 300–400 g cm-2, which could advance the green-up dates and increase the number of plant seedlings, and also improve or maintain community stability. Such a notion has to be taken into account for the development of an improved policy for environmental management in desert steppe.

4

Are Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. tussocks safe for seedling recruitment in the succession of wet meadows?

Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

707--721

EN

In stressful and harsh environments, safe sites for seedling recruitment may be created by nurse plants, which accumulate propagules and subsequently facilitate the establishment of individuals. The main goal of the presented studies focused on observations of seedling recruitment in small and large tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa derived from patches of unmanaged Molinietum caeruleae meadows situated along the successional gradient and dominated by small meadow species (Patch I), by macroforbs (Patch II), or overgrown by trees and shrubs (Patch III). The studies showed that, irrespective of patch character, Serratula tinctoria, Selinum carvifolia, Lysimachia vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria are among the best colonizers of Deschampsia caespitosa tussocks. The gradual decrease in number of species and offspring abundance along the successional gradient may be connected with a prolonged period of water stagnation accelerating the development of fungal pathogens, a major cause of mortality for buried diaspores. The growing frequency of species present in standing vegetation and the gradually rising contribution of swamp and forest taxa in consecutive patches may be due to the production of non-persistent diaspores by early successional species, as well as reduced seed immigration from neighboring sites. The obtained results included evidence that, regardless of patch character, the percentage of seedlings representing species present in and absent from existing vegetation as well as taxa with various vegetation types is similar in small and large tussocks. Furthermore, in small tussocks, regardless of patch character, anemochorous and hydrochorous taxa dominated, the frequency of endo- and epizoochorous taxa was much lower, while the percentage of species characterized by other modes of diaspore dispersal attained the lowest rates. In large tussocks, anemochorous and epizoochorous species prevailed, the share of endozoochorous and hydrochorous taxa was lower, and the contribution of species characterized by other modes of dissemination was very scarce. On the basis of these studies it might be concluded that, despite the successive decrease of species and seedling abundance, and along with the increase in the recruitment of taxa resident in standing vegetation, especially woody species, the tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa are reservoirs of meadow species even in advanced successional stages and may play a significant role in the process of long-term species turnover.

5

The impact of disturbance gradient on recruitment of clonal plant species in Molinietum caeruleae meadows

Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

519--531

EN

The investigations of the impact of disturbance severity on recruitment of clonal plant species were preformed in three Molinietum caeruleae patches dominated by small meadow species (MC), or prevailed by tall grasses (GR) or overgrown by willows (SA). The meadows were located in Vistula valley close to Kraków agglomeration, southern Poland. In above menntionned patches ten permanent experimental plots were randomly arranged. Each plot was divided in four subplots measured 900 cm2 represented undisturbed control, low level of disturbance (the litter and the moss layer removal), intermediate level of disturbance (the litter, moss and above-ground vegetation removal), high level of disturbance (the litter, moss and the plants removal as well as top soil raking). The colonization of gaps was observed in the years 2008–2010. Irrespective of patch character, the greatest species richness and seedling abundance were observed in gaps, which occurred in result of intermediate disturbances. Weaker recruitment rates were recorded in openings left after disturbances of low- and high severity, while in fully compact herb layer no seedlings were found. In MC patch, regardless of treatment in all openings similar spectra of life history traits were observed. In seedling pool of all subplots appeared taxa creating below ground organs of clonal growth. In all subplots dominated species with intermediate values of lateral spread, numerous vegetative descendants, short-lasting stems and no persistent genet integration. In sites GR and SA in openings left after weak disturbances appeared species with below- and aboveground organs of clonal growth. The majority of them characterized by slight lateral spread, low number of vegetative offsprings, long lifespan of shoots and persistent genet integration. The abundance of taxa creating underground clonal growth organs, with considerable vegetative spread, high production of daughter ramets, short lifespan of shoots and not enduring genet integration increased gradually and significantly with disturbance gradient. Although the greatest recruitment rates were found in gaps left after removal of litter, moss and above-ground parts of plants, the most effective way for conservation of Molinietum caeruleae meadows appeared to be creation of different severity disturbances. Such treatment contributes to maintenance of heterogeneity of clonal species composition, especially in patches in advanced successional stages

6

Biodegradowalne włókninowe opaski dla sadzonek w ogrodnictwie i leśnictwie

Czaplicki Z., Ruszkowski K.

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2011

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nr 10

34-35

EN

Various ceramic or plastic containers (pots) and ring foil tubes are used in the cultivation of cuttings in gardens and forests. In the new solution pots and foil rings are replaced with rings made of a needled non-woven produced from waste natural fibers, (flax, hemp) and additionally reinforced with a net made also from natural fibers. The new solution has a number of advantages. The non-woven band allows free flow of air to the plant root system. The non-woven structure allows also the growth of roots into the outer soil layers. The biodegradability of the bands allows the planting to be done without their removal. The non-woven structure also helps to retain lots of water needed for the plant growth. The main economic advantages: reduction of the time consumption in production of cuilings, plants and their cultivation: lack of plastic pot and foil band wastes and the need for their utilization: simple and easy way of transferring the plants into ground.

7

Nowe zestawy pojazdów przeznaczone dla szkółek leśnych do transportu sadzonek drzew

Dubowski A. P., Grzelak J., Karbowski R., Pawłowski T., Rakowicz A., Weymann S., Wojtkowiak R., Zembrowski K.

Logistyka

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2009

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nr 6

CD-CD

PL

Nowe zestawy pojazdów złożone z samochodu skrzyniowego i naczepy typu gęsia szyja opracowano w PIMR z przeznaczeniem dla transportu sadzonek drzewek w szkółkach leśnych. Leśny zestaw pojazdów wyposażono w nowej kategorii system sprzęgu kulowego (średnica kuli 60mm) oraz nowoczesny elektroniczny układ sterujący hydraulicznymi hamulcami naczepy. Dla potrzeb wstępnych badań drogowych i leśnych zbudowano wirtualne i rzeczywiste modele: naczepy typu gęsia szyja, stalowego kontenera, lekkiego składanego żurawika. Kontenery są chronione opończami wykonanymi z agrotkaniny STRADOMAGRO, w trzech kolorach-białym czarnym i zielonym. Wstępne drogowe i leśne badania wykazały, że tkaniny te dobrze chronią przewożone sadzonki drzewek leśnych. Nowe zestawy drogowe powinny zmniejszyć nakłady pracy ludzkiej, poprawić jej jakość oraz bezpieczeństwo i efektywność transportu w szkółkach leśnych w Polsce.

EN

New transportation units for forestry tree nursery were designed and build in PIMR that are based on light trucks coupled with gooseneck trailers. Forestry transportation unit is equipped with new category of ball hitch and its coupler (60 mm in dia) as well as with modern electronic system for steering hydraulic brakes in gooseneck trailer . Virtual models as well as real steel models of gooseneck trailer, steel container , light collapsible lift were made for preliminary road and forestry tests. Containers were equipped with new protective covers made from three different colors (white, black, green) nonwoven agrotextiles STRADOMAGRO for secure transportation of Styrofoam blocks with forestry trees. Road and forestry preliminary tests shown that such kind of agrotextiles are well protecting small trees during transportation. New road units should reduce human work, improve its quality and improve of safety and efficiency of forestry nurseries transportation in Poland.

8

Miskant olbrzymi

Majewska-Sawka A.

Czysta Energia

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2009

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Nr 11

34-35

9

Cechy biometryczne sosny czarnej (Pinus nigra Arn.) struktura biomasy

Sporek M.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr S4

613-618

PL

Badania prowadzone były na 5-letnich sadzonkach sosny czarnej (Pinus nigra) z zakrytym systemem korzeniowym, które wyhodowano w Leśnej Szkółce Kontenerowej w Kostrzycy. Znaczenie aplikacyjne takich badań sprowadza się do ustalenia optymalnych relacji pomiędzy biomasą części nadziemnej (pęd główny, gałęzie, igliwie) a biomasą części podziemnej (korzenia). Właściwa skala tych relacji decyduje o udatności nasadzeń w uprawach w warunkach polowych poddanych silnej antropopresji czy też na gruntach zdegradowanych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że istnieje istotna korelacja między ma-są części nadziemnej a systemem korzeniowym r = 0,77. Przy klasyfikacji siewek można posługiwać się ich grubością w szyjce korzeniowej (do), która jest łatwa do określenia i ściśle wiąże się z aparatem asymilacyjnym (r = 0,63), a także z całą częścią nadziemną sadzonki (r = 0,74).

EN

Studies were conducted on 5 year-old seedlings of the black pine (pinus nigra) with covered root system, planted in the Container Forest Tree Nursery in Kostrzyca. Importance of such studies for application consists of identification of optimal relations between the biomass of the overground parts (the main stem, branches, needles) and the biomass of the undergrounds parts (the root). The proper scale of these relations is decisive for the efficiency of plantings in field conditions exposed to strong anthropopressure, or on degraded grounds. The studies showed a significant corelation between the biomass of the overground parts and the root system. In classification of seedlings, their width at the root collar (d0), which is easy to determine and closely associated with the assimilatory apparatus (r = 0.63) and with the whole biomass of the seedling (r = 0.74), can be used.

10

Jakość sadzonek wierzby energetycznej w aspekcie sadzenia mechanicznego

Frączek J., Mudryk K.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2005

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R. 9, nr 6

159--167

PL

W pracy określono możliwość wykorzystania liczby oczek na sadzonce (n0) do oceny jej jakości jako dodatkowe kryterium. Stwierdzono, ze liczba pędów wyrastająca w pierwszym roku zależy od liczby oczek na powierzchni bocznej sadzonki. Zaproponowano pośrednią metodę szacowania n0 poprzez pomiar średnicy sadzonki d0 w połowie jej długości. Wykazano istnienie korelacji miedzy d0 a n0. Najlepsze jakościowo sadzonki należały do grupy o najmniejszej średnicy, zawartej w przedziale 6-10 mm. Dzięki zaproponowanej metodzie możliwe będzie dokonanie oceny jakości sadzonki dodatkowo poprzez pomiar jej średnicy. Pozwoli to na dokładniejsze kwalifikowanie materiału sadzeniowego wierzby energetycznej, co pozwoli lepiej dopasować parametry pracy sadzarek. Wskazane jest tez opracowanie klas jakościowych sadzonek, które powinny różnicować wartość hodowlana materiału sadzeniowego.

EN

The paper describes the possibility to use the number of eyes In the cutting (n0), as an additional criterion to assess its quality. It has been found, that the number of sprouts growing in the first year, depends on the number of eyes in the side surface of the cutting. An intermediate method, of estimation the n0 by measuring the cutting diameter d0 in the half of its length, has been proposed. Correlation between d0 and n0 has been found. The best cutting belonged to the group of the smallest diameter, ranged between 6-10 mm. thanks to the proposed method, it will be possible to assess the cutting quality by additionally measuring its diameter. This will allow more accurate qualification of the energetic willow planting material, to better match operational parameters of planters. It is also recommended to work out quality categories of the cutting, which should differentiate the commercial value of the planting material.